9.1 助動詞的含義和功能
助動詞本身無詞義,它僅僅是用來幫助主要動詞構(gòu)成各種時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣以及否定和疑問結(jié)構(gòu)。
1)由be,have,shall(should),will(would)構(gòu)成除現(xiàn)在一般時和過去一般時外的全部時態(tài)。如:
(1)I shall be here any minute. 我將隨時到達(dá)這里。(由shall構(gòu)成將來一般時)
(2)The train is now rapidly approaching the city of Beijing. 火車現(xiàn)在正迅速臨近北京城。(由is構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時)
(3)We shall be having rain, rain, and nothing but rain. 我們會有沒完沒了的雨。(由shall be構(gòu)成將來進(jìn)行時)
(4)The roads were full of people. We hadn’t foreseen that. 路上都是人。這是我們事先未料到的。(由had構(gòu)成過去完成時)
(5)Soon they would have reached their time limit and must return to the camp. 不久規(guī)定的時間就要到了,他們就得回營地了。(由would have構(gòu)成過去將來完成時)
(6)He has been scoring plenty of goals this season. 在這個(足球)賽季里,他踢進(jìn)了許多球。(由has been構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時)
2)由be構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。如:
(7)One is not guilty until he is proved. 在沒有證明有罪之前,人都是無罪的。(現(xiàn)在一般時的被動式)
(8)She almost felt that she was being mocked. 她幾乎感覺到她在被嘲弄。(過去進(jìn)行時的被動式)
(9)I suspected that I had been followed and watched since I arrived in London. 我懷疑我到倫敦以后就已被跟蹤和監(jiān)視。(過去完成時的被動式)
(10)I know he hates being interrupted. 我知道他不喜歡別人打斷他的話。(動名詞的被動式)
3)由had,should,would,should have,would have等構(gòu)成各種虛擬語氣。如:
(11)If I had Jim’s build, I’d go out for the wrestling team. 假如我有吉姆那樣的體格,我早就去參加摔跤隊了。
(12)The soup would’ve been better if it had had less salt. 假如少放點鹽,這湯會好喝得多。
4)由do構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在一般時和過去一般時的疑問結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(13)When do you meet again? 我們什么時候再見?
(14)Did you know the hot dog did not originate in the United States, but in Germany? 你知道“熱狗”不是來源于美國,而是來源于德國嗎?
5)由do+not構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在一般時和過去一般時的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(15)Don’t knit your brow like that. 別那樣皺眉頭。
(16)We didn’t think we’d be this late. 我們沒想到我們會到得這么晚。
當(dāng)兩個或兩個以上包含相同助動詞的謂語動詞并列時,后面的助動詞通常省略。如:
(17)The letter will be typed and sent off immediately. 這封信將立即打好并發(fā)出。
(18)Having explained the rule and given a few examples, the teacher asked the students to write some exercises at home. 教師在解釋完規(guī)則并舉出幾個例子后,要求學(xué)生回家做一些練習(xí)。
助動詞在句中一般不重讀,但當(dāng)它代替前面的動詞或強調(diào)動詞的意義時則應(yīng)重讀。如:
(19)—Do you speak English? 你會說英語嗎?
