四、增減譯法

四、增減譯法

語言作為文化的一部分代代相傳。漢英兩種語言在其發(fā)展過程中都蘊(yùn)含著各自豐富的文化信息，文化特征和文化背景。因此，口譯的成功與否在很大程度上取決于譯員對(duì)雙方文化和社會(huì)背景的理解和熟知程度?？谧g中，遇到涉及交際雙方社會(huì)和文化背景知識(shí)時(shí)，譯員要根據(jù)聽眾的具體情況，加以必要的解釋或補(bǔ)充說明，以提高口譯效果, 這就是增譯。比如，在口譯以下英語詞語和句子時(shí)最好加以補(bǔ)充說明。

the two Houses of American government 美國(guó)政府參、眾兩院

The Golden State 金山州——美國(guó)加州

Paradise of the Pacific 太平洋上的天堂——美國(guó)夏威夷州

The Sunshine State 陽光州——美國(guó)佛羅里達(dá)州

The Big Apple 大蘋果——美國(guó)紐約市

The Motor City 汽車城——美國(guó)底特律市

The Film Capital of the World 世界影都——美國(guó)好萊塢

Broadway in Manhattan 曼哈頓的百老匯——美國(guó)紐約曼哈頓區(qū)的一條大街，以有名的

劇院著稱

Wall Street in New York 華爾街——美國(guó)紐約市的一街道名，以金融業(yè)聚集而著稱。

“General Sherman” in Sequoia National Park 謝爾曼將軍——美國(guó)加州紅杉國(guó)家公園中一棵最高，樹齡最長(zhǎng)的巨杉樹。

the two Houses of British government 英國(guó)政府上、下兩院

Shadow Cabinet 英國(guó)政府的影子內(nèi)閣，即在野黨內(nèi)閣

Speakers’ Corner 英國(guó)倫敦海德公園的講演者之角，人們?cè)谶@里可以發(fā)表任何內(nèi)容的演說。

Soapbox orators 肥皂箱上的演說家——指講演者之角那些站在自帶肥皂箱之類的東西

上發(fā)表演說的人

Democracy on the Soapbox 肥皂箱上的民主——指站在肥皂箱上發(fā)表的自由演說

Downing Street 唐寧街——英國(guó)倫敦首相官邸和政府主要部門所在地，即英國(guó)政府

Fleet Street 艦隊(duì)街——英國(guó)倫敦一街道名，以報(bào)業(yè)集中而著稱，指?jìng)惗匦侣劷?，倫敦?bào)業(yè)

Lombard Street 倫巴第街——倫敦金融中心，現(xiàn)指英國(guó)金融界、金融市場(chǎng)

同樣，在我們的對(duì)外宣傳和旅游的漢英口譯中，譯員要充分考慮中外文化差異和多數(shù)外國(guó)人對(duì)中國(guó)社會(huì)和文化并不熟悉這一事實(shí)，漢譯英時(shí)要根據(jù)聽眾的具體情況，對(duì)一些外國(guó)人不熟悉和難以理解的漢語常用術(shù)語，尤其是一些政治術(shù)語和有特定文化內(nèi)涵的詞語，進(jìn)行必要的解釋或說明。比如，我們非常熟悉的“人大”、“政協(xié)”、“四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化”、“雙百方針”、“希望工程”等，如果只按字面直譯，恐怕多數(shù)外國(guó)人不理解。但如果采用增譯法，加上必要的解釋或背景說明，外國(guó)人就好懂多了。

人大　the National People’s Congress, China’s highest legislative body

政協(xié) the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, China's top advisory and supervisory body

四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化 the four modernizations; that is the modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology

雙百方針 the principle of letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend in academic activities, art and literature sphere

希望工程 Project Hope, a project aiming at assisting school dropouts in poverty-stricken areas by raising funds from all social organizations and individuals at home and abroad.

改革開放以后出現(xiàn)了很多有特定含義的漢語新詞語。如果只按字面直譯，不加解釋和說明，外國(guó)人很難理解，甚至?xí)a(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重誤解。比如，如果把“五講、四美、三熱愛”不加解釋，只按字面直譯為“five stresses，four beauties and three loves” 外國(guó)人很可能理解為“．．．四個(gè)美人，三個(gè)情人” 之類的意思，因而感到莫名其妙。為了避免誤解，比較準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)原意，這個(gè)短語的英譯應(yīng)加以解釋和補(bǔ)充，譯成“five stresses，four points of beauty and three aspects of love；that is stress on decorum，manners，hygiene，discipline，and morals；beauty of the mind，language，behavior and the environment；love of the motherland，socialism and the Communist Party.”這樣效果就好多了。以下詞語的英譯都是采用增譯法：

“兩個(gè)文明”一起抓　to place equal emphasis on both material advancement and ethical progress

“三個(gè)代表” Three represents----The Communist Party of China always represents the requirement of the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people.

