TED演講:男孩通過(guò)打游戲激起對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的熱情

　　Gaming to re-engage boys in learning

　　男孩通過(guò)打游戲激起對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的熱情

　　So I'm here to tell you that we have a problem with boys, and it's a serious problem with boys. Their culture isn't working in schools, and I'm going to share with you ways that we can think about overcoming that problem. First, I want to start by saying, this is a boy, and this is a girl, and this is probably stereotypically what you think of as a boy and a girl. If I essentialize gender for you today, then you can dismiss what I have to say. So I'm not going to do that. I'm not interested in doing that. This is a different kind of boy and a different kind of girl. So the point here is that not all boys exist within these rigid boundaries of what we think of as boys and girls, and not all girls exist within those rigid boundaries of what we think of as girls. But, in fact, most boys tend to be a certain way, and most girls tend to be a certain way. And the point is that, for boys, the way that they exist and the culture that they embrace isn't working well in schools now.

　　我在這兒是想告訴大家 我們的對(duì)男孩的教育有問題， 男孩子的教育是個(gè)嚴(yán)重問題。 在學(xué)校，男孩文化沒有形成。 我要和大家分享 我們關(guān)于這一問題的解決方法。 首先，我首先想說(shuō)，這是個(gè)男孩， 這是個(gè)女孩。 這可能是你刻板的 關(guān)于男孩和女孩的想法。 如果我今天要講性別的事， 然后大家可能不會(huì)理睬我要說(shuō)的。 所以我不打算這樣做，我對(duì)此也不感興趣。 這是一個(gè)與眾不同的男孩，這是一個(gè)與眾不同的女孩。 我要指明的是并不是所有的男孩 是按我們所想的男孩和女孩那樣的嚴(yán)格界限 來(lái)劃分的。 也不是所有女孩可以用 我們想象中的女孩的界限來(lái)嚴(yán)格定義。 但事實(shí)上，多數(shù)男孩朝著他們自己的方向發(fā)展， 大多數(shù)女孩也朝著另一方向發(fā)展。 關(guān)鍵是，對(duì)男孩來(lái)說(shuō)， 對(duì)他們的認(rèn)可和他們的這種男孩文化的認(rèn)識(shí) 目前在學(xué)校都沒有過(guò)多了解。

　　How do we know that? The Hundred Girls Project tells us some really nice statistics. For example, for every 100 girls that are suspended from school, there are 250 boys that are suspended from school. For every 100 girls who are expelled from school, there are 335 boys who are expelled from school. For every 100 girls in special education, there are 217 boys. For every 100 girls with a learning disability, there are 276 boys. For every 100 girls with an emotional disturbance diagnosed, we have 324 boys. And by the way, all of these numbers are significantly higher if you happen to be black, if you happen to be poor, if you happen to exist in an overcrowded school. And if you are a boy, you're four times as likely to be diagnosed with ADHD -- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

　　我們?cè)趺粗肋@個(gè)事實(shí)呢? 100個(gè)女孩計(jì)劃 告訴了我們一些真正有用的數(shù)據(jù)。 例如，當(dāng)有100個(gè)女孩從學(xué)校停課， 那就有250個(gè)男孩從學(xué)校停課。 每當(dāng)有100個(gè)女孩被學(xué)校開除， 對(duì)應(yīng)的男孩數(shù)是335個(gè). 每當(dāng)有100個(gè)女孩接受特殊教育， 男孩數(shù)是217個(gè)。 每100個(gè)女孩有學(xué)習(xí)障礙， 男孩的對(duì)應(yīng)數(shù)是276個(gè)。 每100女孩 有情緒紊亂癥狀， 對(duì)應(yīng)男孩數(shù)是324個(gè)。 順便提一下， 如果發(fā)生在黑人小孩， 貧窮的小孩身上， 假如發(fā)生在擁擠不堪的學(xué)校上學(xué)的小孩身上，這所有數(shù)據(jù)還得更高。 如果你是個(gè)男孩， 你比女孩更有四倍的可能性 被診斷出ADHD癥狀- 注意力缺乏(或多動(dòng))癥狀。

　　Now there is another side to this. And it is important that we recognize that women still need help in school, that salaries are still significantly lower, even when controlled for job types, and that girls have continued to struggle in math and science for years. That's all true. Nothing about that prevents us from paying attention to the literacy needs of our boys between ages three and 13. And so we should. In fact, what we ought to do is take a page from their playbook, because the initiatives and programs that have been set in place for women in science and engineering and mathematics are fantastic. They've done a lot of good for girls in these situations, and we ought to be thinking about how we can make that happen for boys too in their younger years.