—Yes, I do. 是,我會說。
(20)But I have done it. 但是我把它干了。
9.2 be的形式和用法
助動詞be有八種形式:
肯定式 縮略肯定式 否定式 縮略否定式
原形 be
現(xiàn)在式第一人稱單數(shù)I am ’m am not aren’t
’m not
現(xiàn)在式第三人稱單數(shù)he,she,it is ’s is not isn’t
’s not
現(xiàn)在式第二人稱單、復(fù)數(shù)和第一、三人稱復(fù)數(shù)you,we,they are ’re are not aren’t
’re not
過去式第一、第三人稱單數(shù)I, he,she,it was was not wasn’t
過去式第二人稱單、復(fù)數(shù)和第一、三人稱復(fù)數(shù)you,we,they were were not weren’t
現(xiàn)在分詞 being not being
過去分詞 been not been
[注]在英國英語中,aren’t使用很廣泛。在美國英語中使用較多的是被認(rèn)為非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的ain’t。
助動詞be主要用法是:
1)與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時態(tài)以及與have和現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成完成時態(tài)。如:
(1)Fear of crime is slowly paralyzing American society. 犯罪恐懼癥正逐漸地使美國社會陷于癱瘓。
(2)The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered. 電話鈴響了三分鐘才有人接。
2)與過去分詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。如:
(3)He was an ardent fighter for freedom and independence. He was loved by millions and hated only by a handful. 他是個爭取自由和獨立的熱誠戰(zhàn)士,為成百萬人所愛戴,為僅僅一小撮人所仇恨。
(4)They came to Europe where their mother had been educated and stayed three years. 他們來到他們的母親受教育的歐洲,并待了三年。
此外,be還可用作連系動詞。如:
(5)It was one of the happiest afternoons he had ever spent. 那是他有生以來最愉快的一個下午。
詞組be to有情態(tài)意義,詳見“情態(tài)動詞”。
9.3 have的形式和用法
助動詞have有五種形式:
肯定式 縮略肯定式 否定式 縮略否定式
原形 have ’ve have not haven’t
’ve not
現(xiàn)在式第三人稱單數(shù) has ’s has not hasn’t
’s not
過去式 had ’d had not hadn’t
’d not
現(xiàn)在分詞 having not having
過去分詞 had
助動詞have的主要用法是:
1)與過去分詞構(gòu)成各種完成時態(tài)。如:
(1)Newton has explained the movements of he moon from the attractions of the earth. 牛頓闡明了月球受到地球引力而運行的規(guī)律。
(2)Reluctantly, she opened the door, she had not kept it locked; there had been no need. 她勉強地開了門。她沒有鎖門,也沒有必要鎖門。
2)與been+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成各種完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)。如:
(3)Men have been digging salt out of it for six hundred years, and yet there seems as much left as ever. 人們在這里掘鹽已六百年,但鹽似乎還是那么多。
(4)In another month’s time Mr. Henry will have been teaching here for exactly thirty years. 再過一個月,亨利先生就將在這里從事教學(xué)整30年了。
此外,have還可用作實義動詞,意謂“有”、“吃”等。如:
(5)Bad news has wings. 丑事傳千里。
(6)You’re anaemic, you must have some iron. 你患貧血癥,應(yīng)該服一些鐵。
have還可用作使役動詞。如:
(7)We now have the problem solved. 我們現(xiàn)已把這個問題解決了。
(8)I had a tooth out this afternoon. 我今天下午拔了顆牙。
have用作實義動詞時不能使用縮略式。詞組have to有情態(tài)意義,詳見“情態(tài)動詞”。
9.4 do的形式和用法
助動詞do有五種形式:
肯定式 否定式 縮略否定式
原形 do do not don’t
現(xiàn)在式第三人稱單數(shù) does does not doesn’t
過去式 did did not didn’t
did not
[注] do用作實義動詞時有現(xiàn)在分詞doing和過去分詞done。
助動詞do的主要用法是:
1)構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在一般時和過去一般時的疑問句。如:
(1)Do you always carry an umbrella? 你經(jīng)常帶傘嗎?
(2)Did everything come off all right? 一切都進(jìn)行得順利嗎?
2)構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在一般時和過去一般時的否定句。如:
(3)She didn’t cool down for hours after that argument. 在那場爭辯之后,她好幾個小時都沒平靜下來。
(4)Don’t worry, he will be brought to book for his wickedness one day. 別擔(dān)心,他的惡行總有一天受到懲罰的。
[注]如用其它時態(tài),疑問句的助動詞須提至主語前,否定句的助動詞之后加not。如:
?、賅ill he be able to hear at such a distance? 離這么遠(yuǎn),他會聽得到嗎?
?、赮ou haven’t been abroad before, have you? 你以前沒出過國,是嗎?
