國際關系英語詞匯大全Unit 16

　　1.Class conflict

　　Class conflict, frequently referred to as class warfare or class struggle, is the tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing socioeconomic interests and desires between people of different classes. The view that the class struggle provides the lever for radical social change for the majority is central to the work of Karl Marx and the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin. However, the discovery of the existence of class struggle is not the product of their theories; their theories can instead be seen as a response to the existence of class struggles.

　　1.階級斗爭

　　階級斗爭指對抗階級之間的對立和斗爭。是根本利益對立的階級之間相互沖突的表現(xiàn)，是解決對立階級之間矛盾的基本手段。在于不同階級的經(jīng)濟地位和物質(zhì)利益的對立。一切階級斗爭，都是在物質(zhì)利益即經(jīng)濟利益互相對立和沖突的基礎上發(fā)生的，歸根到底也都是圍繞著物質(zhì)利益而進行的。在階級社會里，階級斗爭首先在各個社會形態(tài)的兩大基本階級之間展開，如奴隸社會奴隸階級和奴隸主階級的斗爭，封建社會農(nóng)民階級和地主階級的斗爭，資本主義社會無產(chǎn)階級和資產(chǎn)階級的斗爭。

　　2.Value

　　A personal value is absolute or relative and ethical value, the assumption of which can be the basis for ethical action. A value system is a set of consistent values and measures. A principle value is a foundation upon which other values and measures of integrity are based.

　　2.價值觀

　　通俗的說，價值觀就是指人、動物、書、文化對客觀事物(包括人、事、物)的價值認識的排列，是動物就會有價值觀，就會有價值排列。反價值觀同樣存在。價值觀也是可變的。不管你承認不承認，價值觀都存在著，它有最大價值、第二價值、第三價值、第四價值……一直排列下去，比如有人認為愛情比錢有價值，有人認為錢比愛情有價值。

　　3.subjective theory of value(STV)

　　The subjective theory of value is a theory of value which advances the idea that the value of a good is not determined by any inherent property of the good, nor by the amount of labor required to produce the good, but instead value is determined by the importance an acting individual places on a good for the achievement of their desired ends. This theory is one of the core concepts of the Austrian School of Economics. While the modern version of this theory was discovered independently and nearly simultaneously by William Stanley Jevons, Léon Walras, and Carl Menger in the late 19th century it had in fact been advanced in the Middle Ages and Renaissance but did not gain widespread acceptance at that time.

　　3.主觀價值理論

　　主觀價值理論是經(jīng)濟學的價值理論，認為產(chǎn)品和服務本身并沒有經(jīng)濟的價值，而是由于個人對它們的需求才有價值存在。而這些價值是依據(jù)購買者肯為此付出多少代價(如貨幣)來計算的。由于世界上每個人都有不同的需求和情況，因此，所謂“正確”的經(jīng)濟價值或價格在客觀上是不存在的。