【雙語】例行記者會(huì) 李克強(qiáng)總理記者會(huì)全程實(shí)錄（上）

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李克強(qiáng)總理記者會(huì)全程實(shí)錄

Premier Li Keqiang Meets the Press: Full Transcript of Questions and Answers

 

2019年3月15日

15 March 2019

3月15日，十三屆全國人大二次會(huì)議在北京人民大會(huì)堂舉行記者會(huì)，國務(wù)院總理李克強(qiáng)應(yīng)大會(huì)發(fā)言人張業(yè)遂的邀請會(huì)見中外記者，并回答記者提問。

The Second Session of the 13th National People’s Congress held a press conference at the Great Hall of the People on 15 March 2019. Premier Li Keqiang met with Chinese and foreign reporters and answered their questions at the invitation of Spokesperson Mr Zhang Yesui.

路透社記者：去年中國采取了一系列措施放松貨幣條件，還加大了減稅降費(fèi)力度，今年中國表示將進(jìn)一步放寬貨幣條件，進(jìn)一步減稅降費(fèi)，還要加大基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資。請問，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)面臨的問題是否比之前預(yù)想得更為嚴(yán)重？如果經(jīng)濟(jì)放緩繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去，中國是否會(huì)考慮采取更加有力的舉措，包括取消房地產(chǎn)限制和降低基準(zhǔn)利率等？

Reuters: Last year China took a number of measures to ease monetary conditions. China also cut taxes and fees. This year China is promising more monetary easing, more tax cuts and more infrastructure spending. Are China’s economic problems bigger than previously thought? And if the economic slowdown doesn’t stop, would China consider taking more aggressive measures such as lifting property curbs and cutting benchmark interest rates?

李克強(qiáng)：這位記者朋友喜歡單刀直入，那我也開誠布公。中國經(jīng)濟(jì)確實(shí)遇到了新的下行壓力，現(xiàn)在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)都在放緩，就在這一個(gè)多月期間，幾大國際權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)都在調(diào)低世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的預(yù)期。中國適度調(diào)低經(jīng)濟(jì)增長預(yù)期目標(biāo)，用的是區(qū)間調(diào)控的方式，既和去年經(jīng)濟(jì)增速相銜接，也表明我們不會(huì)讓經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行滑出合理區(qū)間，可以說給市場發(fā)出的是穩(wěn)定的信號(hào)。

Premier Li: You went straight to the point in your question and I will not beat about the bush. It is true that China’s economy has encountered new downward pressure against a larger backdrop of slower global economic growth. In the past month or so, several major international organizations have adjusted downward their forecast for global growth this year. We have adjusted downward, as appropriate, our projected economic growth target for 2019, and set it at a target range. This is compatible with the GDP growth rate we achieved last year. It is also consistent with our determination to prevent major economic indicators from sliding out of the proper range. By this way, we have sent a message of stability to the market.

去年，在以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央堅(jiān)強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，以習(xí)近平新時(shí)代中國特色社會(huì)主義思想為指導(dǎo)，全國上下奮力拼搏，在推進(jìn)供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革的進(jìn)程中，面對國際貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義抬頭的背景，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)6.6%的增速，的確是來之不易。國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值總量達(dá)到90萬億元，在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上，今年預(yù)計(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長6%至6.5%，這是高基數(shù)、大總量上的增長，可以說本身就是進(jìn)。

Last year, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core and guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, people across China made united efforts to advance the supply-side structural reforms, and we achieved a 6.6 percent GDP growth, which was no mean feat. Against the backdrop of growing trade protectionism in the international environment, China’s GDP aggregate reached 90 trillion RMB yuan. Our projected target for GDP growth this year is 6-6.5 percent. It will be a growth on top of a very large base figure. Keeping steady growth of China’s economy in itself is important progress.

