異類之不一樣的成功啟示錄 第123期:七個(gè)連續(xù)的人為失誤

Then the errors start—and not just one error.

問(wèn)題往往從這里開(kāi)始，通常單個(gè)錯(cuò)誤不會(huì)造成重大事故。

Typical accident involves seven consecutive human errors.

典型的事故都會(huì)涉及七個(gè)連續(xù)的人為失誤。

One of the pilots does something wrong that by itself would not be a problem.

某個(gè)飛行員造成一個(gè)失誤不是問(wèn)題，

Then one of them makes another error on top of that, which combined with the first error, still is not amount to catastrophe.

但機(jī)組其他人員會(huì)在此基礎(chǔ)之上，出現(xiàn)另外一個(gè)失誤，兩個(gè)失誤仍然不能夠構(gòu)成大災(zāi)難。

But then they make a third error on top of that, and then another and another and another and another, and it's the combination of all those errors that leads to disaster.

但在此之上，他們又會(huì)出現(xiàn)第三個(gè)失誤，然后一個(gè)接一個(gè)，最后所有的失誤疊加在一起，大災(zāi)難就發(fā)生了。

These seven errors, furthermore, are rarely problems of knowledge or flying skill.

再進(jìn)一步講，這七個(gè)失誤完全與知識(shí)和飛行技巧無(wú)關(guān)，

It's not that the pilot has to negotiate some critical technical maneuver and fails.

也非飛行員們必須進(jìn)行討論的重大機(jī)動(dòng)問(wèn)題。

The kinds of errors that cause plane crashes are invariably errors of teamwork and communication.

造成飛機(jī)墜落的問(wèn)題無(wú)一不與團(tuán)隊(duì)合作或溝通相關(guān)。

One pilot knows something important and somehow doesn't tell the other pilot.

某個(gè)飛行員得知一件重要的事情，但不知為何，他不愿與其他飛行員分享；

One pilot does something wrong, and the other pilot doesn't catch the error.

某個(gè)飛行員操作失誤，但其他飛行員卻不肯當(dāng)面指出；

A tricky situation needs to be resolved through a complex series of steps—and some-how the pilots fail to coordinate and miss one of them.

類似這種微妙的情況需要一系列復(fù)雜的程序予以解決，但很多飛行員并不擅長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行協(xié)作來(lái)解決此類問(wèn)題，而且還會(huì)遺漏其中一些程序。

"The whole flight-deck design is intended to be operated by two people, and that operation works best when you have one person checking the other,

“整個(gè)駕駛艙是為兩個(gè)人操作飛機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的，一人駕駛飛機(jī)，一人在旁協(xié)助；

or both people willing to participate," says EarlWeener, who was for many years chief engineer for safety at Boeing.

或兩個(gè)人一同參與飛行。這樣，飛行工作會(huì)進(jìn)行得非常順利。”波音公司負(fù)責(zé)安全工作多年的總工程師厄艾爾·卡衛(wèi)涅說(shuō)，

"Airplanes are very unforgiving if you don't do things right.

“如果你做錯(cuò)了事，可不要期待飛機(jī)會(huì)原諒你。

And for a long time it's been clear that if you have two people operating the airplane cooperatively,

很久以來(lái)的事實(shí)證明，如果兩名飛行員一起合作飛行，飛機(jī)會(huì)更安全。

you will have a safer operation than if you have a single pilot flying the plane and another person who is simply there to takeover if the pilot is incapacitated."

若只由一名飛行員飛行，另一名飛行員只是簡(jiǎn)單坐在一旁，直到無(wú)法繼續(xù)飛行時(shí)才來(lái)接替，那么安全系數(shù)就會(huì)小得多。”

Consider, for example, the famous (in aviation circles, anyway) crash of the Colombian airliner Avianca flight 052 in January of 1990.

航空界里最著名的墜機(jī)事件，是1990年哥倫比亞航空公司阿維安卡52號(hào)航班的墜機(jī)事件。

The Avianca accident so perfectly illustrates the characteristics of the "modern" plane crash that it is studied in flight schools.

阿維安卡事故非常完美地演繹了“現(xiàn)代”飛機(jī)墜落事件的一系列特征，因而被飛行學(xué)校作為教學(xué)案例。