新編大學(xué)英語閱讀(浙大版)04

[00:00.00]It's Radio! [00:00.83]還是廣播好! [00:01.66]The medium that can turn anywhere into somewhere [00:03.60]無論在哪兒都不會讓你寂寞的媒體 [00:05.54]1 The truth is that radio has not been eclipsed by television and cable and the Internet. [00:08.69]事實上，廣播并未因為電視、有線網(wǎng)和因特網(wǎng)而黯然失色。 [00:11.84]In fact,radio is as popular as it has ever been. [00:13.99]實際上，廣播還是一如既往地受到人們的喜愛。 [00:16.13]According to the consumer Electronics Manufacturers Association,675 million radio receivers are currently in use in the United States; [00:21.56]根據(jù)民用電子設(shè)備生產(chǎn)者協(xié)會的調(diào)查，目前美國仍有6.75億臺無線電收音機。 [00:27.00]on average,Americans over the age of eleven spend three hours and eighteen minutes of every weekday listening to at least one of them. [00:32.00]11歲以上的美國人，平均每個日作日收聽3小時18分鐘的廣播節(jié)目。 [00:37.01]2 I don't mention this to make the case that radio is"better"than other electroic media (I use and enjoy all of them), [00:40.93]我提這些并不是要證明廣播比其他電子媒介好。(所有的媒介我都用，而且都很喜歡)， [00:44.86]but I will say that it is different,very different. [00:46.93]但我得說，廣播與其它媒介不一樣，而且很不一樣。 [00:49.00]Radio is special to people. [00:50.40]廣播跟人們有著特殊的關(guān)系。 [00:51.80]And in an era when we have so many other media available to us, [00:54.07]在一個我們可以享受很多其他媒介的時代里， [00:56.34]radio still inspires a kind of loyalty that premium channels and Web sites cannot claim. [00:59.94]廣播仍然能使人們對它忠心不二，這是電視的各種黃金頻道和因特網(wǎng)的眾多網(wǎng)址所做不到的。 [01:03.54]3 This loyalty is largely due to radio's very limitations. [01:05.95]這種忠誠在很大程度上源于廣播的局限性。 [01:08.36]Radio can't dazzle us with visual spectacles,it has to capture and hold our attention aurally. [01:12.09]廣播不可能用壯觀的畫面使我們傾倒，它只能通過聽覺效果吸引我們。 [01:15.82]That is,it has to speak to us,through either words or music. [01:18.66]也就是說，它必須通過語言或音樂向我們訴說。 [01:21.50]Combine this with the fact that radio is a curiously intimate medium: [01:23.95]同時，廣播又是一種令人感到非常親切的媒體。 [01:26.40]people tend to feel that they are connecting with their radios one-on-one. [01:29.19]人們往往覺得廣播在與自己進行著一對一的交流。 [01:31.98]This is generally not the case with television, [01:33.65]電視就不一樣了， [01:35.33]where the individual viewer invariably senses that he or she is nothing more than an anonymous, [01:38.41]電視觀眾作為個人總覺得他或她只不過是數(shù)不勝數(shù)的，而又迥然各異的觀眾中的一個無名小卒。 [01:41.48]statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience. [01:44.33]可有可無、微不足道的。 [01:47.17]But because radio is a "smaller"medium, [01:48.85]但由于收音機比其他接收設(shè)備都“小”。 [01:50.52]the individual listener can somehow believe that the signal is traveling directly and uninterruptedly from the studio microphone to his set alone, [01:55.92]這使每個聽眾都覺得電波是在直接地，不受干擾地從電臺麥克風(fēng)專門為他的收音機而發(fā)送， [02:01.32]that the announcer is speaking and playing records just for him. [02:03.66]而且播音員或者主持人也是在和他一個人說話，或是在為他一個人播放唱片。 [02:06.00]Few people exploited this quality as well as did Franklin Delano Roosevelt. [02:08.68]廣播的這種特點，很少有人能像富蘭克林·德拉諾·羅斯福那樣予以充分發(fā)揮。 [02:11.36]His radio"Fireside Chats"endeared him to countless listeners, [02:14.12]他的“爐邊談話”使他贏得了無數(shù)聽眾的喜愛。 [02:16.87]who reported feeling during his broadcasts as if the President were sitting in their living room and talking with them like a next-door neighbor. [02:21.19]聽眾們說，收聽這個節(jié)目時，聽眾們感到總統(tǒng)先生就坐在客廳里，像是隔壁鄰居一樣在與他們聊天。 [02:25.51]Roosevelt was given credit for his ability to use the new medium so effectively, [02:28.12]羅斯福因當時能有效地利用了這一新媒介而獲得了贊譽。 [02:30.73]but a case can be made that it was actually the nature of the new mediu [02:33.07]我們可以擺事實講道理的說明新聞媒介的本性 [02:35.41]its peculiar power and personality that made Roosevelt so effective on it. [02:38.69]羅斯福的廣播之所以如此成功，實際上靠的正是這種新媒介獨特的魅力及特點。 [02:41.96]4 Intimacy is itself both cause and effect of another singular truth about radio:most peopl [02:46.05]因為廣播能給人親切感，而獨自收聽收音機又倍感廣播的親切，大多數(shù) [02:50.14]most of the time,listen to their radios in solitud [02:52.40]多半是獨自一個人收聽廣播 [02:54.67]Radio,then,is usually more than just a medium;it is company. [02:57.46]廣播不僅是一種媒介。還是人們的伙伴。 [03:00.25]Whether it is the company of first choice or of last resort makes no difference. [03:03.10]它究竟是人們首選的伙伴還是在另無選擇時才求助于它，并不重要。 [03:05.94]It is a reliable and tireless buffer between solitude and loneliness, [03:08.59]它值得信賴，不辭勞苦的能使獨處的人不再孤單， [03:11.23]and for this it is often regarded,consciously of otherwise,as an old and valued friend. [03:14.83]因此人們常常有意無意地把它當作珍貴的老朋友。 [03:18.43]5 I had no real use for radio until after I graduated from college. [03:20.95]我是大學(xué)畢業(yè)后才真正開始收聽廣播的。 [03:23.47]I was born in New York City in the late 1960s, [03:25.51]60年代后期，我出生在紐約， [03:27.54]and grew up in its dense suburbs toward the end of the transition from black-and-white to color television. [03:31.12]此后一直生活在人口眾多的紐約市郊，直到黑白電視變成彩色電視。 [03:34.70]In junior high school twenty-channel cable TV came along; [03:36.94]上初中時，出現(xiàn)了可接收20個頻道的有線電視。 [03:39.17]in high school we got microcomputers", [03:40.84]高中時，我們有了“微型計算機”， [03:42.52]which boasted two whole kilobytes of random-access memory for information storage. [03:45.70]里面裝有整整兩千個字節(jié)的隨機存取存儲器，用于存儲信息。 [03:48.89]In retrospect,of course,these innovations look hopelessly crude, [03:51.53]當然，回想起來，這些玩意兒十分粗糙。 [03:54.18]but at the time they were more than enough to render radio seemingly irrelevant to my life. [03:57.02]但在當時，它們足以吸引我，使廣播與我的生活毫不相干。 [03:59.87]6 Then I found myself working as a reporter at a daily newspaper in the Mississippi Delta. [04:02.91]后來，我成了密西西比三角洲的一家報社記者， [04:05.95]The Delta is a place that can blind you,if not drive you mad,with its sameness and isolation. [04:09.80]這三角洲是個景色單調(diào)、與世隔絕的地方。即使不把你逼瘋，也足以使你耳目閉塞。 [04:13.66]It is endlessly flat and completely rural. [04:15.58]它是一片無邊無際的平原，完完全全的鄉(xiāng)下。 [04:17.51]My job often required me to drive great distances,usually on long, [04:19.92]我當時的工作需要我長途跋涉，長時間， [04:22.33]staraight two-lane roads with vast plantation fields on both sides. [04:25.01]地驅(qū)車在筆直的只有兩條車道的路上，兩邊盡是巨大的農(nóng)場。 [04:27.70]It was not at all unusual for me to travel many miles without seeing another car,a hous [04:31.01]對我來說簡直是家常便飯-駕車數(shù)英里看不到車輛，房屋 [04:34.32]or even a road sig [04:35.44]甚至路標 [04:36.55]In such an atmosphere it is not difficult to imagine that one is the last person on the planet. [04:39.74]在這種氛圍中，不難把自己想像成這個星球上僅存的一個人。 [04:42.92]Not difficult,and not pleasant,either. [04:44.72]很容易這樣想，想起來也真令人不快。 [04:46.52]7 On one such journey I turned off the tape deck in my car and started listening to the radio. [04:49.78]在這樣的一次旅途中，我關(guān)掉了汽車的錄音機，開始收聽廣播。 [04:53.04]I can't say exactly what day that happened,or why,but I can say,with confidence, [04:56.39]我不能準確地說出這是哪天發(fā)生的事，或者為什么會這樣，但我可以肯定地說， [04:59.74]that the first day I listened to the radio while driving through the Delta was also the last day I used the tape deck. [05:03.80]在三角洲上我第一次邊開車邊聽廣播的那一天，也便是我最后一次用錄音機的日子。 [05:07.87]The radio was the perfect cure for the paralyzing remoteness of the Delta. [05:10.59]廣播治好了三角洲令人絕望的荒涼病。 [05:13.31]I didn't matter anymore that I couldn't detect any evidence of humankind on a lonely stretch of Highway 49; [05:16.96]在孤零零的、綿延不絕的49號公路上，寥無人跡對我來說已無所謂了。 [05:20.62]I could always turn on the radio and hear a human voice . [05:22.54]我盡可以打開收音機，聽人們的聲音。 [05:24.47]I began to realize that radio could do more even than preserve my sanity and defeat my homesickness; [05:27.87]我意識到，廣播不僅使我保持清醒，消除我的思鄉(xiāng)之苦， [05:31.27]it could provide me with a wealth of information on,and a hearty appreciation fo [05:34.31]還為我提供了大量有關(guān)基地的信息，我衷心地?zé)釔凵纤? [05:37.36]a place as different from my home town as any in the country. [05:39.59]這個地方不同與我的家鄉(xiāng)，就象這個國家的任何地方一樣 [05:41.82]8 It was also in Mississippi that I discovered what might be my favorite thing about radio-its durability. [05:45.80]同樣是在密西西比，我發(fā)現(xiàn)了廣播最吸引我的地方——它的耐久性。 [05:49.78]Somethimes on clear nights I would get in my car and drive out of town, [05:52.33]在晴朗的夜晚，有時我會駕車出城， [05:54.89]out along the narrow highways of the Delta, [05:56.31]沿著密西西北河狹窄的公路行駛。 [05:57.73]Where we-my car and I-would be surrounded by a darkness so intense that it seemed tangible. [06:01.58]此時，我們——我和我的車——就被包圍在濃濃的似乎觸手可及的黑暗中。 [06:05.44]often I drove without any particular destination in mind. [06:07.49]我經(jīng)常開車出去并不是為了要去哪兒。 [06:09.54]My real objective on these trips was simply to drive my car along the small roads while sliding back and forth along the AM dial to see what distan [06:15.17]真正的目的只是想在小路上一邊奔馳，一邊來回不斷調(diào)臺，看到底什么地方的 [06:20.81]exotic stations I could pull i [06:22.28]情調(diào)各異的電臺我能收到 [06:23.76]I don't believe in magic, [06:24.80]我不相信奇跡， [06:25.85]but I do know that sitting in my car in the middle of Mississippi and listening to a signal that traveled more than a thousand miles, [06:30.04]但我深信，在密西西比中部，坐在車子里，聆聽穿越了一千多英里， [06:34.24]over nearly a dozen states, [06:35.41]跨過幾乎12個州。 [06:36.58]and came down into my car through an antenna and two speakers, [06:38.90]通過天線和兩個喇叭深入我耳內(nèi)的電波， [06:41.22]was as near to a magical experience as ever I'm likely to have. [06:43.63]這幾乎就是我所能擁有的最奇跡般的經(jīng)歷。 [06:46.04]9 A year later,when I was a graduate student in Alabama, [06:48.22]一年后，我在亞拉巴馬讀研究生時， [06:50.40]I decided to seek employment at the school's FM radio station to make some extra money. [06:53.66]決定到學(xué)校的調(diào)督廣播臺找份工作掙些錢。 [06:56.92]I ended up hosting my own show,playing jazz from ten at night until two in the morning several nights a week. [07:00.77]結(jié)果，我主持起自己的節(jié)目，在每周幾個晚上，每晚10點到次日凌晨2點，播放一些爵士樂。 [07:04.62]We had a toll-free number,so people weren't shy about calling,and many did, [07:07.34]我們有一個免費電話，以便聽眾播打。打電話的人很多， [07:10.06]from dozens of small towns I'd never heard of and couldn't even find on the station's gigantic wall map. [07:13.46]許多來自我從未聽說過的，甚至從電臺墻上的那副巨幅地圖中也無法找到的小鎮(zhèn)上打來的。 [07:16.86]They called for any number of reasons to request a song or an artist and to tease me for mispronouncing the name of their county. [07:20.93]他們打電話來是出自各種原因，要點播一曲歌，或是哪位歌星的歌，或僅僅是關(guān)系到我把他們縣的名字念錯了。 [07:25.00]Most times,I think,they called for no reason at all except to make contact with someone who had made contact with them to express, [07:29.87]我覺得，很多時候，他們打電話來沒有其他目的，只是想跟某個已建立了聯(lián)系的人說說話， [07:34.75]without saying it openly,their appreciation. [07:36.62]含蓄地表達一下感激之情。 [07:38.50]I worked at the station alone,and I was as thankful for the contact as they. [07:41.39]在電臺工作時，就我一個人，而且也同他們一樣對這種聯(lián)系深懷感激。 [07:44.29]It is a powerful feeling to send your voice out into the night over thousands of square miles, [07:47.33]把自己的聲音在夜色中傳送出去，覆蓋數(shù)千平方英里的土地，感到自己影響很大。 [07:50.38]and it is powerfully satisfying to know that your voice is being hear [07:52.93]你會感到自己的影響很大當你知道有人聆聽你的聲音時 [07:55.49]by real people sitting in real living rooms in real houses. [07:58.04]聽眾是真實的人們坐在真實房子的真實的客廳里 [08:00.60]10 Like the telephone,radio enables human voices to be heard on a one-to-one basis over vast distances, [08:04.97]廣播使人們的聲音越過萬水千山，一對一地播放給觀眾聽， [08:09.35]and in the final analysis, [08:10.57]而且歸根到底， [08:11.80]it is the intimacy and the friendliness of radio that I appreciate the most. [08:14.75]我最欣賞的還是廣播給人的親密友好的感覺。 [08:17.70]New Words [08:18.55]單詞 [08:19.39]AM [08:20.29]調(diào)幅廣播系統(tǒng) [08:21.19]announcer n [08:22.09]電(視)臺的節(jié)目報告員(或時事評論員，球類比賽的講解員) [08:22.99]antenna n [08:23.89](無線電或電視的)天線 [08:24.79]aurally adv [08:25.78]聽覺地，聽覺上地 [08:26.77]buffer n [08:27.89]起保護作用的人或物 [08:29.00]cable n [08:30.03]1)有線電視 2)纜繩，鋼索 [08:31.06]dazzle v [08:31.96]使贊嘆不已，使傾倒 [08:32.86]deck n [08:33.85]1)音響設(shè)備中放光盤或磁帶的裝置 2)甲板 [08:34.84]delta n [08:35.74]三角洲 [08:36.64]durability n [08:37.75]經(jīng)久性，耐用性 [08:38.87]eclipse v & n [08:39.95]1)使黯然失色，使相形見絀 2)日食，月食 [08:41.03]endear v [08:42.02]使受喜愛 [08:43.01]exotic adj [08:43.76]奇異的，外(國)來的 [08:44.52]fireside n [08:45.82]壁爐邊 [08:47.11]FM [08:48.19]調(diào)頻 [08:49.27]gigantic adj [08:50.44]巨大的，龐大的 [08:51.61]hearty adj [08:52.60]真誠的，親切的，熱誠的 [08:53.59]homesickness n [08:54.83]想家，思鄉(xiāng)病 [08:56.08]hopelessly adv [08:57.07]令人絕望地，沒有希望地 [08:58.06]kilobyte n [08:59.35]千字節(jié) [09:00.65]microcomputer n [09:01.94]微(型計算)機 [09:03.24]powerful adj [09:04.36]1)強大的，有力的，有權(quán)的 2)強壯的，強健的 [09:05.47]powerfully adv [09:06.55]非常地，強有力地 [09:07.63]premium adj [09:08.39]特佳的，優(yōu)質(zhì)的 [09:09.14]receiver n [09:10.22]1)電視或收音機的接收器 2)電話聽筒 [09:11.30]remoteness n [09:12.51]偏僻 [09:13.72]sameness n [09:14.83]單調(diào)，千篇一律 [09:15.95]sanity n [09:16.97]心智健全 [09:18.00]spectacle n [09:19.08]場面，奇觀 [09:20.16]uninterruptedly adv [09:21.19]不間斷地，持續(xù)地 [09:22.21]What Makes TV Most Entertaining? [09:23.81]電視為什么最具娛樂性? [09:25.42]1 In America,over 98 percent of all households have a radio, [09:28.06]在美國，超過98%的家庭有收音機， [09:30.71]and most automobiles are equipped with one. [09:32.54]大多數(shù)的汽車里也安裝了收音機。 [09:34.38]The average American listens to the radio eighteen hours a week. [09:36.49]一個普通美國人每星期收聽收音機的時間為18個小時。 [09:38.59]2 About 77 percent of the population read newspapers. [09:40.73]77%的美國人看報紙， [09:42.88]The average American spends about 3.5 hours a week reading newspapers. [09:45.52]一個普通的美國人每周看報3.5小時。 [09:48.17]3 Over 98 percent of all households own a television set; [09:50.49]98%的美國家庭擁有一臺電視機。 [09:52.81]more than 50 percent own two sets. [09:54.52]50%的家庭擁有的電視機不止一臺。 [09:56.23]The average family uses its set more than 40 hours a week. [09:58.82]一個普通的美國家庭每星期看40個小時的電視。 [10:01.42]Television is the most popular medium in the United States today. [10:04.10]電視是當今美國最受歡迎的媒體方式。 [10:06.78]4 American television is dominated by three private corporations--the American Broadcasting Company(ABC), [10:10.49]美國電視業(yè)被三大私人公司所壟斷。這三大公司分別是美國廣播公司， [10:14.20]CBS Incorporated,and the National Broadcasting Company(NBC),which is a division of the RCA Corporation. [10:18.86]哥倫比亞廣播公司和附屬于美國無線電公司的國家廣播公司。 [10:23.52]Most of the 700 local television stations are forced to affiliate with one or another of these networks because of the high cost of producing news and entertainment programs. [10:29.60]在美國有700多家地方電視臺。由于制作新聞節(jié)目與娛樂節(jié)目的費用高昂，所以大多數(shù)地方電視臺不得不依附于三大公司中的一個。 [10:35.69]Local stations restrict themselves to local news coverage and then broadcast the network "feeds"of the "Evening News", [10:40.10]地方電視臺把自己報道的范圍僅限于地方新聞，然后再播出大新聞網(wǎng)“提供”的“晚間新聞”， [10:44.51]rebroadcasting it in shorter form as part of their late news programs. [10:47.33]又經(jīng)剪輯后在更晚的新聞節(jié)目中重播。 [10:50.16]In addition,each network owns five stations itself, [10:52.57]每個電視網(wǎng)都有自己的電視臺，其中擁有電視臺最多的要屬擁有5家電視臺的聯(lián)邦通信協(xié)會了。 [10:54.98]the maximum number under the rules of the Federal Communications Commission(FCC). [11:00.42]These networkowned stations are found in the largest "market"cities, [11:03.19]這些新聞網(wǎng)所有的電視臺一般建在“市場”最大的城市， [11:05.96]and they cover 38 percent of all"TV households"in the nation. [11:08.61]并覆蓋了全國38%的“電視家庭?！? [11:11.26]5 Prime time(8:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m.)is the most important time in television, [11:14.82]對電視業(yè)來說，黃金時間(晚8：00至11：00)是最重要的時間， [11:18.38]and it is dominated by the three networks. [11:19.99]這段時間被三大電視網(wǎng)所壟斷。 [11:21.59]Potentially,all 80 million homes in America with TV sets could tune i [11:24.81]這時美國有電視的家庭，約80，000，000戶將可以同時收看節(jié)目 [11:28.03]and these homes house over 200 million peopl [11:30.14]這些戶看節(jié)目的人數(shù)超過200，000，000 [11:32.24]The networks broadcast mostly action and adventure series(30 percent [11:35.14]電視網(wǎng)播放的情節(jié)、驚險系列劇(30%) [11:38.04]situation comedies(25 percent)and movies(16 percent) on prime tim [11:41.89]情景喜劇(25%)和電影(16%)主要在黃金時間 [11:45.74]Specials and miniseries are also becoming more popular. [11:48.07]特別節(jié)目和微型系列劇正在越來越受到青睞。 [11:50.39]The only regular"live"programs on prime time are sports events, [11:53.03]黃金時間段唯一有規(guī)律播出的現(xiàn)場直播節(jié)目就是體育比賽。 [11:55.68]such as ABC's NFL Monday Night Football. [11:57.61]如美國廣播公司星期一晚播出的全美橄欖球聯(lián)賽。 [11:59.53]Most other programs are filmed or videotaped. [12:01.71]而大多數(shù)其他節(jié)目都是先錄下來之后再播放的。 [12:03.89]6 Local stations do the actual broadcasting. [12:05.63]節(jié)目是由地方臺播出的。 [12:07.38]Almost all stations are affiliated with one of the networks. [12:09.52]幾乎所有的電視臺都依附于電視網(wǎng)中的一個。 [12:11.66]The stations are paid by the networks to carry network prime-time shows. [12:14.44]電視網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司出錢給電視臺，讓它們播出電視網(wǎng)黃金時段的節(jié)目。 [12:17.21]Networks do not make payments to stations to carry news,sports,or late-night programs. [12:20.39]而至于新聞、體育或深夜的節(jié)目，電視網(wǎng)公司則分文不出。 [12:23.58]However,the networks allow a certain number of advertising slots in those programs to be filled by local stations. [12:27.77]不過，電視網(wǎng)公司允許地方電視臺在這些節(jié)目中穿插一定數(shù)量的廣告。 [12:31.97]7 It is important to all three networks that their evening news programs attract as large an audience as possible. [12:36.31]對于三大電視網(wǎng)來說，用晚間新聞來吸引最大量的觀眾群是很重要的。 [12:40.64]It is important not only because a large audience means that they can sell higher-priced commercial time on the news itself [12:44.53]這不僅僅是因為觀眾群越大，他們在新聞時間里就可以把廣告費開得更高。 [12:48.42]but also because they know that many American families [12:50.26]也是因為它們知道許多美國家庭， [12:52.09]leave their TV dials untouched after the news. [12:54.27]看完新聞后就會關(guān)機。 [12:56.45]A popular news show will promote audiences for later entertainment shows. [12:59.40]因此，成功的新聞節(jié)目可以激發(fā)觀眾觀看新聞后的娛樂節(jié)目的興趣。 [13:02.35]8 The news must entertain. [13:03.65]新聞節(jié)目必須具有娛樂性， [13:04.94]It must be "hyped"to capture and hold audience attention with drama,action,conflict,violence,or disaster. [13:09.50]必須包含緊張的刺激、動作、沖突、暴力、災(zāi)難等元素，以牢牢地抓住觀眾的注意力。 [13:14.05]9 Like any good entertainment show, [13:15.13]與其他所有優(yōu)秀的娛樂節(jié)目一樣， [13:16.21]a news show must have recognizable characters doing something interesting, [13:18.71]在新聞節(jié)目中觀眾要看到熟悉的人在干有趣的事兒， [13:21.22]who are involved in struggles and conflicts over important issues. [13:23.39]有誰卷入了戰(zhàn)斗，以及在重要的事情上引起的沖突等。 [13:25.57]There must be a dramatic story line,but one that can be introduced,develope [13:28.25]新聞必有一個戲劇性的故事主線，要完成導(dǎo)入、發(fā)展 [13:30.94]and concluded in less than two minute [13:32.36]結(jié)論的全過程在2分鐘之內(nèi) [13:33.78]The news must be made to appear timely,and it must be shown to affect us directly. [13:37.09]新聞還必須顯得及時，能直截了當影響我們。 [13:40.40]10 The need to make the news entertaining results in some interesting criteria for the selection of "news". [13:44.38]為了使新聞節(jié)目更具娛樂性，在選擇新聞時要遵循以下幾條有趣的原則： [13:48.36]Violence is more "newsworthy"than nonviolence. [13:50.68]暴力比“無暴力”更有新聞價值。 [13:53.00]War,crime,conflict,and disasters excite audiences. [13:55.72]戰(zhàn)爭、犯罪、沖突、災(zāi)難能使觀眾興奮。 [13:58.44]Violent behavior is remembered better than nonviolent behavior. [14:01.00]人們更容易記住暴力。 [14:03.55]The murder and suicide of 900 Americans in Guyana in 1978 was the most remembered story of that year, [14:07.75]1978年在圭亞那900多美洲人的自殺事件是當年被記得最牢的新聞。 [14:11.94]with 98 percent of the Gallup Poll respondents saying that they knew about the event [14:14.59]當年的民意測驗顯示，98%的人知道此事。 [14:17.23]A figure matched only by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 and the dropping of atomic bombs on Japan in 1945. [14:22.02]這一數(shù)據(jù)與知道1941年日本襲擊珍珠港和1945年美國在日本投下原子彈的人數(shù)旗鼓相當。 [14:26.81]·The "news"should have a direct impact on the lives of viewers. [14:29.45]新聞應(yīng)該與觀眾的生活有直接的聯(lián)系。 [14:32.10]Millions of starving people in central Africa will not get as much coverage as a hotel fire in Las Vegas. [14:35.99]中非百萬饑民不如拉斯維加斯的一次賓館大火的收視率高。 [14:39.88]Dramatic film of starving African children may help get the story on the air; [14:43.19]饑餓的非洲兒童也許能提高一點收視率， [14:46.50]but film of fire victims leaping to their deaths from high buildings is better. [14:49.72]但終究不如火災(zāi)受害者墜樓而死的片子有吸引力， [14:52.94]After all,nearly everyone in the United States has stayed in a hotel at one time or another, [14:56.35]畢竟，幾乎每個美國人都住過賓館， [14:59.75]but very few have gone to Africa. [15:01.55]而去過非洲的人則為數(shù)不多。 [15:03.35]Stories about celebrities are more"newsworthy"than stories about people unfamiliar to the audience. [15:06.88]“名人”的故事比無名小卒的故事更具新聞價值。 [15:10.40]Scandal,sex,accidents,personal grief,and even the daily habits of prominent and famous people make"news". [15:15.59]名人的丑聞、性、故事、個人不幸，甚至是日常生活習(xí)慣都是“新聞”。 [15:20.77]personalities are substituted for explanation. [15:22.95]新聞人物代替了新聞分析。 [15:25.13]For instance,a conflict between two countries may be symbolized as a conflict between their presidents. [15:29.07]例如，兩國之間的沖突可以用兩國元首之間的沖突來作象征。 [15:33.01]·"News"should be timely and novel. [15:34.88]新聞要及時、新奇。 [15:36.76]This only means that the "news"should not have been reported in the previous 24 hours. [15:40.10]也就是說，“新聞”不應(yīng)該在前24小時內(nèi)被播出過。 [15:43.45]Most of the evening news on all three networks is composed of "pre-planned"stories--stories about events or situations that are not spontaneou [15:49.34]三大新聞網(wǎng)的大多數(shù)晚間新聞都是事先準備好了的，并非時事 [15:55.22]However insofar as possible these pre-planned stories must be made to appear novel and timely. [15:59.29]但只要將這些事先準備好了的故事包裝得新奇，使其縣得及時就行了 [16:03.36]·"News"must be an event,rather than a trend or an idea. [16:06.44]“新聞”必須是事情，而非趨勢或想法。 [16:09.52]It must be an event that can be filmed and seen and heard. [16:12.41]“新聞”必須是可以被拍攝下來的，能被視覺、聽覺感知的事情。 [16:15.31]Even if inflation is the single most important problem confronting American [16:17.96]就算通貨膨脹是當前美國面臨的頭等大事 [16:20.60]according to a national survey,this topic will be pushed aside in favor of coverage of presidential visit [16:24.35]這是根據(jù)國家調(diào)查顯示的，與下列相比它只能靠邊站：總統(tǒng)訪問 [16:28.09]ceremonial bill signings,strikes,protests,accidents,or fires for which action film is availabl [16:33.37]簽字儀式，罷工，抗議，事故或或火災(zāi)等動作片 [16:38.64]When inflation is covered at all, [16:39.94]就算是在報道通貨膨脹時， [16:41.23]it will be through a brief announcement of newly releasedinflation figures or some interviews [16:44.22]也是通過簡單通報最新發(fā)布的通貨膨脹指數(shù)或采訪， [16:47.21]with shoppers complaining of high prices. [16:48.68]抱怨物價過高的顧客來實現(xiàn)。 [16:50.16]The news chiefs are not trying to hide inflation; [16:51.96]新聞主編并非企圖掩蓋事實， [16:53.76]the problem is that inflation is not an event that produces good film. [16:56.95]只是通貨膨脹不是能拍出好片子的“事情”。 [17:00.13]·Every "news"story should have a dramatic quality--an obvious conflict between identifiable opponents. [17:04.69]每則“新聞”都應(yīng)該具有戲劇性——即應(yīng)該有明顯的對抗雙方的明顯沖突。 [17:09.24]The "news"cannot report ideas in the abstract. [17:11.35]“新聞”不能用抽象的手法來表現(xiàn)想法。 [17:13.45]Stories work better on television when there are clear antagonist [17:16.04]在電視上，效果會比較好-如果故事中有明顯的對立方 [17:18.64]especially when they are physically differen [17:20.11]特別是生理特征不同的對立方 [17:21.59]It is best when confrontation occurs between men and wome [17:23.55]此時效果會更佳：如果沖突雙方是男與女 [17:25.51]blacks and whites,young and old,rich and poo [17:27.92]黑人與白人，年輕人與年老者，富人與窮人 [17:30.34]Ideal antagonists will shout,cry,shake fists, [17:32.84]對抗者最好大喊大叫、揮舞拳頭， [17:35.34]or otherwise show intense emotions. [17:36.91]或表現(xiàn)出緊張情緒， [17:38.47]There should be"good guys"and "bad guys",and either side can be shown as winning. [17:41.60]對抗者中應(yīng)有“好人”與“壞人”之分，隨便哪一方贏都無所謂。 [17:44.74]·Finally,a "news"story must be short. [17:46.54]最后，“新聞”一定要簡潔。 [17:48.34]The entire drama must be introduced,played out,and summarized in less than two minutes. [17:51.90]在二分鐘之內(nèi)，整個故事應(yīng)該完成導(dǎo)入、播放和總結(jié)的全過程。 [17:55.46]Anything longer is a "documentary". [17:57.21]超過二分鐘就成了記錄片。 [17:58.96]New Words [17:59.95]單詞 [18:00.94]affiliate v [18:01.87]使隸屬(或附屬)于 [18:02.81]antagonist n [18:03.74]對抗者，對手，敵人 [18:04.68]celebrity n [18:05.80]名人，名流 [18:06.91]ceremonial adj [18:07.99]正式的，儀式的 [18:09.07]comedy n [18:10.15]喜劇，喜劇性事件 [18:11.23]documentary n [18:12.35]記錄片 [18:13.46]hype v [18:14.63]大肆宣傳 [18:15.80]indentifiable adj [18:17.10]可辯認的 [18:18.40]inflation n [18:19.42]通貨膨脹 [18:20.45]mostly adv [18:21.53]主要地，多半，通常 [18:22.61]newsworthy adj [18:23.72]有新聞價值的 [18:24.84]nonviolence n [18:25.92]非暴力事件，非暴力 [18:27.00]signing n [18:28.08]簽署，簽字 [18:29.16]starving adj [18:30.40]饑餓的 [18:31.64]symbolize v [18:32.94]象征，代表 [18:34.24]timely adj [18:35.26]適時的，及時的 [18:36.29]untouched adj [18:37.40]未碰過的，原封不動的 [18:38.52]Sounding the Waters [18:39.65]追求大河兩岸的歌聲 [18:40.79]1 In the past the different types of media around the world and within the United States have usually acted independently of one another. [18:46.30]過去，不管是在全球還是在美國本土，不同的媒體往往相互獨立， [18:51.80]In fact,they have often been seen as competitors. [18:54.18]人們還往往把它們看作競爭對手。 [18:56.56]During the 1960s and 1970s when television first became popular, [19:00.19]20世紀六、七十年代當電視開始流行時， [19:03.83]some people predicted the "death"of radi [19:05.50]有人曾預(yù)言了有些東西將“死亡”--收音機 [19:07.18]books,and newspapers,saying that television would provide the entertainmen [19:10.31]書籍，報紙，因為電視能提供娛樂 [19:13.44]knowledge and news once provided by the other medi [19:16.03]知識和新聞，這些以前是由其它媒體提供的 [19:18.62]Thankfully,this did not happen. [19:20.12]所幸的是，這一預(yù)言并未實現(xiàn)。 [19:21.61]Each had its own group of supporters; [19:23.52]每一種媒體都有自己忠實的擁護者， [19:25.43]in fact,most people read a daily newspaper, [19:27.55]大多數(shù)人都每天看報， [19:29.68]listen to the radio in their cars while driving to work or in their offices while working, [19:32.95]在驅(qū)車上班途中在車里或工作時在辦公室里聽收音機， [19:36.23]and during leisure hours read a new best-selling book or watch television. [19:39.45]閑暇時光則往往會閱讀一本暢銷書或看電視。 [19:42.67]2 It has been rare for the various media groups to work together, [19:45.05]過去各種媒體間少有合作， [19:47.42]but recently professionals within the different fields of journalism [19:50.05]但最近新聞界不同領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)人士已經(jīng)意識到，如果將他們的資源聯(lián)合起來，他們就能做到單干時無法做到的事。 [19:52.68]have realized that by combining their resources they could attempt projects that they could not afford to accomplish by working alone. [19:57.59]多媒體產(chǎn)品《歌之河：密西西比河音樂之旅》就是這一合作的成果。 [20:02.51]This has resulted in a multi-media production called River of Song [20:05.32]世界上每個大洲都有自己引以為豪的河流——如中國有長江、黃河，北非有尼羅河，南美有亞馬遜河。 [20:08.12]A Musical Journey down the Mississipi.Each continent of the world has its river or rivers of note--the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in china, the Nile river in North Africa,and the Amazon River in south Amrica. [20:17.48]提到北美，當然要數(shù)密西西比河了?！陡柚印肥且徊坑涗浧?。 [20:26.84]In North America it is without doubt the Mississippi River. River of song is a documentary production. [20:35.88]It consists of a four-hour,four-part television series to be shown on Public Television. [20:39.88]全片包括四部分，每部分長達四小時，不久將在大眾文化教育電視上播放。 [20:43.87]3 The text for River of Song was written by Elijah Wald,a music critic for the Boston Glob [20:48.10]《歌之河》的文字部分由厄里亞。伍爾德撰寫。他是一名音樂批評家，專為《全球》撰寫文章 [20:52.33]a newspaper long noted for its support of the art [20:54.74]《全球》因為支持藝術(shù)而久負盛名 [20:57.16]In addition to the television series,there is a corresponding seven-hou [21:00.14]除了電視系列片外，收音機還播放相對應(yīng)的7小時 [21:03.13]seven-part series airing on Public Radio,a 36-song,two CD soundtrack,and a 352-page boo [21:09.45]包括7部分的廣播節(jié)目，一套兩張錄有36首歌曲的光盤和一本厚達352頁的書 [21:15.77]Although different media are involved,their focus remains the same:to document the musical traditions that thrive on the banks of the Missippi, [21:21.42]雖然《歌之河》涉及到的媒體不少，但所有這些媒體的焦點是一致的：“記錄下密西西比河兩岸繁榮的音樂傳統(tǒng)， [21:27.07]from Lake Itasca in the northern state of Minnesota,the river's source, [21:30.06]從大河源頭(北部明尼斯塔州的艾塔斯卡河)， [21:33.05]to where the waters empty into the Gulf of mexico in the state of Louisiana. [21:35.95]一直追尋到路易斯安那州大河匯入墨西哥灣。 [21:38.84]4 Although the series is a documentary,viewers, [21:40.84]雖然這一系屬紀實性，但觀眾， [21:42.84]listeners and readers will be happy to find that they will not be overwhelmed with numerous dates and event [21:46.98]聽眾和讀者都會高興的發(fā)現(xiàn)自己不會被淹沒，被數(shù)不清的日期、事件 [21:51.12]with old balck-and-white photos,or serious lectures given by earnest Hollywood actor [21:55.15]黑白照片或表情嚴肅的好萊塢演員的說教淹沒 [21:59.18]The story is tole through a series of lively personal portrai [22:01.60]該系列以生動的人物形象為主線 [22:04.01]of the musicians who live in the cities and towns along the Mississippi Rive [22:06.73]該音樂家們居住在密西西比河沿岸城市和小鎮(zhèn)上 [22:09.44]The audience gets to know these musicians not as mere representatives of musican trends and types. [22:13.26]觀眾們會逐步了解到這些音樂家不是單純意義上的音樂潮流與趨勢的代表， [22:17.08]but as regular people trying to make a living with their music. [22:19.25]而是一些靠音樂謀生的普通人。 [22:21.43]In the television series they are seen sweating through their performances, [22:23.93]在電視系列片中，人們會看到這些人或大汗淋漓地表演， [22:26.44]going about their daily routine, [22:27.84]或做著日?，嵤拢? [22:29.24]or sitting around their living rooms making music with their friends. [22:31.57]或圍在房間里與朋友們一起擺弄音樂。 [22:33.89]5 Both the television and radio productions are narrated by a folk guitarist,Ani DiFranco. [22:37.49]這一系列的電視版，廣播版都是由一位叫迪弗朗科的鄉(xiāng)村吉它手配的音。 [22:41.09]She believes that beneath whatever is currently popular in the music of any society, [22:44.22]她認為，在任何社會的任何流行音樂元素下， [22:47.35]there is always an"undercurrent"of music coming from the people. [22:49.82]都有一股來自群眾的音樂潛流。 [22:52.28]She says that this is the "sound of culture itself in the streets,bars,gyms,churche [22:55.92]她還說，處處都有來自文化的聲音：在街上，酒吧里，操場上，教堂里 [22:59.56]and back porches of the real world [23:00.96]在塵世中的隱蔽處 [23:02.36]The musicians are generally not superstars. [23:04.18]這些音樂家一般來說并非什么巨星。 [23:06.00]A few of them might deserve a chance to perform to national audiences on television or other-wise, [23:09.42]有幾位應(yīng)該有機會在電視上或其他媒體上露臉， [23:12.84]but most of them are content to be known only locally. [23:15.16]但他們大多數(shù)對在本地有名的現(xiàn)狀很滿足。 [23:17.48]They show a commitment to music that is deeper than that of a celebrity:for the [23:20.71]和名人相比，他們表現(xiàn)出對音樂更深切的獻身精神，對他們來說 [23:23.93]music isn't simply a means to acquire wealth or fam [23:26.16]音樂不僅僅是謀取財富和名氣的途徑 [23:28.39]It's a method of preserving traditions and a way of life. [23:30.86]音樂是一種保留傳統(tǒng)的方式和一種生活方式。 [23:33.32]As one Louisiana musician appearing in the series says,"We,the young generation, [23:36.83]正如一位在系列劇中出現(xiàn)過的來自路易斯安那的音樂家所說的：“我們年輕人， [23:40.34]are the glue that keeps the culture going. [23:41.80]是促使文化繼續(xù)發(fā)展的粘合劑。 [23:43.26]If we don't continue playing the music,it's going to be lost." [23:45.85]如果我們不繼續(xù)演奏，那么這些音樂將很快被遺忘。” [23:48.44]6 The music and musicians are varied in the series. [23:50.26]在這一系列劇中出現(xiàn)了各式各樣的聲音和各式各樣的音樂家。 [23:52.08]There are African drummers, [23:53.16]有非洲音樂鼓手， [23:54.24]rock and roll guitarists,accordionists,blues singers,choirs,brass bands, [23:58.24]搖滾樂吉他手，手風(fēng)琴演奏者，布魯斯歌手，合唱團、銅管樂隊， [24:02.23]and folk fiddlers,to name only a few,all of whom love along the Mississippi River. [24:05.45]和民樂小提琴手，這些僅僅是其中的一部分，他們?nèi)季幼≡诿芪魑鞅群友匕丁? [24:08.68]They often remind their audience that the Mississippi has long been associated with music, [24:11.75]這些音樂家常使人們覺得密西西比河自古就與音樂相伴。 [24:14.83]Over one hundred years ago,when Mark Twain wrote about life along the big river, [24:17.78]一百多年前當馬克·吐溫描寫大河兩岸的生活時， [24:20.74]the big steam-powered paddle-wheeled boats made their way along it. [24:23.11]龐大的蒸氣動力明船在大河上下穿梭， [24:25.49]The passengers were usually entertained by musicians playing the local music. [24:28.26]而乘客們則以聽音樂家演奏當?shù)匾魳窞闃罚? [24:31.03]One of these paddle wheelers,the Delta Queen,built in 1926,still makes a trip between St.Loui [24:35.26]如今，有一艘建于1926年的名叫三角洲女王號的明輪船，仍穿梭于圣路易 [24:39.49]Missouri,and St.Paul,Minnesot [24:41.25]和密勒索塔的圣保羅之間 [24:43.02]Like one hundred years ago,the passengers enjoy both the scenery and the music. [24:45.74]和一百年前的情形一樣，乘客們不僅可以享受美景，也可以欣賞音樂。 [24:48.45]7 River of Song concludes with rather sad music. [24:50.58]《歌之河》以較悲傷的音樂結(jié)束。 [24:52.70]On an island at the mouth of the Mississippi, [24:54.43]在密西西比河的河口處有一個小島。 [24:56.16]the audience meets Irvan and Allen Perez, [24:58.16]在那兒，觀眾可以看到(聽到)一對名叫艾凡·皮赫和艾倫·皮赫的， [25:00.16]two cousins who belong to a group of Spanish-speaking people who first settled in Louisiana 200 years ago. [25:04.24]表兄弟，他們是在200多年前在安易斯安那州安家落戶的講西班牙語人的后裔。 [25:08.33]The Perezes are fishermen. [25:09.64]兩兄弟都是漁民。 [25:10.96]As they work,they sing unaccompanied by musical instruments. [25:13.33]他們邊工作、邊唱歌，不需要任何樂器伴奏。 [25:15.71]Their songs are usually 10 stanzas long and are mostly in Spanish. [25:18.39]他們的歌大多用西班牙語演唱，有時歌長達10節(jié)。 [25:21.07]They sing of shrimp boats and fur trappers,bad weather and home mortgages. [25:24.35]他們歌唱捕蝦船和獵獸者，唱壞天氣和家里欠的債。 [25:27.62]Their voices are strong and pure. [25:28.99]他們的聲音雄渾而純凈。 [25:30.36]The following are two translated lines from a song that Allen sings:"Against this trapper are mosquitoes and high water. [25:35.22]以下是艾倫唱的兩句歌詞，翻譯過來就是：“這個獵獸者周圍都是蚊子和暴漲的河水。 [25:40.08]And to finish him completely,the bank sends him a letter." [25:42.58]河岸給他發(fā)了通知，讓他徹底完蛋?！? [25:45.08]It is a sad song but still hopeful. [25:46.94]這支悲傷的歌仍然充滿了希望。 [25:48.79]His performance reminds the listener that American music is broad and big, [25:51.38]他的演唱讓人不由覺得美國音樂是如此寬廣、宏大。 [25:53.97]like a river,and it keeps flowing. [25:55.88]就像一條不斷流淌的河。 [25:57.79]Pop music,when compared to the music immortalized through River of Song, [26:00.65]與《歌之河》中不朽的音樂相比起來，流行音樂， [26:03.52]suddenly seems worth no more than just a glass of water from the tap. [26:05.93]忽然就像從塞子里流出來的一杯水一樣渺小。 [26:08.34]Many people in the United States plan to watch the series on television, [26:10.89]許多身在美國的人都準備通過電視， [26:13.45]listen to it on the radio, [26:14.64]廣播來收看， [26:15.83]read about it in the books as well as in newspapers and magazines which has covered this event enthusiastically, [26:19.55]收聽這一系列節(jié)目或通過看書和熱情報告這一事件的報紙雜志了解這一節(jié)目。 [26:23.28]and then purchase the CD in order that they may continue to enjoy the results of multi-media cooperation. [26:27.69]最后再買一套光盤，以便能繼續(xù)享受這一多種媒體合作的成果。 [26:32.10]New Words [26:32.82]單詞 [26:33.54]accordionist n [26:34.58]手風(fēng)琴演奏者，手風(fēng)琴演奏家 [26:35.63]best-selling adj [26:36.81]暢銷的 [26:38.00]brass n [26:38.99]1)銅管樂器 2)黃銅 [26:39.98]corresponding adj [26:41.12]相應(yīng)的，相當?shù)? [26:42.25]earnest adj [26:43.06]認真的，誠懇的 [26:43.87]fiddler n [26:44.73]小提琴手 [26:45.60]fisherman n [26:46.41]漁民，漁夫 [26:47.22]guitarist n [26:48.35]吉他手 [26:49.49]gym n [26:50.48]體育館，健身房 [26:51.47]immortalize n [26:52.42]使不朽，使名垂千古 [26:53.37]journalism n [26:54.24]新聞業(yè)，新聞工作 [26:55.10]mosquito n [26:56.15]蚊子 [26:57.19]multi-media adj [26:58.56]多媒體的 [26:59.93]narrate v [27:00.83]敘述，解說 [27:01.73]noted adj [27:02.68]著名的，有聲望的 [27:03.63]overwhelm v [27:04.95]使不知所措，使受不了 [27:06.26]scenery n [27:07.13]風(fēng)景，景色 [27:07.99]stanza n [27:08.85](詩的)節(jié) [27:09.72]trapper n [27:10.62]設(shè)陷阱捕獸者 [27:11.52]unaccompanied adj [27:12.51]無伴奏的 [27:13.50]undercurrent n [27:14.36]1)暗流 2)潛流 [27:15.23]The Power of the Press [27:16.45]新聞界的威力 [27:17.67]1 One of the biggest misunderstandings about the press in that it deals almost exclusively with news. [27:21.99]人們對新聞界存在一些錯誤的想法。其中最大的一個誤解是認為新聞界只報道新聞。 [27:26.31]2 Another big misunderstanding is that the press has enormous power. [27:29.09]另一個誤解是認為新聞界威力無比。 [27:31.86]This delusion is persistent and widespread. [27:34.23]這誤解根深蒂固，分布廣泛。 [27:36.61]It is taken for granted by the public-at-large, [27:38.25]公眾把新聞界的影響力看成是理所當然的， [27:39.89]who are apt to be impressed by anything that is said as few as three times; [27:43.61]任何事情只要說過三遍，就會使他們產(chǎn)生深刻印象。 [27:47.34]it is continually advertised by the press itself,and it is promoted by press management, [27:50.97]新聞界本身也不斷地宣傳它的影響力，而且掌管新聞界的人也推波助瀾， [27:54.61]at least some of whom should know better. [27:56.25]至少他們中的某些人深知其中的奧妙。 [27:57.89]A national commission examining the freedom of the press in the United States not only accepted the press's self-evaluation [28:02.96]一個檢測美國新聞界自由度高低的國家委員會接受了新聞界的自我評估， [28:08.04]but also was alarmed by what they perceived as the great power of the press. [28:11.46]也對其認為的“新聞界的威力”而感到吃驚。 [28:14.88]The commission concluded: [28:15.96]這個委員會下了如下的結(jié)論： [28:17.04]We have the impression that the American people do not realize what has happened to them. [28:20.49]“我們覺得美國人并不知道發(fā)生了什么。他們不知道交流革命已經(jīng)開始了。 [28:23.95]They are not aware that the communication revolution has occurred. [28:26.36]他們不知道新聞界的新設(shè)備和新方法正影響著自己的生活， [28:28.77]They do not appreciate the tremendous power which the new instruments and the new organization of the press place in the hands of a few men. [28:33.96]而這些新設(shè)備和新組織方法掌握在少數(shù)人手中。 [28:39.14]3 In what way is the press supposed to be so powerful? [28:41.37]為什么人們認為新聞界有如此大的影響力? [28:43.61]The general notion is that the press can form, [28:45.64]人們普遍認為新聞界本身就可以形成， [28:47.67]control,or at least strongly influence public opinion. [28:50.36]掌握，至少可以較強地影響公眾的思想。 [28:53.04]Can it really do any of these things? [28:54.62]新聞界真的可以做這上些事嗎? [28:56.21]Hugh Cudlipp, [28:57.16]休·克尼浦 [28:58.11]editorial director of The London Daily Mirror and a man who should know something about the effect of newspapers on public opinion, [29:02.67]作為《倫敦每日鏡報》的主編，他是一個理應(yīng)對新聞界影響立較熟悉的人， [29:07.22]does't share this general notion about their power. [29:09.69]他不同意對新聞界影響力的普遍看法。 [29:12.15]He thinks newspapers can echo and stimulate popular feelings that already exist, [29:15.88]他認為，新聞界可以反映并刺激已經(jīng)存在的公眾感受， [29:19.61]but they probably can't do much more than this. [29:21.60]但僅限于此。 [29:23.60]"A newspaper may successfully accelerate but never reverse the popular attitude that common sense has given to the public." [29:28.52]“新聞界可能可以成功地失主動公眾從常識中得到的普遍態(tài)度的發(fā)展，但決不能改變它。” [29:33.43]In short,it can jump on the bandwagon,once the bandwagon's under way,and urge others to jump aboard too; [29:37.89]總之，只要彩車在運動，新聞界就可以跳上彩車并鼓動別人也跳上去， [29:42.36]but it can't start the bandwagon rolling or change its direction after it's started. [29:45.58]但新聞界無法使彩車動起來或改變其運動方向。 [29:48.80]4 Like habit-forming pills,the press can stimulate or depress,but it cannot cure. [29:53.07]和習(xí)慣性服用的藥片一樣，新聞界能起到激發(fā)或抑制的作用。但卻無法治愈疾病。 [29:57.33]It can fan fear and hatred of another nation(when the fear and hatred are there, [30:00.70]它能煽動公眾的恐懼感或?qū)α硪粐业某鸷薷?當恐懼感與仇恨感已經(jīng)存在， [30:04.07]waiting to be fanned)but it cannot make peace. [30:06.44]并等待著別人去煽動時)，但它卻不能帶來和平。 [30:08.82]As more and more people who have been victims of the press's unkind words have found out, [30:12.60]越來越多的被新聞界惡語傷害過的人都發(fā)現(xiàn)， [30:16.38]the press has a nasty kind of power-the same kind of power a bully has, [30:20.01]新聞界有一種令人厭惡的恃強凌弱的影響力， [30:23.65]of hurting somebody smaller and weaker than himself. [30:25.92]傷害比自己弱小的人。 [30:28.19]An individual's only defense against the press is the law of libel, [30:31.37]個人對新聞界唯一的反抗方式就是搬出《反誹謗法》， [30:34.56]but considerable harm and much pain can be caused without going so far as to commit libel that can be taken to court for judgment. [30:39.89]但在不違反法律不上法庭的條件下，仍有人會對他人造成巨大的傷害和痛苦。 [30:45.21]Journalists themselves generally have a horror of being interviewed, [30:48.44]記者們往往害怕被人采訪， [30:51.66]written up or even noticed by the press--they know too well from their own experience [30:55.35]被人寫進報道，甚至害怕引起新聞界的注意——因為他們從自己的經(jīng)歷中深深地體會到， [30:59.04]how inept and cruel a distortion the result is likely to be. [31:02.08]結(jié)果將是多么荒謬和歪曲。 [31:05.12]Nine times out of ten,as they know ,ineptness is to blame rather than conscious cruelty; [31:09.41]他們知道，十有八九人們會歸咎于愚蠢拙劣，而不會指責(zé)為故意傷害。 [31:13.69]but there is always that tenth case. [31:15.24]但故意傷害的情況總是存在的。 [31:16.79]And a careless friendly hand can be as heavy as an unfriendly fist. [31:20.30]一只粗心的友好之手可能和一只不友好的拳頭一樣會把人擊垮。 [31:23.81]The press is often like a clumsy giant who gives you a pat on the back and knocks the wind out of yo [31:27.84]新聞界就象一位笨拙的巨人，輕輕地拍了一下你的背，就能壓得你喘不過氣來 [31:31.87]if he doesn't cause internal injure [31:33.51]如果不是讓你留下內(nèi)傷的話 [31:35.15]I remember once coming upon an elderly professor of my university who had just been written up by the paper I worked on. [31:39.88]我記得曾經(jīng)遇到一位我大學(xué)的老教授。他剛剛上了報紙，而我當時又在這家報社工作。 [31:44.61]When he saw me,tears came into his eyes,and he said,"What have I done ? [31:47.35]他看到我，淚水涌上了他的眼眶?！拔覍λ麄冊趺蠢? [31:50.09]What about have I done to deserve this?" [31:51.40]他們怎么這樣對我?” [31:52.71]He was deeply wounded by the article and regarded it as an extremely unkind stereotype. [31:56.71]他被關(guān)于他的文章深深地傷害了，對認為那篇文施展充滿惡意。 [32:00.71]Knowing that it had been written by one of his former students who liked and admired the professor, [32:03.69]我知道那篇文章是由他以前的一位學(xué)生寫的，而那位學(xué)生十分喜愛并崇拜他。 [32:06.68]I tried to reassure him that it was least kindly meant; [32:09.15]我努力勸說他，說那篇文章本意是好的， [32:11.61]I don't think I succeeded. [32:12.60]但所有的勸說都不頂用。 [32:13.59]5 The press has the power to stimulate,alarm,enrage,amuse,humiliate,annoy, [32:18.06]新聞界有激動，警告，激怒，娛樂，侮辱的作用， [32:22.52]even to drive a person out of his community or his job. [32:24.90]甚至能把某人趕出其集體或令其失去工作， [32:27.27]But of the stronger power to which it pretends and of which the press bosses dream-to make and break governments, [32:31.59]但它假裝出來的及新聞界老總們夢想的威力——如建立或推翻政府， [32:35.91]to influence an election,to stop a war or start a revolution--there is no real evidence. [32:39.69]影響選舉結(jié)果，結(jié)束戰(zhàn)爭，或發(fā)動革命——并不存在。 [32:43.47]The power of which it is accused does not really exist. [32:46.10]人們所指南的“新聞界的威力”也并不存在。 [32:48.73]Professor David Mitrany,speaking on "The Press and International Relations", [32:51.59]大衛(wèi)·米德尼教授在《新聞界與國際關(guān)系》的演講中， [32:54.45]put the case with irony: [32:55.77]以諷刺的口吻解釋了這一事實。 [32:57.08]There is no need to spend time in an attempt to show how great is the influence of the press. [33:00.12]“沒有必要花時間花力氣在新聞界影響力上糾纏。 [33:03.17]It is greater in certain fields than in others. [33:04.84]新聞界在某些方面影響力大，在其他方向則影響力小。 [33:06.51]It is greater,one could say, [33:07.83]我們可以說，公眾哪一方面知識少， [33:09.14]in any field in which the knowledge and interest of the man in the street is lesser. [33:12.36]哪方面興趣淡，那新聞界的影響力就大， [33:15.59]For in that case the reading public is apt to think that the press speaks with authority; [33:19.13]因為在那種情況下，人們會習(xí)慣性地認為新聞界的話有權(quán)威性， [33:22.68]while the authorities are apt to assume that the press is speaking with the voice of the people. [33:25.54]而權(quán)威們則習(xí)慣性地認為新聞界是站在公眾的立場上講話。” [33:28.40]6 Everyone has heard of the "power of the press"; [33:30.58]每個人都聽說過“新聞界的威力”一說， [33:32.76]no one has seen it. [33:33.66]但并沒有人真正看見過它。 [33:34.56]The greatest believers in this exaggerated"power"and the loudest promoters of it are, [33:38.16]篤信并極力吹捧被夸大的“威力”的人，當然要數(shù) [33:41.76]naturally,the press bosses themselves. [33:43.61]新聞界的老總們了。 [33:45.47]An example of this was Robert McCormick,publisher of The Chicago Tribune. [33:48.33]《芝加哥論壇報》的羅伯特·麥考密克就是一例。 [33:51.19]McCormick and,of course, [33:52.09]麥考密克和， [33:52.99]his paper were always in bitter opposition to the Democrats as well as to the liberal part of the Republican Party. [33:57.49]他的報紙總是尖刻地反對民主黨以及共和黨自由派。 [34:01.99]A story used to be told about the Tribune that one of the janitors in the Tribune building [34:04.80]曾有一個關(guān)于《論壇》的故事說，有個《論壇》大廈的看門人， [34:07.61]always bet against any political candidate the paper supported, [34:09.89]《論壇》支持什么人，他就同別人打賭，反對什么人。 [34:12.18]and that the he found his betting so profitable that he was able to buy two sizable blocks of apartment building. [34:16.44]他打的賭給他帶來了滾滾財源，使他買了兩棟大房子! [34:20.71]7 The people in Chicago who bought the Tribune didn't buy it to find out how to cast their votes; [34:24.04]買《論壇》的芝加哥人并不是為了知道該如何投票。 [34:27.37]they bought it in spite of its advice and its bias, [34:29.37]盡管《論壇》上有不少建議和有失偏頗的意見， [34:31.37]because on the whole they liked its personality and found it entertaining. [34:33.96]但讀者們正是沖著它的娛樂性的特點買來看的。 [34:36.55]Does this seem to argue a too shrewd,calm and sensible attitude on the part of the ordinary newspaper reader? [34:40.64]這好像是在說普通讀者的態(tài)度太尖刻、太冷靜、太感性了吧! [34:44.72]The press is generally appreciated by the public for what it is rather for what it pretends to be. [34:48.41]人們之所以喜歡新聞界，不是喜歡它的偽裝，而是因為新聞有其本身的面孔。 [34:52.10]They don't feel it as a power in their lives,but as a working-day prerequisite. [34:55.32]人們不認為新聞界對他們的生活有影響，而只把它看作是工作日的必備品罷了。 [34:58.55]New Words [34:59.45]單詞 [35:00.35]bandwagon n [35:01.48]1)運動，浪潮 2)樂隊彩車，宣傳車 [35:02.61]bully n [35:03.39]恃強凌弱的人 [35:04.16]clumsy adj [35:05.06]笨拙的 [35:05.96]cruelty n [35:06.83]殘酷，殘忍 [35:07.69]Democrat n [35:08.59]US民主黨人 [35:09.49]depress v [35:10.57]使沮喪，使憂郁 [35:11.65]hatred n [35:12.61]憎惡，仇恨 [35:13.56]humiliate v [35:14.69]羞辱，使丟臉 [35:15.83]inept adj [35:17.05]不恰當?shù)?，荒謬的，拙劣? [35:18.28]ineptness n [35:19.27]荒謬，拙劣 [35:20.26]janitor n [35:21.16]照管房屋或辦公室的工人，清潔工 [35:22.06]libel n [35:22.87]誹謗 [35:23.68]opposition n [35:24.63]反對 [35:25.58]prerequisite n [35:26.54]必備條件，先決條件，前提 [35:27.49]profitable adj [35:28.45]有利可圖的，有益的 [35:29.40]promoter n [35:30.26]支持者，提倡者 [35:31.13]publisher n [35:32.32]出版商，發(fā)行人 [35:33.50]Republican adj & n [35:34.49]共和黨的，共和黨人 [35:35.48]tribune n [35:36.53](常用于報刊名)論壇，講壇 [35:37.57]unfriendly adj [35:38.76]不友好的，有敵意的

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