大學(xué)英語綜合教程第一冊 Unit 6a

[00:00.00] Food,warmth,sleep?Their thoughts may be much deeper than that. [00:05.59]WHAT ANIMALS REALLY THINK by Euqene Linden [00:10.42]Over the years,I have writte extensiyely [00:14.55]about animal-intelligence experiments and the controvers that surrounds them. [00:21.00]Do animals rea11y have thoughts，what we call consciousness? [00:27.12]Wondering whether there might be better ways [00:30.43]to a explore animal intelligence than experments designed to teach human signs [00:37.17]I realized what now seems obvious：if animals can think [00:42.89]they will probably do their best thinking [00:46.13]when it serves their own purposes，not when scientists ask them to. [00:52.48]And so I started talking to vets，animal researchers，zoo keepers. [00:59.40]Most do not study,animal intelligence， [01:03.24]but they encounter it，and the lack of it，evey day [01:07.79]The stories they tell us [01:10.35]reveal what I'm convinced is a new window on animal intelligence, [01:16.30]The kind of mental feats animals perform when dealing with captivity [01:22.26]and the dominant species on the planet-humalls. [01:27.12]Let's Make a Deal [01:29.52]Consider the time Charlene Jenry,a conservationist at the Colurnbus Zoo, [01:36.94]learned that a female gorilla named Colo was handling a suspicious object. [01:43.24]Arriving on the scene [01:46.87]Jendry ofered Colo some peanuts，only to be met with a blank stare [01:52.88]Realizing they were negotiating，Jendry raised the stakes and offered a piece of pineapple [02:00.42]At this point, while maintaining eye contact, [02:04.58]Colo opened her hand and revealed a key chain. [02:08.84]Relieved it was not anything dangerous or valuable, [02:13.17]Jendry gave Colo the pineapplel [02:16.33]Careful bargainer that she was, [02:19.36]Colo then broke the key chain and gave Jendry a link, perhaps figufing [02:26.13]Why give her the whole thing if I can get a bit of pineapple for each piece [02:32.06]If an animal can show skill in trading one thing for another, [02:37.31]why not in handling money. [02:39.76]one orangutan named Chantek [02:42.69]did just that in a sign-language study undertaken by anthropologist Ly Miles [02:49.74]at the University of Tennessee. [02:52.75]Chantek figured out that if he did tasks like cleaning his room [02:59.77]he'd earn coins to spend on treats and rides in Miles's cat [03:05.21]But the orangutan' s understanding of money [03:08.58]seemed to extend far beyond simple Dealings [03:12.94]Miles first used plastic chips as coins, [03:17.17]but Chantek decided he could expand the money supply by breaking chips in two [03:24.25]When Miles switched to metal chips, [03:27.46]Chantek found pieces of tin foil and tried to make copies. [03:32.92]Miles also tried to teach Chantek more virtuous habits such as saving and sharing [03:39.74]Indeed,when I caught up with the orangutan at Zoo Atlanta,where he now lives [03:45.36]I saw an example of sharing that anyone might envy [03:50.27]When Miles gave Chantek some grapes and asked him to share them, [03:55.36]Chantek promptly ate all the fruit. [03:58.92]Then, as if he'd just remembered he'd been asked to share, [04:03.64]he handed Miles the stem. [04:06.88]Tale of a Whale Why would an animal want to cooperate with a human? [04:14.22]Behaviorists would say that animals cooperate when they [04:19.19]learn it is in their interest to do so. [04:22.53]This is true, but I don't think it goes far enough. [04:27.57]Gail Laule, a consultant on animal behavior, [04:32.09]speaks of Orky, a killer whale, she knew [04:35.93]of all the animals I've worked with, he was the most intelligent,"she says. [04:41.34]He would assess a situation [04:43.90]and then do something based on the judgments he made." [04:48.16]Like the time he helped save a family member. [04:51.81]When Orky's mate,Corky, gave birth [04:56.54]the baby did not thrive at first, [04:59.78]and keepers took the little whale out of the tank by stretcher for emergency care [05:05.74]Things began to go wrong when they returned the baby whale to the tank [05:11.28]As the workers halted the stretcher a few meters above the water, [05:15.77]the baby suddenly began throwing up through its mouth [05:20.52]The keepers feared it would choke, [05:23.55]but they could not reach the baby to help it. [05:26.92]Apparently sizing up the problem, [05:29.98]Orky swam under the stretcher and allowed one of the men [05:34.71]to and on his head, something he'd never been trained to do. [05:39.85]Then,using his tail to keep steady, Orky let thekeeper reach up [05:47.12]and release the 420-pound baby [05:50.96]so that it could slide into the water within reach of help. [05:56.52]Primate Shell Game [05:59.76]Sometimes evidence of intelligence can be seen in attempts to deceive [06:05.71]Zoo keeper Helen Shewman of Seattle's Woodland Park Zoo recalls that [06:11.93]One day she dropped an orange throueh a feeding hole for Melati,an orangutan. [06:19.35]Instead of moving away to get it [06:22.98]Melati looked Shewman in the eye and held out her hand [06:27.47]Thinking the orange must have rolled off somewhere inaccessible, [06:32.02]Shewman gave her another one [06:34.76]But when Melati moved off, [06:37.71]Shewman noticed the original orange was hidden in her other hand. [06:43.96]Towan, the colony's dominant male, watched this whole trick, [06:49.63]and the next day he, too, looked Shewman in the eye [06:53.99]and pretended that he had not yet received an orange. [06:58.35]"Are you sure you don't have one? She woman asked. [07:04.31]He continued to hold her gaze steadily and held out his hand. [07:09.77]Giving in she gave him another one, [07:14.52]then saw that he had been hiding his orange underneath his foot. [07:20.08]What is intelligence anyway? [07:23.14]If life is about survial of a species [07:27.19]and intelligence is meant to serve that survival [07:31.24]then we can't compare with pea-brained sea turtles, [07:35.58]which were here long before us and survived the disaster [07:41.14]that wiped out the dinosaurs. [07:43.88]Still, it is comforting to realize [07:48.04]that other species besides our own can stand back [07:52.79]and assess the world around them, [07:55.61]even if their horizons are more limited than ours. [08:01.07]extensively\ intelligence\ controversy\ surround [08:16.12]consciousness\ explore\ obvious\ vet [08:25.97]encounter\ reveal\ convince\ feat [08:36.00]captivity\ dominant\ species\ make a deal [08:44.04]conservationist\ female\ gorilla\ suspicious [08:53.16]peanut\ blan\ negotiate\ stake [09:01.99]pineapple\ maintain\ relieve\ link [09:10.19]orangutan\ undertake\ anthropologist\ figure out [09:21.63]extend\ dealing\ plastic\ chip [09:30.98]expand\ switch\ foil\ virtuous [09:39.13]envy\ grape\ promptly\ stem [09:49.45]whale \ cooperate\ behaviorist\ in sb's interest [10:06.69]go far\ consultant\ behavior\ assess [10:14.35]judgment\ mate\ thrive\ at first [10:25.11]stretcher\ emergency\ go wrong\ halt [10:35.66]throw up\ apparently\ size up\ release [10:47.97]slide\ primate\ evidence\ deceive [10:56.69]inaccessible\ original\ colony\ male [11:04.35]gaze\ give up\ underneath\ pea-branined [11:12.26]turtle survive disaster\ wipe out [11:20.52]dinosaur horizon

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