大學(xué)英語(yǔ)自學(xué)教程下冊(cè)課文(帶字幕)13

[00:00.00]Unit 13 text A
[00:05.20]Work,Labor,and Play
[00:07.12]工作,勞作和玩
[00:09.04]So far as I know,Miss Hannah Arendt
[00:11.52] 據(jù)我所知,漢納.阿倫特小姐
[00:14.00]was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor.
[00:17.53]是第一個(gè)定義工作和勞作之間本質(zhì)區(qū)別的人.
[00:21.05]To be happy,a man must feel,firstly,free and,secondly,important
[00:25.29]要高興,首先一個(gè)人必須感到自由,其次感到重要.
[00:29.52]He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society
[00:35.16]to do what he does not enjoy doing,
[00:37.43]如果他被社會(huì)強(qiáng)迫做他不喜歡做的事
[00:39.71]or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance.
[00:44.08]認(rèn)為無(wú)價(jià)值和不重要,他就不會(huì)真正高興.
[00:48.46]In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished,
[00:51.88]在一個(gè)嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)奴隸制已被廢除的社會(huì)里,
[00:55.30]the sign that what a man does is of social valueis that he is paid money to do it,
[00:59.48]一個(gè)人所做的事情具有社會(huì)價(jià)值的標(biāo)志是他做此工作得到了報(bào)酬,
[01:03.66]but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave.
[01:07.19]但今天的勞作者可以恰當(dāng)?shù)胤Q為薪水的奴隸.
[01:10.71]A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself
[01:15.34]如果社會(huì)提供給他的工作他不感興趣,
[01:19.96]but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living
[01:26.73]and supporting his family.
[01:28.56]但他出于謀生和養(yǎng)家的必須而被近接受,這個(gè)人就是勞作者.
[01:30.38]The antithesis to labor is play.
[01:32.96] 與勞作相對(duì)立的是玩.
[01:35.53]When we play a game,we enjoy what we are doing
[01:38.19]當(dāng)玩游戲時(shí),我們享受我們所做的事,
[01:40.86]otherwise we should not play it,
[01:42.75]否則我們不會(huì)玩,
[01:44.65]but it is a purely private activity;
[01:47.01]但它純粹是私人活動(dòng);
[01:49.37]society could not care less whether we play it or not.
[01:52.09]社會(huì)對(duì)你玩或不玩游戲是極不關(guān)心的.
[01:54.81]Between labor and play stands work.
[01:57.38] 處于勞作和玩之間的是工作.
[01:59.95]A man is a worker
[02:03.72]if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do;
[02:07.20]如果一個(gè)人對(duì)社會(huì)付酬給他做的工作感興趣,他就是工作者;
[02:10.69]what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is
[02:17.64]from his own point of view voluntary play.
[02:20.62]從社會(huì)的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看,工作是必要的勞作,也是個(gè)人以上中自愿的玩.
[02:23.60]Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work
[02:31.04]depends not on the job itself,
[02:35.01]but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it.
[02:37.74]一件活兒被勞作變或工作,不看其本身而要看承擔(dān)它的個(gè)體的感受.
[02:40.47]The difference does not,for example
[02:44.83]coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job;
[02:48.02]例如,這個(gè)區(qū)別與體力勞動(dòng)和腦力勞動(dòng)之間的區(qū)別并不一致;
[02:51.21]a gardener or a cobbler may be a worker,a bank clerk a laborer
[02:55.83]一個(gè)園藝工人或一個(gè)補(bǔ)鞋匠可能是工作者,一個(gè)銀行職員可能是個(gè)勞作者.
[03:00.45]Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure.
[03:03.69]一個(gè)人屬于哪能一種可以從他對(duì)休閑的態(tài)度看出來(lái).
[03:06.93]To a worker,leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax
[03:14.06]and rest in order to work efficiently.
[03:16.58]對(duì)于一個(gè)工作者,休閑只是他為有效地工作而放松和休息的時(shí)間,
[03:19.11]He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much
[03:22.44]所以他更可能進(jìn)行太少的休閑,而不是太多的休閑;
[03:25.77]workers die of coronaries and forget their wives' birthdays.
[03:29.04]工作者可能死于冠狀動(dòng)脈血栓癥,忘記他們妻子的生日.