當(dāng)然，面對新的下行壓力，要有有力舉措。一種辦法是搞量化寬松，超發(fā)貨幣、大幅度提高赤字率，搞所謂“大水漫灌”，一時(shí)可能有效，但蘿卜快了不洗泥，會(huì)帶來后遺癥，所以不可取。我們還是要堅(jiān)持通過激發(fā)市場活力，來頂住下行壓力。前些年，我們也遇到下行壓力，采取的就是激發(fā)市場活力的措施，因?yàn)槭袌龌盍υ鰪?qiáng)了，發(fā)展的動(dòng)力必然增強(qiáng)。

We must take strong measures to cope with the current downward economic pressure. One possible option is to resort to quantitative easing, including excessive money supply and a much higher deficit-to-GDP ratio, flooding the economy with liquidity. Such an indiscriminate and expedient approach might work in the short run, but may also lead to future problems. Hence, it is not a viable option. Our choice is to energize market players to counter the downward pressure. We encountered economic downturn in the past several years, and the measures we took were aimed at boosting the vitality of the market, which generated stronger dynamism for development.

現(xiàn)在中國市場主體已經(jīng)超過1億戶，把他們的活力激發(fā)出來，這個(gè)力量是難以估量的。我們還是要政貴有恒，繼續(xù)推進(jìn)減稅降費(fèi)、簡政、培育新動(dòng)能、放寬市場準(zhǔn)入、營造公平競爭環(huán)境等一系列措施，為市場松綁，為企業(yè)騰位，為百姓解憂。把他們的創(chuàng)造力釋放出來，我們一定能夠保持經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行在合理區(qū)間，而且推動(dòng)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。

China now has over 100 million market entities. When their vitality is fully unleashed, the energies that could be created would be incalculable. We must keep our policies stable and ensure their continuity. We will continue to cut taxes and fees, streamline administration, foster new drivers of growth, broaden market access and level the playing field for all market players. In this way, we will be able to lift the curbs on the market, free up space for companies and resolve concerns for our people. We will generate tremendous creativity in this process. And this will also put us in a strong position to keep major economic indicators within a proper range and achieve high-quality development.

當(dāng)然，今年不確定因素不少，我們還要有更多的應(yīng)對準(zhǔn)備，留有政策空間。比如我們今年提高赤字率0.2個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，達(dá)到2.8%，沒有超過國際上所謂3%的警戒線。我們還可以運(yùn)用像存款準(zhǔn)備金率、利率等數(shù)量型或價(jià)格型工具，這不是放松銀根，而是讓實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)更有效地得到支持。不管發(fā)生什么樣的新情況，我們都會(huì)立足當(dāng)前、著眼長遠(yuǎn)，保持中國經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定，保持中國經(jīng)濟(jì)長期向好趨勢不變，這都是很重要的。中國經(jīng)濟(jì)會(huì)始終成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個(gè)重要“穩(wěn)定之錨”。

We also need to take strong measures to cope with growing uncertainties that we face this year. We have policies in reserve for that purpose. For example, we raised the deficit ratio for this year by 0.2 percentage point to 2.8 percent, which is below the international warning line of 3 percent. In addition, we can also resort to quantitative or pricing tools like required reserve ratios and interest rates. We are not going for monetary easing, but trying to provide effective support to the real economy. Facing new circumstances, we will stay firmly grounded in China’s realities and take a long-term view. We will do our best to keep China’s economic growth stable and maintain the sound momentum of the economic development for the long run. China’s economy will remain an anchor of stability for the global economy.

《財(cái)新周刊》記者：中國政府出臺(tái)了一系列關(guān)于減稅降費(fèi)的舉措，不少企業(yè)家反映企業(yè)稅收依然很重，今年政府出臺(tái)了更大規(guī)模的減稅降費(fèi)，請問您認(rèn)為企業(yè)能得到實(shí)惠嗎？財(cái)政可持續(xù)嗎？

Cai Xin: The Chinese government took a series of steps to reduce taxes and fees. However, some business people still feel that the tax burden on companies is quite heavy. This year the government plans to implement deeper tax and fee cuts. I would like to ask if you think real benefits can be truly delivered to companies, and is our country’s public finance sustainable?