　　現(xiàn)在講到這還要提另一方面。 我們還要重視地認(rèn)識(shí)到 在學(xué)校女性還需要幫助， 女性的工資還是相對(duì)地低， 甚至在工作種類上女性選擇面也小， 女孩還一直 在數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中掙扎奮斗多年。 這都是事實(shí)。 但這不能阻止我們 來(lái)關(guān)注 年齡從3歲到13歲的男孩的掃盲問題。 我們應(yīng)該關(guān)注這些男孩的問題。 事實(shí)上，我們要做的是站在男孩的立場(chǎng)來(lái)思考解決問題， 因?yàn)樵趯W(xué)校已設(shè)置的初級(jí)教學(xué)和 課程計(jì)劃 適合女孩在科學(xué)，工程學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)方面 有杰出表現(xiàn)。 他們?cè)谶@些情形下為女孩子 作了很多好事。 我們?cè)摽紤]一下 我們?cè)撛鯓幼屇泻⒃谒麄兡晟贂r(shí)也 受到同樣的待遇。

　　Even in their older years, what we find is that there's still a problem. When we look at the universities, 60 percent of baccalaureate degrees are going to women now, which is a significant shift. And in fact, university administrators are a little uncomfortable about the idea that we may be getting close to 70 percent female population in universities. This makes university administrators very nervous, because girls don't want to go to schools that don't have boys. And so we're starting to see the establishment of men centers and men studies to think about how do we engage men in their experiences in the university. If you talk to faculty, they may say, "Ugh. Yeah, well, they're playing video games, and they're gambling online all night long, and they're playing World of Warcraft, and that's affecting their academic achievement." Guess what? Video games are not the cause. Video games are a symptom. They were turned off a long time before they got here.

　　甚至在他們長(zhǎng)大的歲月中， 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)還是有問題的。 當(dāng)我們環(huán)顧大學(xué)， 目前女性占60%的本科學(xué)歷的人數(shù)， 這是個(gè)巨大的轉(zhuǎn)變。 實(shí)際上，大學(xué)的主管們 對(duì)此感到有點(diǎn)不安， 要是在大學(xué)， 女性占總?cè)藬?shù)的70%。 這數(shù)據(jù)讓大學(xué)主管們非常緊張， 因?yàn)榕⒁膊幌肴]有男孩的學(xué)校上學(xué)。 所以我們開始看到 男性中心和男性研究的建立 來(lái)思考怎樣讓男性 在大學(xué)中活躍起來(lái)。 如果你跟教員談話，他們會(huì)說(shuō)， “啊，是的，男孩愛打視頻游戲， 他們通宵網(wǎng)上賭博， 還愛玩魔獸世界。 這些都影響了 他們學(xué)術(shù)成績(jī)。” 猜怎么了? 視頻游戲不是主要原因。 視頻游戲是一個(gè)征兆。 在男孩打游戲前，他們已經(jīng)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間 對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)都不感興趣了。

　　So let's talk about why they got turned off when they were between the ages of three and 13. There are three reasons that I believe that boys are out of sync with the culture of schools today. The first is zero tolerance. A kindergarten teacher I know, her son donated all of his toys to her, and when he did, she had to go through and pull out all the little plastic guns. You can't have plastic knives and swords and axes and all that kind of thing in a kindergarten classroom. What is it that we're afraid that this young man is going to do with this gun? I mean, really. But here he stands as testament to the fact that you can't roughhouse on the playground today. Now I'm not advocating for bullies. I'm not suggesting that we need to be allowing guns and knives into school. But when we say that an Eagle Scout in a high school classroom who has a locked parked car in the parking lot and a penknife in it has to be suspended from school, I think we may have gone a little too far with zero tolerance.