3)用于替代,以避免重復(fù)。如:
(5)—May I come round in the morning? 上午我可以來拜訪你嗎?
—Yes, please do. 可以,請來吧。(do替代come round)
(6)I don’t like coffee and neither does my wife. 我不喜歡咖啡,我妻子也不喜歡。(does替代like)
4)用于強調(diào)。如:
(7)My parents think I didn’t study for my exams, but I did study. 我爸爸媽媽認(rèn)為我考試前沒有復(fù)習(xí),但我是復(fù)習(xí)了。
(8)Although I have little time for entertainment, I do go to the theatre once in a while. 雖然我很少時間娛樂,但我還是間或去看戲。
(9)We’re very pleased that she does intend to come. 她的確打算來,我們非常高興。
(10)The letter we were expecting never did arrive. 我們期待的信一直沒有到。
(11)—Do you remember how kind she was? 你記得她多友善嗎?
—I certainly do remember. 當(dāng)然記得。
5)用于懇求。如:
(12)Do come to the party tonight. 務(wù)請今晚來參加晚會。
(13)Do be quiet! 請別作聲!
此外,do還可用作實義動詞,意謂“做”、“干”等等。如:
(14)She’s doing her knitting. 她正在紡織衣物。
(15)She interrupted him before his speech was done. 她不等他把話說完就打斷了他。
(16)Bad books do great harm. 壞書有很大害處。
(17)Will you do me a favour? 你愿幫我個忙嗎?
(18)Jane is doing the dishes. 珍妮正在洗碟子。
(19)I will do my best. 我愿盡力而為。
(20)That will do. 行了(或夠了)。
9.5 shall(should)和will(would)的形式和用法
助動詞shall(過去式should)和will(過去式would)有下列幾種形式:
肯定式 縮略肯定式 否定式 縮略否定式
shall ’ll shall not shan’t
should should not shouldn’t
will ’ll will not won’t
’ll not
would ’d would not wouldn’t
’d not
助動詞shall(should)和will(would)可用于構(gòu)成各種將來和過去將來時態(tài),shall(should)用于第一人稱,will(would) 用于第二人稱、第三人稱。當(dāng)代英語(尤其是美國英語中),will(would)常用于一切人稱。
1)shall用于各種將來時態(tài)的第一人稱(當(dāng)代英語多用will)。如:
(1)We shall be going away tomorrow by an early train. 我們將于明日搭早班車離開。
(2)I shall let you know as soon as I have heard from them. 我一俟接到他們的信,立即告訴你。
2)should用于各種過去將來時態(tài)的第一人稱(當(dāng)代英語多用would)。如:
(3)So this was the place where I should study for the three years. It made a bad first impression.
(4)The BBC weather report this morning said that we should have rain. 英國廣播公司今晨的天氣預(yù)報說,我們這兒將有雨。
3)will用于各種將來時態(tài)的第二、第三人稱。如:
(5)They will be looking for anyone connected with her. 他們將尋找每一個與她有往來的人。
(6)The play is coming off in August——By then the play will have been running for three months. 這個劇將于八月停演——到那時它將連演三個月了。
4)would用于各種過去將來時態(tài)的第二、第三人稱。如:
(7)They said it would be fine. 他們說天氣會很好。
(8)They would have finished by five o’clock. 他們將于五時前完工。
shall(should)和will(would)可用作情態(tài)動詞,詳見“情態(tài)動詞”。
should和would可以構(gòu)成虛擬語氣,詳見“虛擬語氣”。
二、情態(tài)動詞
9.6 情態(tài)動詞的含義和特征
情態(tài)動詞只有情態(tài)意義,即它所表示的是說話人對動作的觀點,如需要、可能、意愿或懷疑等。
情態(tài)動詞有以下特征:
1)在形式上,情態(tài)動詞沒有實義動詞的各種變化,只有could,would,had to,was(或were) to,might等幾個過去式。其它如must,ought to等的過去皆與現(xiàn)在式同形。
2)在意義上,大多數(shù)情態(tài)動詞有多個意義。如can可表“能夠”、“可能”、“允許”等,many可表“可能”、“ 允許”、“目的”、“讓步”等。
3)在用法上,情態(tài)動詞與助動詞一樣,須后接動詞原形,構(gòu)成謂語動詞。
9.7 can(could) 的形式和用法
can(could)有下列幾種形式:
肯定式 否定式 縮略否定式
現(xiàn)在式 can cannot can’t
過去式 could could not couldn’t
[注]在美國英語中往往用can not替代cannot。
can是現(xiàn)在式,多用在指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。如?/p>
(1)He can speak English. 他能說英語嗎?