李克強(qiáng)：近幾年我們利用營改增等，平均每年給企業(yè)減稅降費(fèi)一萬億元，三年三萬億元。應(yīng)該說，我們減稅的規(guī)模是比較大的。今年下決心要進(jìn)行更大規(guī)模的減稅降費(fèi)，把增值稅和基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)單位繳費(fèi)率降下來，減稅降費(fèi)紅利近兩萬億元。這可以說是應(yīng)對當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)下行壓力的一個(gè)十分重要的關(guān)鍵性舉措。

Premier Li: In the past several years, we worked to replace business tax with value-added tax. For the past three years, we cut taxes by three trillion yuan, or one trillion on an average annual basis. This is fairly large-scale tax reduction. This year we will implement larger-scale tax and fee cuts. We will make reductions in the VAT and employers’ contributions to the basic pension insurance scheme. This will deliver a dividend of as much as two trillion yuan to companies. It is an important measure for countering the downward pressure.

這樣做有利于公平，因?yàn)榘凑找?guī)則，各類所有制企業(yè)普遍能從減稅降費(fèi)中受惠，而且政策效率很高，一竿子插到底，直達(dá)市場主體。4月1日就要減增值稅，5月1日就要降社保費(fèi)率，全面推開。我看還沒有其他辦法比這種辦法給企業(yè)帶來的感受更公平、更有效。

This is also a fair and efficient policy option. The same rules will be enforced and companies under all types of ownership will stand to benefit as equals. The policy will reach all market players directly. The plan is to cut VAT rates starting from 1 April, and the social insurance contribution rate from 1 May. No other way may work as fairly and efficiently as this one for companies.

今年更大規(guī)模的減稅降費(fèi)是一項(xiàng)重大改革和重要抉擇。之前我們反復(fù)測算，有多種方案，一種就是今后幾年每年把增值稅率降一個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，但在當(dāng)前情況下企業(yè)可能感受不深。所以我們下決心把占增值稅總量近60%的制造業(yè)等行業(yè)的增值稅率降低3個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，把建筑業(yè)等部分行業(yè)降1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，其他所有行業(yè)也確保只減不增。由于稅制的原因，可能在推進(jìn)過程當(dāng)中有些行業(yè)抵扣少了，稅收會(huì)有增加，我們也做了認(rèn)真的準(zhǔn)備，對他們加大抵扣的力度，用打補(bǔ)丁的辦法，并對所有的中小微企業(yè)實(shí)行普惠性減稅，以此確保所有行業(yè)稅負(fù)只減不增。對基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)單位繳費(fèi)率，我們還明確，可以從原規(guī)定的20%降到16%。

Our larger-scale tax and fee cuts are a very important reform measure and a crucial decision. Before we took this decision, we did thorough calculations. In the past, there were several different plans under consideration. For example, one of the plans was to cut the VAT rates by just one percentage point each year in the following several years. But that may not bring as many benefits to companies as the current plan. Under the current plan, the VAT rate for the manufacturing sector will be cut by three percentage points. The manufacturing sector accounts for close to 60 percent of all VAT. For construction and related sectors, the VAT rate will be cut by one percent point. For other industries, we will also work to ensure that the tax burden on companies will only go down, not up. Due to the setup of the tax code, and with fewer deductions, the tax payments of some sectors may somewhat increase. To address this problem, we will make further tax deductions. In this process, the tax burden on all micro, small and medium-sized companies will be significantly eased. All in all, as I said before, taxes levied on companies will only come down instead of going up. Moreover, employers’ contributions to the basic pension insurance scheme will be cut from 20 percent to 16 percent.