　　讓我們談?wù)劊?dāng)他們?cè)?歲到13歲間， 他們?yōu)槭裁磳?duì)學(xué)習(xí)不感興趣呢? 我認(rèn)為有三個(gè)原因 讓男孩們與今天的學(xué)校教育 脫節(jié)。 第一個(gè)是零容忍。 我認(rèn)識(shí)的一名幼兒園教師， 她兒子得上繳他所有的玩具， 然后，她得一一檢查 把所有的小塑料槍都拿走。 在幼兒園教室， 不能有塑料刀，劍和斧子 以及類似的東西。 年輕人要是有槍，我們要擔(dān)心的是什么? 我是說(shuō)，真的。 但這兒男孩得面對(duì)的事實(shí)是 今天他們不能在操場(chǎng)玩耍打鬧。 我這不是鼓動(dòng)要持強(qiáng)凌弱。 我也不是推薦 在學(xué)校容許男孩攜帶槍和小刀。 但我想說(shuō) 高中班級(jí)中的老鷹童子軍 在停車場(chǎng)停放的車?yán)?要是有把刀， 就得被勒令休學(xué)， 我認(rèn)為我們可能在零容忍度方面做得有點(diǎn)過(guò)火。

　　Another way that zero tolerance lives itself out is in the writing of boys. In a lot of classrooms today you're not allowed to write about anything that's violent. You're not allowed to write about anything that has to do with video games -- these topics are banned. Boy comes home from school, and he says, "I hate writing." "Why do you hate writing, son? What's wrong with writing?" "Now I have to write what she tells me to write." "Okay, what is she telling you to write?" "Poems. I have to write poems. And little moments in my life. I don't want to write that stuff." "All right. Well, what do you want to write? What do you want to write about?" "I want to write about video games. I want to write about leveling-up. I want to write about this really interesting world. I want to write about a tornado that comes into our house and blows all the windows out and ruins all the furniture and kills everybody." "All right. Okay." You tell a teacher that, and they'll ask you, in all seriousness, "Should we send this child to the psychologist?" And the answer is no, he's just a boy. He's just a little boy. It's not okay to write these kinds of things in classrooms today.

　　另一種在生活中的零容忍度是有關(guān)男孩的寫作。 今天在很多課堂， 你不能寫有關(guān)暴力的任何東西。 你不能寫 涉及視頻游戲的任何東西，這些話題是被禁止的。 男孩從學(xué)?；貋?lái)，他說(shuō)， “我討厭寫作。” “兒子，你為什么討厭寫作?到底怎么了?” “現(xiàn)在我得寫女教師吩咐我寫的素材。” “哦，她讓你寫什么?” “詩(shī)歌。我得寫詩(shī)歌。 一生中我很少寫這話題。 我不想寫詩(shī)歌。” “好吧。那你想寫什么?有什么好寫的?” “我想寫有關(guān)視頻游戲。我想寫如何練級(jí)。 我想寫這真正有意思的游戲世界。 我想寫龍卷風(fēng)來(lái)到我家， 把所有的窗戶吹跑，， 毀壞所有的家具，然后殺死了所有人。” “好的。” 你要告訴一位老師這個(gè)， 她們會(huì)非常嚴(yán)肅地會(huì)問你， “我們是不是應(yīng)該送這小孩到心理學(xué)家那?” 答案是不應(yīng)該，他只是個(gè)男孩。 他只是個(gè)小男孩。 現(xiàn)在在課堂上還不能寫這些東西。

　　So that's the first reason: zero tolerance policies and the way they're lived out. The next reason that boys' cultures are out of sync with school cultures: there are fewer male teachers. Anybody who's over 15 doesn't know what this means, because in the last 10 years, the number of elementary school classroom teachers has been cut in half. We went from 14 percent to seven percent. That means that 93 percent of the teachers that our young men get in elementary classrooms are women. Now what's the problem with this? Women are great. Yep, absolutely. But male role models for boys that say it's all right to be smart -- they've got dads, they've got pastors, they've got Cub Scout leaders, but ultimately, six hours a day, five days a week they're spending in a classroom, and most of those classrooms are not places where men exist. And so they say, I guess this really isn't a place for boys. This is a place for girls. And I'm not very good at this, so I guess I'd better go play video games or get into sports, or something like that, because I obviously don't belong here. Men don't belong here, that's pretty obvious.