[03:32.32]To the laborer,on the other hand,leisure means freedom from compulsion
[03:35.50]因此對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō),會(huì)很自然地去想象他們
[03:38.67]so that it is natural for him to imagine
[03:41.15]被迫花在工作上的時(shí)間越少,
[03:43.63]that the fewer hour she has to spend laboring,
[03:49.56]and the more hours he is free to play,the better.
[03:52.54]自由自在玩的時(shí)間越多,就越好.
[03:55.52]What percentage of the population in a modern technological society are
[04:03.77]like myself,in the fortunate position of being workers?
[04:07.11] 像我這樣,幸運(yùn)地作為工作者的人在現(xiàn)代技術(shù)社會(huì)里占有多大的比例呢?
[04:10.44]At a guess I would say sixteen per cent,
[04:13.06]我猜測(cè)為16%,
[04:15.69]and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future
[04:18.61]并且我認(rèn)為那個(gè)數(shù)字將來(lái)不可能變得更大.
[04:21.54]Technology and the division of labor have done two things:
[04:24.72] 技術(shù)和勞動(dòng)分工已產(chǎn)生了兩點(diǎn)影響:
[04:27.91]by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill
[04:31.44]通過(guò)在許多領(lǐng)域內(nèi)減少對(duì)特殊力量和技巧的需求,
[04:34.96]they have made a very large number of paid occupations
[04:40.82]which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor,
[04:44.06]它們已使大量過(guò)去愉快的有償工作變成使人厭煩的工作,
[04:47.29]and by increasing productivity
[04:51.66]they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours.
[04:54.74]通過(guò)提高生產(chǎn)率它們減少了一些必要的勞動(dòng)時(shí)間.
[04:57.82]It is already possible to imagine a society in which
[05:03.99]the majority of the population,
[05:08.06]that is to say, its laborers,
[05:09.60]已經(jīng)有可能去設(shè)想這樣一個(gè)社會(huì),大多數(shù)人,即勞作者,
[05:11.14]will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times
[05:17.10]was enjoyed by the aristocracy.
[05:19.07]將擁有幾乎與早期貴州所享用的一樣多的休閑.
[05:21.04]When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved
[05:28.02]the prospect is not cheerful.
[05:30.04]當(dāng)一個(gè)人回憶起過(guò)去貴州實(shí)際上的所作所為,前景就不會(huì)樂(lè)觀了.
[05:32.07]Indeed,the problem of dealing with boredom
[05:34.89]的確,對(duì)于 這樣一個(gè)未來(lái)群眾社會(huì),
[05:37.71]may be even more difficult for such a future mass society
[05:43.77]than it was for aristocracies.
[05:45.85]對(duì)付無(wú)聊的問(wèn)題可能甚至更困難.
[05:47.92]The latter,for example,ritualized their time;
[05:50.85]例如,后者使他們的時(shí)間儀式化了,
[05:53.78]there was a season to shoot grouse,a season to spend-in town,etc
[05:57.81]有射豬松雞的季節(jié),在鎮(zhèn)上度日的季節(jié)等等.
[06:01.85]The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion
[06:05.48]群眾更可能用時(shí)尚取代千篇一律的程式,
[06:09.11]which it will be in the economic interest of certain peopleto change
[06:15.17]as often as possible.
[06:16.95]而盡可能經(jīng)常地改變時(shí)常也符合某些人的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益.
[06:18.72]Again,the masses cannot go in for hunting,
[06:21.24]同樣,群眾也不能都有打獵的愛(ài)好,
[06:23.76]for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt.
[06:26.44]因?yàn)楹芸炀蜁?huì)沒(méi)有動(dòng)物可供射獵.
[06:29.12]For other aristocratic amusements-like gambling,dueling,and warfare
[06:32.80]對(duì)于其他貴州娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)像賭博,決斗和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),
[06:36.49]it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving,
[06:39.87]可能很容易在危險(xiǎn)駕駛,
[06:43.25]drag-taking,and senseless acts of violence.
[06:45.84]吸毒和愚蠢的暴力行為中找到等價(jià)物.
[06:48.42]Workers seldom commit acts of violence
[06:50.91]工作者很少有暴力行為,
[06:53.39]because they can put their aggression into their work,
[06:55.82]因?yàn)樗麄兡馨堰M(jìn)取心放在他們的工作上,
[06:58.25]be it physical like the work of a smith
[07:03.11]or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist.