減稅是要減收的。我們今年安排財(cái)政支出和GDP增長同步，確保民生重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域、三大攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)支出只增不減。那么人們會(huì)問錢從哪里來？赤字只提高了0.2個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，填不上這個(gè)窟窿怎么辦？我們的辦法是，政府要過緊日子，不僅要壓縮政府一般性支出，而且增加特定國有金融機(jī)構(gòu)和央企上繳利潤、進(jìn)入國庫，并把長期沉淀的財(cái)政資金收回。通過這些舉措，我們籌集了1萬億元資金。我們還要求地方政府也要挖潛，把自己的功課做足。對中西部地區(qū)，我們將給予適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)移支付支持。大規(guī)模減稅降費(fèi)，是要?jiǎng)诱拇媪坷妫钭约旱娜?。所以我說這是一項(xiàng)刀刃向內(nèi)、壯士斷腕的改革。

Cutting taxes means smaller fiscal revenues. This year, our fiscal spending will grow in tandem with the GDP growth rate. We also need to ensure that government spending in key areas related to people’s lives and in fighting the three critical battles will increase. Then it begs the question: where does the money come from? Only increasing the budget deficit ratio by 0.2 percent point is not enough to make up for the shortfall. The answer is: the government will tighten its belt and cut back on its general expenditures. At the same time, certain state-owned financial institutions and enterprises directly under the central government will be asked to turn in a larger share of their profits to the state coffers. The central government will also take back those fiscal funds that have long stayed unused. Through these means, we have put together one trillion yuan. Local governments also need to do their homework and contribute, but for localities in the central and western regions, transfer payments from the central government will be made. Digging into the government’s own revenue stock for slashing taxes and fees would be like the government turning the blade of a knife to itself, which requires significant self-sacrifice. That is why I said this is a key reform that requires exceptional courage and determination.

剛才記者問，這樣做財(cái)政可持續(xù)嗎？我們也是認(rèn)真算過賬的。我們是給制造業(yè)等基礎(chǔ)行業(yè)、給帶動(dòng)就業(yè)面最大的中小企業(yè)明顯減稅，這實(shí)際上是“放水養(yǎng)魚”、培育財(cái)源。我們前幾年在營改增過程中起先也是財(cái)政減收的，但后來稅基擴(kuò)大了，財(cái)政收入增長了?，F(xiàn)在看，我們還要調(diào)整國民收入分配結(jié)構(gòu)，這也是一項(xiàng)改革。從趨勢看，應(yīng)該給實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)、給企業(yè)讓利，讓他們在國民收入分配蛋糕中的比例更大，這樣能更多帶動(dòng)就業(yè)，讓就業(yè)人群增加收入。為此，政府就要過緊日子，就要讓利，政府的存量利益也要?jiǎng)樱米锶艘惨獎(jiǎng)?，讓利于企業(yè)，讓利于民，這樣財(cái)政才更可持續(xù)，反過來講可能就要打問號(hào)了。我們這樣做，不是在預(yù)支未來，恰恰是在培育未來。

You asked if our public finance is sustainable. Let me tell you that the government has done its due diligence. We are going to cut VAT rates for the manufacturing and other basic sectors. And we are going to make things much easier for small and medium-sized companies, the largest providers of jobs in our country. They will see their taxes meaningfully reduced. This will create a more enabling environment for companies, and also help to expand our tax sources. When we started with the VAT reform several years ago, government revenue also declined. However, it didn’t take long for it to increase again, as the tax base expanded. This is also a reform that will make adjustments to the structure of our national income distribution. By expanding the share of companies therein, we will create more jobs and put more money in our people’s pockets. To do this, the government must live on a tight budget, and let companies benefit more. We must dig into the government’s own pockets, even if this involves offending people. This is actually helpful for keeping our public finance sustainable. As a matter of fact, our ability to keep China’s public finance sustainable may be called into question if the above measures are not taken. Such measures are not taking an overdraft on our future, but nurturing a better tomorrow.

現(xiàn)在可以說是真金白銀已經(jīng)備好了，有關(guān)部門和各級政府都要去落實(shí)，決不能讓政策“打白條”，更不允許變換花樣亂收費(fèi)來沖擊減稅降費(fèi)的成效，要讓企業(yè)、讓市場主體切實(shí)感受到更大規(guī)模減稅降費(fèi)的實(shí)實(shí)在在效果。

So, these heavyweight policies and measures are all set, relevant departments and governments at all levels must fully deliver those policies and measures. There must be no lip service. We will let market players test their actual effects and there must be no arbitrary charges levied in disguised forms. Our end goal is to deliver concrete benefits to companies and market entities.