　　所以這是第一個(gè)原因： 零容忍政策和他們所處的環(huán)境不容許男孩文化的發(fā)生。 第二個(gè)原因是男孩文化與學(xué)校文化相脫節(jié)： 有很少的男性教師。 任何超過(guò)15歲的人對(duì)此不了解， 因?yàn)樵谶^(guò)去10年里， 男性在小學(xué)教師課堂里的數(shù)量 已經(jīng)被減半。 男性比重從14% 降到7%。 這意味著93%的老師 在年輕男孩上的小學(xué)課堂里 是女老師。 那么這又有什么問題呢? 女老師很棒。是的，的確。 但是男性角色模范對(duì)于男孩 來(lái)說(shuō)，它可以讓男孩變聰明。 男孩有父親，有牧師， 和童子軍導(dǎo)師， 但歸根結(jié)底，每天6小時(shí)，每周五天， 男孩都在課堂上度過(guò)。 多數(shù)那些課程 不適合男人。 如此，我猜這課堂也不太適合男孩去上。 這課堂適合女孩上。 我卻不擅長(zhǎng)， 我覺得我最好 去玩視頻游戲或者玩體育，或者類似的什么事， 因?yàn)槲液苊黠@與學(xué)校文化格格不入。 學(xué)校文化也不包括男人，這是很明顯的。

　　So that may be a very direct way that we see it happen. But less directly, the lack of male presence in the culture -- you've got a teachers' lounge, and they're having a conversation about Joey and Johnny who beat each other up on the playground. "What are we going to do with these boys?" The answer to that question changes depending on who's sitting around that table. Are there men around that table? Are there moms who've raised boys around that table? You'll see, the conversation changes depending upon who's sitting around the table.

　　所以這可能是一種很直接的方式 讓我們看到正在發(fā)生的事實(shí)。 但不那么直接地， 是在學(xué)校文化中缺少男性-- 你要是待在教師休息室， 老師們正談?wù)?在操場(chǎng)打起架來(lái)的喬伊和約翰。 “我們要拿這些男孩怎么辦?” 問題的答案取決于誰(shuí)當(dāng)時(shí)在場(chǎng)。 有任何男性在場(chǎng)嗎? 這些孩子的母親在場(chǎng)嗎? 大家可以看出，這談?wù)摃?huì) 隨誰(shuí)當(dāng)時(shí)在場(chǎng)而改變。

　　Third reason that boys are out of sync with school today: kindergarten is the old second grade, folks. We have a serious compression of the curriculum happening out there. When you're three, you better be able to write your name legibly, or else we'll consider it a developmental delay. By the time you're in first grade, you should be able to read paragraphs of text with maybe a picture, maybe not, in a book of maybe 25 to 30 pages. If you don't, we're probably going to be putting you into a Title 1 special reading program. And if you ask Title 1 teachers, they'll tell you they've got about four or five boys for every girl that's in their program, in the elementary grades.

　　第三個(gè)原因是男孩與我們今日的學(xué)校相脫節(jié)： 幼兒園是一種過(guò)時(shí)的脫節(jié)教育。 我們教學(xué)課程中有嚴(yán)重的壓縮問題。 當(dāng)孩子三歲時(shí)，他們最好能清楚地寫下他們的名字， 要不我們會(huì)認(rèn)為這是發(fā)育遲緩。 到孩子小學(xué)一年級(jí)時(shí)， 他們應(yīng)該能讀 帶圖的，或者不帶圖的課文里的段落， 這本書大概有25-30頁(yè)。 如果孩子做不到，老師很可能把這孩子 送到編號(hào)一的特殊閱讀計(jì)劃班。 如果問問這班的老師們，她們會(huì)告訴你： 在這個(gè)低年級(jí)的特殊閱讀計(jì)劃班里， 每當(dāng)有1個(gè)女孩就對(duì)等的有4到5個(gè)男孩。