[07:05.93]不管是鐵匠從事的體力勞動(dòng),還是科學(xué)家或藝術(shù)家從事的腦力勞動(dòng).
[07:08.75]The role of aggression in mental work
[07:13.61]is aptly expressed by the phrase "getting one's teeth into a problem."
[07:17.39]"把牙伸到某個(gè)問(wèn)題中"這條習(xí)語(yǔ)很貼切地表示出了進(jìn)取心在智力工作中的作用.
[07:21.18]Text B
[07:24.03]The Workman's Compensation
[07:25.84]勞動(dòng)者的補(bǔ)償
[07:27.66]How can someone,hour after hour,day after day,year in and year out
[07:31.38] 一個(gè)人怎么能一個(gè)又一個(gè)小時(shí),一天又一天,一年又一年地
[07:35.11]tighten approximately the same nut to the same bolt and not go mad?
[07:38.28]把幾乎相同的螺帽擰到相同的螺栓上,而不發(fā)瘋呢?
[07:41.45]That most working people do not,in fact,go mad
[07:46.21]is due in large measure to a phenomenon so common
[07:51.28]that it is found wherever people labor in industry:
[07:53.64]事實(shí)上,多數(shù)勞動(dòng)者并不民瘋大半是由于"不緊不慢"的現(xiàn)象很平常,
[07:56.00]taking it easy.
[07:57.43]在企業(yè)中有人工作的地方到處可見(jiàn).
[07:58.85]It would take some kind of real mental case
[08:02.82]to do all the work one could all day long.
[08:04.95]一個(gè)人恐怕要有某種真正的精神病才能一整天竭盡全力的干活.
[08:07.08]No one expects it.
[08:08.54]沒(méi)有人希望這樣.
[08:10.00]Taking it easy on the job while someone else covers your work,
[08:12.63]在別人幫你照看你的工作時(shí),你就不緊不慢地干,
[08:15.26]or "working on and off," as it is usually called in America,
[08:18.04]也就是像美國(guó)人通常說(shuō)的那樣"干干停停",
[08:20.82]is an established part of the working life.
[08:22.80]是工作生涯的一個(gè)既定部分.
[08:24.79]Working on and off,however,has its limits.
[08:27.57] 然而,干干停停有它的局限性.
[08:30.35]The rules are infinitely varied,subtle,and flexible,
[08:33.08]這些慣例的變化無(wú)盡無(wú)休,很微妙,很有彈性.
[08:35.81]and of course, they are always changing.
[08:38.00]當(dāng)然,它們總變.
[08:40.18]Management,up to a certain level at least,is aware of the practice
[08:43.42]管理部門,至少在一定程度上,知道這種做法.
[08:46.65]and in some industries employs entire cadres of people
[08:52.01]to curtail or put an end to it.
[08:54.09]一些企業(yè)雇傭干部以減少或結(jié)束這種做法.
[08:56.16]Simultaneously,the workers are subtly doing their best
[09:01.73]to keep it goingand to extend it wherever possible.
[09:04.21]同時(shí),工人們巧妙地,盡最大努力使之繼續(xù)下去并使之延伸到可能的任何地方.
[09:06.69]Every worker has a highly developed sense of how much work is expected of him
[09:09.86] 每一個(gè)工人都地自己要做多少工作高度敏感.
[09:13.04]When he feels that the expectation is excessive,
[09:15.36]當(dāng)他感到希望他做的事過(guò)多時(shí),
[09:17.69]he tries to do something about it.
[09:19.52]就會(huì)濃度采取某些措施.
[09:21.35]This instinct has to do with the political nature of work itself
[09:26.70]something every modern worker understands.
[09:28.83]這種天性與每一個(gè)現(xiàn)代工人所懂得的工作本身的政治特性有關(guān).
[09:30.96]The bosses want more from the workerthan they are willing to give in return.
[09:33.90]老板希望從工人身上得到的比他們給予工人的要多;
[09:36.84]The workers give work, and the bosses give money.
[09:39.21]工人付出勞動(dòng),老板付出報(bào)酬.
[09:41.59]The exchange is never quite equal,and the discrepancy is called profit
[09:44.15]這個(gè)交換從來(lái)不會(huì)太平等,這個(gè)差異叫做利潤(rùn).