(2)Can you come to the meeting? 你能來開會嗎?
could是過去式,多用于指過去。如:
(3)He could speak English when he was a child. 他小時就能說英語了。
但could亦可用于指現(xiàn)在,表虛擬語氣,或作為can的委婉形式。如:
(4)That man could do with a haircut. 那人需要理個發(fā)了。(表現(xiàn)在)
(5)If I could go, I should be glad. 假如我能去,那我就會很高興。(表虛擬語氣)
(6)Could I help you? 我能幫你干點什么嗎?(比Can I help you? 委婉)
can(could)的基本用法是:
1)表能夠。如:
(7)I can lift this stone. 我能舉起這塊石頭。(表體能)
(8)Can you use chopsticks? 你能用筷子嗎?(表技能)
(9)I can see him tonight. 我今晚能見到他。(表可能)
can表能夠時與短語be able to同義,但后者可用于各種時態(tài)。
can表能夠時可用于各種句式。如:
(10)She can play a few simple tunes on the piano. 她能在鋼琴上彈一些簡單的調(diào)子。(肯定句)
(11)Can you write with your left hand? 你能用左手寫字嗎?(疑問句)
(12)I can not promise you anything. 我不能答應(yīng)你任何事。(否定句)
can亦可指將來。如:
(13)We can discuss your paper after lunch. 午飯后我們能討論你的論文。
如需要強調(diào)將來時間時,則可用短語shall/will be able to。如:
(14)I shall be able to earn my own living soon. 我很快就能自立了。
(15)He says he’ll be able to be home for Christmas. 他說他能回家過圣誕節(jié)。
could主要指過去。如:
(16)I said that I could go. 我說我能去。
(17)Could the boy read before he went to school? 這男孩上學(xué)前能識字嗎?
單純敘述過去事實時,最好用was或were+able。如:
(18)I was able to help you yesterday. 我昨天能幫你的。
但could也??芍脯F(xiàn)在或?qū)怼H纾?/p>
(19)You could phone her, I suppose. 我看你可以給她打電話。
(20)The river could easily overflow, couldn’t it? 河水可能容易泛濫,不是嗎?
如could與動詞原形的完成式連用,則指過去未實現(xiàn)的動作。如:
(21)She could have explained the mystery. 她本能夠解釋這個秘密的。(實際上未解釋)
2)表可能。如:
(22)The moon cannot always be at the full. 月不可能常圓。
(23)If it’s raining tomorrow, the sports can take place indoors. 如果明天下雨,運動會就可能在室內(nèi)舉行。
can表可能時可指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。如?/p>
(24)You can perhaps obtain a dog from the Dogs’ Home. 你也許可以從養(yǎng)狗場弄到一條狗。(肯定句)
(25)What can he mean? 他可能是什么意義呢?(疑問句)
(26)We can’t use the indefinite article with this noun. 我們不可以在這個名詞前用不定冠詞。(否定句)
表可能時,could可指過去。如:
(27)He said he couldn’t agree more. 他說他再同意不過了。
could亦可指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?,表虛擬語氣。如:
(28)It could be my mother. 可能是我母親。
(29)He could arrive tomorrow. 他可能明天到。
could與完成式連用,則指過去未實現(xiàn)的動作。如:
(30)It could have been seen from here if it had not been so dark. 如果天不那么黑,你可能從這兒望見它的。(實際上已望不見)
3)表允許。如:
(31)You can borrow my bike tomorrow. 明天你可以借用我的自行車。
表這個意義時,can用于疑問句時表要求,用于否定句時表不許。如:
(32)Can you lend me a hand? 你能幫我一把嗎?