　　The reason that this is a problem is because the message that boys are getting is "you need to do what the teacher asks you to do all the time." The teacher's salary depends on "No Child Left Behind" and "Race to the Top" and accountability and testing and all of this. So she has to figure out a way to get all these boys through this curriculum -- and girls. This compressed curriculum is bad for all active kids. And what happens is, she says, "Please, sit down, be quiet, do what you're told, follow the rules, manage your time, focus, be a girl." That's what she tells them. Indirectly, that's what she tells them. And so this is a very serious problem. Where is it coming from? It's coming from us. (Laughter) We want our babies to read when they are six months old. Have you seen the ads? We want to live in Lake Wobegon where every child is above average, but what this does to our children is really not healthy. It's not developmentally appropriate, and it's particularly bad for boys.

　　這問題是 因?yàn)槟泻⒌玫降慕逃?是“在上學(xué)間，你就需要做 老師吩咐你做的事。” 老師的工資取決于 讓學(xué)生考試名列前茅，不讓一個(gè)孩子掉隊(duì)， 并負(fù)有責(zé)任和大大小小測(cè)試 以及類似這樣的事。 所以她得想方設(shè)法地 讓這些男孩和女孩 通過(guò)這課程。 這壓縮課程對(duì)所有活躍調(diào)皮的孩子來(lái)說(shuō)是 糟糕的。 接下來(lái)發(fā)生的是， 她說(shuō)，“請(qǐng)坐下來(lái)， 安靜點(diǎn)，聽我說(shuō)的做，遵守規(guī)矩， 抓緊時(shí)間，注意一下， 要乖點(diǎn)像個(gè)女孩。” 這就是女老師讓男孩做的事。 間接地，她指示了男孩該做什么。 所以這是個(gè)很嚴(yán)重的問題。這是從哪開始的呢? 它是源于我們自己。 (笑聲) 我們想讓我們的寶貝在他們六個(gè)月大時(shí)就能讀。 你看過(guò)廣告嗎? 我們想住在沃比岡湖， 那里每一個(gè)孩子的智商都高于平均水平。 但是這對(duì)我們的孩子來(lái)說(shuō)是非常不健康的。 這是種不良發(fā)育， 特別對(duì)男孩來(lái)說(shuō)有不好的影響。

　　So what do we do? We need to meet them where they are. We need to put ourselves into boy culture. We need to change the mindset of acceptance in boys in elementary schools. More specifically, we can do some very specific things. We can design better games. Most of the educational games that are out there today are really flashcards. They're glorified drill and practice. They don't have the depth, the rich narrative that really engaging video games have, that the boys are really interested in. So we need to design better games. We need to talk to teachers and parents and school board members and politicians. We need to make sure that people see that we need more men in the classroom. We need to look carefully at our zero tolerance policies. Do they make sense? We need to think about how to uncompress this curriculum if we can, trying to bring boys back into a space that is comfortable for them. All of those conversations need to be happening.

　　我們能做什么呢? 我們要迎合男孩們的需求。 我們要置身于男孩文化中。 我們要改變 小學(xué)對(duì)男孩子一成不變地思維模式。 更具體地，我們可以做些非常具體的事。 我們可以設(shè)計(jì)更好玩的游戲。 今天的多數(shù)教育游戲是過(guò)時(shí)的， 它們只是卡片游戲。 它們都是很耗人的和需要人們的耐心來(lái)玩。 它們沒有真正打電子游戲時(shí)的那種耐玩性， 豐富的游戲互動(dòng)性， 這些才會(huì)讓男孩們真正感興趣。 所以我們要設(shè)計(jì)更好玩的游戲。 我們要和老師，家長(zhǎng)， 學(xué)校董事會(huì)成員和政治家對(duì)話。 我們必須確保讓人們看到，我們要在課堂上有更多的男性老師。 我們要格外關(guān)注我們的零容忍政策。 它們是否合理? 我們要思考 我們?cè)撛鯓咏鈮哼@課程， 我們盡量努力讓男孩回到 適合他們待的地方學(xué)校來(lái)。 這所有的對(duì)話都要發(fā)生。