[09:46.71]Since the bosses cannot do without profit,workers have an edge.
[09:49.58]由于老板不能沒(méi)有利潤(rùn),工人們就占了上風(fēng).
[09:52.46]A good worker in a key spot could,so long as he kept up production
[09:55.38]一個(gè)在關(guān)鍵崗位的好工人,只要他保持著產(chǎn)量不降低,
[09:58.31]take all the coffee breaks he wanted
[10:00.19]可以隨心所欲地利用工間休息,
[10:02.07]and the bosses would very likely look the other way.
[10:04.25]而老板很可能裝作沒(méi)看見(jiàn).
[10:06.43]He could also choose to cut down on the coffee breaks,apply himself
[10:09.36]他也可以縮短工間休息,努力干活,增加生產(chǎn),
[10:12.28]and increase production,and then ask for and get more money.
[10:15.07]然后要求并得到更多的錢.
[10:17.85]But that would be selfdefeating,and he knows it.
[10:19.98]但他知道那是違背自己的利益的,
[10:22.11]It would also place him in competition with other workers,
[10:24.54]它也會(huì)置他于與其工人的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中,
[10:26.96]which would be playing into the bosses'hands.
[10:29.00]這種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)會(huì)有利于老板.
[10:31.04]What he would rather do is create some slack for himself
[10:36.08]and enjoy his job more.
[10:37.70]他寧愿休憩的是為自己創(chuàng)造一些空閑,更好地享受工作.
[10:39.32]At present on the West Coast,
[10:41.04]目前在西海岸,
[10:42.77]when a gang of longshoremen working on cargo start a shift,
[10:45.43]從事船貨裝卸工作的一伙碼頭裝卸工開(kāi)始輪班時(shí),
[10:48.10]they often divide themselves into two equal groups and toss a coin.
[10:50.88]他們經(jīng)常把自己分成兩組,然后擲硬幣決定先后順序.
[10:53.66]One group goes into the far reaches of the ship's hold and sits around
[10:56.54]一組走到船艙的深處四散坐下.
[10:59.41]The other group starts loading cargo,usually working with a vengeance
[11:01.46]另一組開(kāi)始裝貨,通常十得很猛,
[11:03.51]since each one of them is doing the work of two men.
[11:05.74]因?yàn)樗麄兠總€(gè)人正在做兩個(gè)人的工作,
[11:07.98]An hour later,the groups change places.
[11:10.16]一小時(shí)以后,兩個(gè)組交換位置.
[11:12.34]In other words,although my fellow longshoremen and I
[11:14.98]換句話,雖然我和我的裝卸工人
[11:17.62]are getting paid for eight hours,
[11:19.75]同伴們獲得8小時(shí)的報(bào)酬,
[11:21.87]on occasion we work only four.
[11:23.70]有時(shí)卻只工作4小時(shí).
[11:25.53]If someone reading this feels a sense of moral outrage
[11:27.90]如果有人讀到這些,
[11:30.26]because we are sitting down on the job,I am sorry.
[11:32.74]因?yàn)槲覀兊」ざ鴳嵖脑?我很抱歉.
[11:35.22]I have searched my mind in vain
[11:36.99]我白白絞盡腦汁想找到一個(gè)禮貌的說(shuō)法,
[11:38.75]for a polite way to tell that reader to go to hell.
[11:40.97]告訴這位讀者,讓他見(jiàn)鬼去吧.
[11:43.19]If you are that reader,I would recommend that you abandon your outrage
[11:45.97] 如果你是那個(gè)讀者,我會(huì)勸告你放棄你的憤慨,
[11:48.75]and begin thinking about doing something similar for yourself.
[11:51.13]開(kāi)始為自己考慮一下類似的一些事情吧.
[11:53.51]You probably already have,even if you won't admit it.
[11:55.94]你可能已經(jīng)想過(guò)了,即使你不會(huì)承認(rèn).
[11:58.37]White collar office workers,too,
[12:02.13]have come under criticism recently
[12:05.68]for robbing their bosses of their full-time services.
[12:07.90]近來(lái),白領(lǐng)的辦公室職員也由于使他們的老板得不到全天服務(wù)而受到批評(píng).
[12:10.12]Too much time is being spent around the Mr.Coffee machine,
[12:12.66]太多的時(shí)間花在了電煮咖啡器周圍,
[12:15.19]and some people (would you believe it?)