(33)This sort of thing can’t go on! 這類事不能再繼續(xù)了!
could指現(xiàn)在時,僅用于疑問句表更委婉的要求。如:
(34)Could I interrupt a moment? 我可以插句話嗎?
但這種表允許的用法可用于間接引語。如:
(35)Father said I could swim in the river. 爸爸說我可以在河里游泳。
4)表懷疑。如:
(36)Can it be true? 那會是真的嗎?
表這個意義時,can僅用于一般疑問句,并有感情色彩。
can用于一般式,表現(xiàn)在。如:
(37)Can he really be ill? 你真的會病嗎?
can用于進(jìn)行式,表將來。如:
(38)Can he be making the investigation all alone? 他會獨立進(jìn)行調(diào)查嗎?
can用于完成式,表過去。如:
(39)Can she have told a lie? 她會說謊嗎?
can用于完成式或完成進(jìn)行式時亦可表持續(xù)的動作。如:
(40)Can she really have been at home all this time? 她真的會一直在家嗎?
(41)Can she have been waiting for us so long? 她會等我們這么久嗎?
could指現(xiàn)在時亦可有這些用法,但暗含著更不確定的意義。如:
(42)Could it be true?
(43)Could she be telling lies?
(44)Could he have said it?
(45)Could he have been at home all this time?
(46)Could she have been waiting for us so long?
5)can’t表不大可能。如:
(47)It can’t be true. 那不大可能是真的。
can’t會有感情色彩。如:
(48)He can’t be really ill. 他不大可能真的病了。(指現(xiàn)在)
(49)She can’t be telling lies. 她不大可能說謊。(指現(xiàn)在)
(50)He can’t have said it. 他不大可能說這種話。(指過去)
(51)She can’t have been at home all this time. 她不大可能一直在家。(指過去)
(52)She can’t have been waiting for us so long. 她不大可能等我們這么久。(指過去)
could亦可有這些用法,但語氣委婉。如:
(53)It couldn’t be true.
(54)She couldn’t be telling lies.
(55)He couldn’t have said it.
(56)She couldn’t have been at home all this time.
(57)She couldn’t have been waiting for us so long.
6)can和could用于特殊疑問句,有感情色彩,表驚訝、迷惑等。如:
(58)What can(could) he mean? 他可能是什么意義呢?
(59)What can(could) he be doing? 他可能在干什么呢?
(60)What can(could) he have done? 他可能干什么了呢?
(61)Where can(could) he have gone to? 他可能去哪里了呢?
7)can與could的比較:can與could表能夠與可能時,can表真實,could表非真實。如:
(62)He can speak English. 他能說英語。(表能夠)
(63)He could speak English if necessary. 他在必要時能說英語。
(64)You can get the book from the library. 你可以從圖書館借到這本書。(表可能)
(65)You could get the book from the library if necessary. 你在必要時可從圖書館借到這本書。
表允許和推測時,只是could語氣較為委婉,含義較不確定。如:
(66)Can I use your pen? 我可以借用你的筆嗎?(表允許)
(67)Could I use your pen? (較為委婉)
(68)Can it be true? 那可能是真的嗎?(表推測)
(69)Could it be true? (較不確定)
(70)It can’t be true. 那不大可能是真的。(表不大可能)
(71)It couldn’t be true. (較不確定)
8)用于固定習(xí)語。如:
(72)She can’t help crying. 她不禁哭起來。
(73)He couldn’t help laughing. 他不禁笑起來。
(74)I can’t but ask him about it. 關(guān)于這件事我只得問他。
(75)They couldn’t but refuse him. 他們不得不拒絕他。
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