　　There are some great examples out there of schools -- the New York Times just talked about a school recently. A game designer from the New School put together a wonderful video gaming school. But it only treats a few kids, and so this isn't very scalable. We have to change the culture and the feelings that politicians and school board members and parents have about the way we accept and what we accept in our schools today. We need to find more money for game design. Because good games, really good games, cost money, and World of Warcraft has quite a budget. Most of the educational games do not. Where we started: my colleagues -- Mike Petner, Shawn Vashaw, myself -- we started by trying to look at the teachers' attitudes and find out how do they really feel about gaming, what do they say about it. And we discovered that they talk about the kids in their school, who talk about gaming, in pretty demeaning ways. They say, "Oh, yeah. They're always talking about that stuff. They're talking about their little action figures and their little achievements or merit badges, or whatever it is that they get. And they're always talking about this stuff." And they say these things as if it's okay. But if it were your culture, think of how that might feel. It's very uncomfortable to be on the receiving end of that kind of language. They're nervous about anything that has anything to do with violence because of the zero tolerance policies. They are sure that parents and administrators will never accept anything.

　　這里也有一些很好的 學(xué)校-- 最近紐約時(shí)報(bào)就談到一個(gè)學(xué)校。 新學(xué)校的游戲設(shè)計(jì)者 組合了一所非常棒的視頻游戲?qū)W校。 但它只針對(duì)個(gè)別的孩子。 這種學(xué)校非常稀缺。 所以我們得改變學(xué)校里的男孩文化和改變 政治家，學(xué)校董事會(huì)成員和父母對(duì)待男孩文化的想法， 它是有關(guān)今天在我們學(xué)校，我們已接受的這種男孩文化方式和我們要去接受的 男孩文化。 我們要給游戲設(shè)計(jì)投資更多的錢。 因?yàn)楹糜螒?，非常好的游戲是要花錢的， 魔獸世界有相當(dāng)多的預(yù)算。 大多數(shù)教育游戲沒有那么多預(yù)算。 我們從哪里開始呢： 我同事--邁克·派特呢Mike Petner，肖恩·瓦紹Shawn Vashaw和我， 我們開始了解老師對(duì)此的態(tài)度 并找出她們真正對(duì)游戲的想法， 對(duì)此她們想說(shuō)什么。 我們發(fā)現(xiàn) 她們?cè)趯W(xué)校談到男孩 打游戲， 他們是用一種非常貶損的口吻。 她們說(shuō)，“哦，是的。他們常常談?wù)撘曨l游戲。 他們談?wù)撝麄兊男∮⑿廴宋?和他們的網(wǎng)上小成績(jī)或者獲得的徽章， 或者任何他們贏得的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。 他們常常談?wù)撨@些東西。” 她們說(shuō)這些話好像是沒關(guān)系似的。 但如果這是你的文化呢， 想想你會(huì)感覺如何? 老師的那種語(yǔ)言對(duì)于男孩這些接收者們來(lái)說(shuō)， 聽上去是非常不舒服的。 老師們對(duì)任何 涉及暴力的東西都感到焦慮， 這是因?yàn)榱闳萑痰恼摺?男孩知道他們的父母和校官絕不會(huì)接受這一切。

　　So we really need to think about looking at teacher attitudes and finding ways to change the attitudes so that teachers are much more open and accepting of boy cultures in their classrooms. Because, ultimately, if we don't, then we're going to have boys who leave elementary school saying, "Well I guess that was just a place for girls. It wasn't for me. So I've got to do gaming, or I've got to do sports." If we change these things, if we pay attention to these things, and we re-engage boys in their learning, they will leave the elementary schools saying, "I'm smart."

　　所以我們的確要思考審視老師的態(tài)度 找到改變這態(tài)度的方法 好讓老師更加寬容，以開放的態(tài)度 來(lái)接受在課堂上的這種男孩文化。 因?yàn)?，最終，我們要是不改變， 就會(huì)有離開小學(xué)的男孩子說(shuō)， “好吧，我猜學(xué)校只是適合女生待; 并不適合我。 所以我要去打游戲，或者玩體育。” 如果我們改變這些事，如果我們關(guān)注這些事， 我們重新喚起男孩學(xué)習(xí)的熱情， 他們?cè)陔x開小學(xué)時(shí)，說(shuō)，“我變聰明了。