[12:17.25]一些人(你會(huì)相信嗎?)
[12:19.32]have even been having personal conversations on company time.
[12:22.10]甚至在工作時(shí)間進(jìn)行私人交談
[12:24.88]In fact,one office-system expert recently said
[12:27.40]事實(shí)上,一個(gè)辦公制度專家近來(lái)說(shuō),
[12:29.92]he had yet to encounter a business work place
[12:34.47]that was functioning at more than about 60 percent efficiency.
[12:37.13]他還沒(méi)有遇到工作效率高于60%的商業(yè)地點(diǎn).
[12:39.80]Management often struggles hard
[12:43.66]to set up a situation where work is done in series:
[12:45.94] 管理部門經(jīng)常努力創(chuàng)建一條龍式的工作:
[12:48.21]worker receives an article of manufacture,
[12:50.34]一個(gè)工人接到一件產(chǎn)品,為之做些什么,
[12:52.47]does something to it and passes it on to another worker,
[12:54.90]把傳給另一個(gè)工人,這個(gè)工人再做些什么,
[12:57.33]who does something else to it and then passes it on to the next guy,and so on
[13:00.56]然后傳給下一個(gè)工人,如此依次傳下去.
[13:03.80]The assembly line is a perfect example of this.
[13:06.02]裝配線就是一個(gè)極好的例子.
[13:08.24]Managers like this type of manufacture because it is more efficient
[13:10.83]經(jīng)理喜歡這種生產(chǎn)方式,因?yàn)樗矢?
[13:13.42]that is,it achieves more production.
[13:15.44]也就是說(shuō)能生產(chǎn)出更多的產(chǎn)品來(lái).
[13:17.47]They also like it for another reason,even if they will not admit it
[13:20.18]他們喜歡它還有另一原因,盡管他們不會(huì)承認(rèn):
[13:22.90]it makes it very difficult for the worker to do anything other than work
[13:25.56]它使工人很難做工作以外的其他事情.
[13:28.23]Frederick W.Taylor,the efficiency expert who early in this century
[13:34.79]conducted the time-and-motion studies
[13:36.91] 弗雷德里克.W.仄勒,本世紀(jì)初進(jìn)行時(shí)間和運(yùn)動(dòng)研究的效率專家,
[13:39.04]that led to the assemblyline process,tried to reduce workers to robots
[13:42.07]他的研究導(dǎo)致了裝配線工序.
[13:45.10]all in the name of greater production.
[13:46.98]他謀略把工人變成機(jī)器人,只是為了更大的產(chǎn)量.
[13:48.87]His staff of experts,each armed with clipboard and stopwatch
[13:51.65]他的專家組每人配有帶球撞人彈簧夾子的收發(fā)室板和秒表,
[13:54.43]studied individual workers with a view to ward eliminating unnecessary movement.
[13:57.66]研究一個(gè)個(gè)的工人,使他們不能偷懶.
[14:00.88]They soon found a great deal of opposition from the workers.
[14:03.31]他們很快發(fā)現(xiàn)工人們特別反對(duì).
[14:05.74]Most people not directly engaged in daily work
[14:10.42]express disapproval when they hear of people working on and off.
[14:12.99] 大多數(shù)不直接從事日常工作的人聽(tīng)到人們"干干停停"地工作時(shí),會(huì)表示不贊同.
[14:15.56]A studied campaign with carefully chosen language
[14:20.21]a full day's work for a full day's pay,"
[14:22.29]一些詞語(yǔ)推選了一場(chǎng)預(yù)告計(jì)劃的運(yùn)動(dòng),
[14:24.37]"taking a free ride"--has been pushed by certain employers to discredit the practice,
[14:31.21]and their success is such that I rarely discuss it except with other workers
[14:34.19]除了同其他工人,我很少談起他們的成功.
[14:37.17]My response is personal,and I feel no need to defend it:
[14:39.80]我的回答是個(gè)人觀點(diǎn),我感到?jīng)]必要為之辯護(hù):
[14:42.44]If I am getting a free ride,
[14:44.27]如果我只拿錢不干活兒,
[14:46.10]how come I am so tired when I go home at the end of a shift?
[14:48.67]我下班回家后怎么會(huì)那么累呢?