韓國《東亞日報(bào)》記者：朝美領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人河內(nèi)會(huì)晤談崩之后，外界認(rèn)為朝鮮有可能正在準(zhǔn)備恢復(fù)發(fā)射火箭，朝鮮半島局勢下一步發(fā)展還是存在不確定性，中方對此如何看？中方作為和朝鮮保持戰(zhàn)略性溝通和高層來往的鄰邦，為了勸和促談，化解朝美之間的分歧，目前在發(fā)揮什么樣的建設(shè)性作用？

The Dong-A Ilbo: The Hanoi summit between the DPRK and the United States broke down and after that there are analyses arguing that there is a possibility for the DPRK preparing for resuming rocket launch. And there are still uncertainties on the Korean Peninsula situation. How does the Chinese side see the kind of situation on the Peninsula? Another question is, China has stayed in strategic communication and exchanged high-level visits with the DPRK and has been promoting dialogue between the DPRK and the United States and working to ease differences between the two parties. What constructive role is China playing in this respect?

李克強(qiáng)：半島問題可以說是錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜、由來已久，解決起來不可能一蹴而就。一段時(shí)間以來，大家都比較關(guān)注朝美領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人河內(nèi)會(huì)晤。會(huì)晤后，雙方都表示要繼續(xù)接觸。我認(rèn)為，接觸總比不接觸好。我們還是要保持耐心，要抓住機(jī)遇，特別是當(dāng)前顯現(xiàn)出的積極因素，推動(dòng)對話，特別是朝美對話，實(shí)現(xiàn)大家都希望得到的成果。中國始終堅(jiān)持半島無核化，希望保持半島的和平穩(wěn)定，這個(gè)立場從來沒有改變過。解決好半島問題，不僅對北南雙方，對地區(qū)、對世界都有利。

Premier Li: The Korean Peninsula issue is a long-standing and complicated one. It cannot be resolved overnight. Much attention has been paid to the Hanoi summit between the DPRK and the United States. Following the summit, both sides expressed readiness to stay engaged with each other, and having such kind of engagement is better than no contact at all. I believe it is important for all parties concerned to stay patient, seize opportunities and the positive factors that have emerged, and promote dialogue, especially dialogue between the DPRK and the United States, to move toward outcomes that we all would like to see. China is committed to a denuclearized Korean Peninsula. We hope there will be peace and stability there. And this has been our consistent position. A proper settlement of the Peninsula issue is in the interest of both the North and the South. It is also in the regional and global interest.

中國新聞社記者：我們注意到近幾年中國政府一直在著力改善民生，但是在民生領(lǐng)域也會(huì)聽到一些抱怨。明年就要全面建成小康社會(huì)了，除了脫貧之外，民生領(lǐng)域我們能有哪些實(shí)實(shí)在在的期待？政府對解決民生問題究竟是怎么考慮的？

China News Service: The Chinese government has been taking measures to improve living standards over the years. However, there are still complaints about some issues concerning quality of life. Next year we will complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects. So in addition to poverty alleviation, what concrete progress can we look forward to in all these livelihood areas and what plan does the government have to improve people’s well-being?

李克強(qiáng)：你問的問題很大，因?yàn)槊裆旧砭褪翘齑蟮氖虑?，要做的事情很多。我們要在發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的過程中持續(xù)改善民生，抓住民生的一些重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)問題，一件一件去做?，F(xiàn)在大數(shù)據(jù)顯示，“一老一小”的問題，就是養(yǎng)老服務(wù)、托幼服務(wù)有困難。這個(gè)確實(shí)應(yīng)該引起我們高度重視。

Premier Li: You asked a fairly big question. Any issue related to people’s lives is of paramount importance and there are still a lot of things in this respect the government must do. We will continue to improve people’s well-being in the process of developing the Chinese economy. We must put our focus on these key areas and major difficulties faced by our people. A big data survey suggests that issues related to aged and child care are still commonly felt difficulties for our people and this must draw closer attention from the government.