培養(yǎng)“四有公民”to train people to be citizens with high ideas, moral integrity, a good education and strong sense of discipline

對(duì)干部進(jìn)行“三講”教育 to educate the cadres on the importance of study, raising political awareness and ensuring honesty and integrity.

抓大放小 to invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over small ones; to focus on the restructuring of major enterprises and leave minor ones to fend for themselves

安居工程 housing project for low-income urban residents

“五個(gè)一工程” the Five-one Program/ Project ( one good book, one good play, one good film, one good TV drama, and one or several creative and persuasive/convincing articles)

在對(duì)外介紹中國(guó)歷史文化的口譯中，常常會(huì)遇到一些我們中國(guó)人非常熟悉的有關(guān)重大歷史事件，歷史人物、典故、民風(fēng)、民俗方面的漢譯英。對(duì)不熟悉中國(guó)歷史文化的外國(guó)人來說，適當(dāng)?shù)慕忉尰蜓a(bǔ)充說明非常重要。這樣可以幫助外國(guó)人了解中國(guó)歷史，文化和社會(huì)，提高對(duì)外宣傳效果。以下詞語的英語都稍加了補(bǔ)充說明，外國(guó)人聽了容易理解。

改革開放以來 since the implementation of reform and open policy in 1979

建國(guó)以來 since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949

五四運(yùn)動(dòng) the May Fourth Movement, a great anti-imperialist, anti-feudal, political and cultural movement which took place on May fourth, 1919

炎黃子孫 the descendants /offspring of Yandi and Huangdi, the two earliest chiefs of the Chinese nation and all the Chinese people are descendants of Yandi and Huangdi

秦始皇 Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China who unified China in 220 BC

白居易 Bai Juyi, a famous Chinese poet of Tang Dynasty in the 8th century

春節(jié) Spring Festival, the traditional Chinese New Year, which falls on the first day of the first month according to the Chinese lunar calendar.

中秋節(jié) the Mid-autumn Festival, a traditional festival of family reunion, which falls on fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month.

龍舟節(jié) the Dragon Boat Festival which falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. It is a festival to commemorate Qu Yuan, the great poet and patriotic figure of the State of Chu during the Warring State period.

潑水節(jié) Water-Sprinkling Festival, a big festival for the Dai Nationality to wish everyone happiness by splashing water to each other

口譯，不論是英譯漢還是漢譯英都應(yīng)以語言簡(jiǎn)潔明快、通俗易懂為佳。因此，譯員要在不損害原意的情況下，盡量減去不必要的詞語和重復(fù)，這就是減譯。漢譯英時(shí)，盡量避免使用過分中國(guó)化而外國(guó)人不懂的詞語和冗長(zhǎng)復(fù)雜的句子。比如，在參觀導(dǎo)游，風(fēng)景名勝介紹時(shí)，有人常常喜歡使用很多修飾語，詳細(xì)描述景色或引經(jīng)據(jù)典，介紹中國(guó)歷史文化。如果譯員不看對(duì)象，按原話逐字不漏地翻譯，結(jié)果往往是畫蛇添足，外國(guó)人迷惑不解，很快失去了聽的興趣。這一類的口譯，一定要從實(shí)際出發(fā)，避免重復(fù)，簡(jiǎn)化情節(jié)。英語力求簡(jiǎn)單明了，使外國(guó)人一聽就懂。也只有這樣，才能引起他們的興趣，收到良好的效果。

口譯中，有時(shí)需要通過增加或刪減詞語, 達(dá)到最好的修辭效果。例如：

The private colleges vary greatly in standard and reputation, from the world-famous, and select to the cranky and the obscure.

私立院校的水平與聲譽(yù)彼此相差甚遠(yuǎn),從舉世聞名, 出類拔萃到動(dòng)蕩不穩(wěn)或默默無聞。

此句的漢譯增加了詞語,特別是恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用了漢語的四字格的修辭手段，譯文生動(dòng)多了。

China has a great tradition. It has huge resources. It has enormous strength of will and spirit.

中國(guó)有偉大的傳統(tǒng)，豐富的資源，巨大的意志力和精神力量。

此句的漢譯刪去了兩個(gè)重復(fù)的 “ It has…”, 漢語既簡(jiǎn)練又流暢。