現(xiàn)在中國老齡人口，如果按60歲以上算，近2.5億人，65歲以上有1.7億人，6歲以下兒童有上億人，他們的服務(wù)問題涉及到絕大多數(shù)家庭，但是我們這方面的服務(wù)供給是不足的。全面實(shí)施“兩孩”政策以后，托幼難更突出了。養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在能提供的服務(wù)，每百人只有3個(gè)床位。有的大城市統(tǒng)計(jì)，可能要到90歲以后才能等到養(yǎng)老床位。我說這句話的意思是，現(xiàn)在我們即便繼續(xù)加大養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)、多功能幼兒園發(fā)展的力度，也還是跟不上需求增長的速度。

The number of senior citizens at the age of 60 or above in China has reached 250 million, the number of those at or above 65, 170 million, and there are up to 100 million children in China below six years old. Services targeting these populations are still lacking, and they affect most of the Chinese families. The difficulty of insufficient child care services is particularly acute after the implementation of the two-child policy. When it comes to aged care facilities, on average, there are only three beds for every 100 senior citizens. Some surveys suggest that in big cities, one would have to wait until 90 years old before he or she can get a place in a nursing home. The increase of such facilities is lagging behind the growing needs for them.

怎么辦？我到一些地方去調(diào)研，發(fā)現(xiàn)已經(jīng)有好的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，就是重點(diǎn)發(fā)展社區(qū)養(yǎng)老托幼服務(wù)，這樣可以做到就近可及、普惠公平，只要安全可靠，大家是歡迎的。所以，我想還是要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新機(jī)制，對接群眾需求，發(fā)揮社會(huì)力量作用，加大政府扶持力度。比如說，提供公租房，讓那些從事助餐助行、日間照料、康復(fù)、老年大學(xué)等的社會(huì)力量免費(fèi)使用，還可以給予水電氣的費(fèi)用減免，可以減稅免稅，因?yàn)樗麄儗?shí)際上也是幫政府共同解決民生之難。社區(qū)工作人員、政府的有關(guān)部門要保障公平準(zhǔn)入，把主要精力放在公正監(jiān)管上，確保這些服務(wù)是安全可靠的，對那些違規(guī)的要堅(jiān)決逐出市場，讓老人、孩子、家庭都放心安心。老年人能安度晚年，孩子們有幸福的童年，那就有千家萬戶幸福愉悅的家庭，也可以讓青年人或者中青年人有更多的精力去就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)。當(dāng)然，民生方面的問題還很多，我們會(huì)抓住重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)，盡力而為、量力而行去解決。

How does the government plan to address this acute problem? In my local inspection trips, I have seen that some good experience has been gained in this respect, that is, to vigorously develop community-based providers of such services. If there can be accessible, quality services that are safe, reliable, and beneficial to all, they will certainly be very popular among the targeted populations. In this respect, the government needs to develop innovative mechanisms to better match market supply with our people’s demand. The government also needs to provide policy support. For example, we may provide public rental housing units for free to private operators as venues of facilities for providing assisted meal, assisted mobility, day care, rehabilitation, and even open senior colleges. The government may also provide tax exemption or tax-free treatment for these service providers in terms of their expenses on water, electricity and natural gas. These entities are all working together with the government to address our people’s actual needs. The main job of community-level officials and competent departments is to ensure fair market access and enhance oversight so that these services will be both safe and reliable, and those who break the rules will be driven out of the market. In this way, we will be able to keep our senior citizens, our children and all families reassured. When our senior citizens have a decent life in their retirement and our children a carefree childhood, all families will lead a happier life and our young and middle-aged people will have greater energy to tap into their entrepreneurship. I do recognize that there is still a great deal of things the government should do in areas related to people’s lives. We will do our level best within the realms of possibility to tackle the key concerns and difficulties that our people face.