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薄冰英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 第八章 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

所屬教程:英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法入門

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  第八章 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

  8.1 語(yǔ)態(tài)的含義和種類

  語(yǔ)態(tài)(voice)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,用以表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。

  英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(active voice)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(passive voice)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。如:

  (1)Yesterday! I parked my car outside the school. 昨天我把我的汽車停在學(xué)校外邊。

  被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。如:

  (2)A sound of piano is heard in the adjoining room. 聽(tīng)到鄰居房間里有鋼琴聲。

  被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài),但較常用的有下列十種:

  1)現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)

  (3)Xiao Wang, you are wanted in the office. 小王,辦公室有事找你。

  (4)I am not so easily deceived. 我不是輕易上當(dāng)受騙的。

  2)過(guò)去一般時(shí)

  (5)I was invited to the concert. 我應(yīng)邀參加了音樂(lè)會(huì)。

  (6)Our house was built in 1969. 我們家的房子建于1969年。

  3)將來(lái)一般時(shí)

  (7)We hope that an agreement will be arrived at. 我們希望會(huì)達(dá)成一項(xiàng)協(xié)議。

  (8)This matter will be looked into in the future. 這件事將來(lái)是要查明的。

  4)過(guò)去將來(lái)一般時(shí)

  (9)He said that the bridge would be built next year. 他說(shuō)這座橋明年將建成。

  (10)Another half-hour and all doors would be locked—all lights extinguished. 再過(guò)半小時(shí),所有的門都要上鎖—所有的燈都要熄滅。

  5)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

  (11)My car has been repaired. 我的汽車已修好了。

  (12)The party has been planned since the new year. 這聚會(huì)自新年起就已籌劃了。

  6)過(guò)去完成時(shí)

  (13)The portieres that hung across the folding doors had been taken down for the summer. 折門上面的門簾夏天已經(jīng)取下來(lái)。

  (14)Tootie looked at the lanterns that had been lighted and placed near the opening. 圖蒂望著那些已經(jīng)點(diǎn)著并放在洞口附近的提燈。

  7)將來(lái)完成時(shí)

  (15)The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives. 這些新書在下一批書到來(lái)前將登記完畢。

  (16)This class will have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by next summer. 到明年夏天,這個(gè)班將由布朗先生教畢二年了。

  8)過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)

  (17)The headmaster said the article would been completed translated by six o’clock. 校長(zhǎng)說(shuō)這篇文章將在6點(diǎn)鐘以前翻譯完畢。

  (18)He said that the bridge would have been completed before July. 他說(shuō)這橋?qū)⒂?月前完成。

  9)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

  (19)This question is being discussed at the meeting. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題正在會(huì)上討論。

  (20)The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子們現(xiàn)在正由姑母照看著。

  10)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

  (21)When I called, tea was being served. 我來(lái)拜訪時(shí),正值上茶之際。

  (22)With his fingers, he gently searched the crown and brim of his hat to be sure it wasn’t being crushed. 他用手指輕輕地摸找帽頂和帽邊,以肯定它沒(méi)有被壓壞。

  [注一]完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。它們的被動(dòng)意義可用完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示,如He has been being examined.(他已被考過(guò)。)一般應(yīng)代之以He has been examined。將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)一般也不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。其被動(dòng)意義可用一般時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示,如He will be being examined while we are there.(他將在我們?cè)谀抢飼r(shí)被考。)可代之以He will be examined while we are there。

  [注二]關(guān)于非限定動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)見(jiàn)本書第十章有關(guān)各節(jié)。

  被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)除常用be加過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成外,還可用“get+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用在口語(yǔ)中,后面一般不接by短語(yǔ)。如:

  (23)Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic on the roads. 每年都幾百人死于道路交通事故。

  (24)The boy got hurt on his way to school. 這男孩在上學(xué)的路上受傷了。

  被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,其結(jié)構(gòu)是“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞”。如:

  (25)This must be done as soon as possible. 這件事必須盡快做。

  (26)What’s done cannot be undone. 覆水難收。

  (27)These stairs are very dangerous. They should be repaired. 這樓梯很危險(xiǎn),應(yīng)該修理了。

  (28)Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways, or you might be knocked down. 過(guò)馬路要非常小心,要看兩邊,不然會(huì)被車撞倒的。

  有不少短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞,所以這些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞亦有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:

  (29)Many interesting experiments are carried out in our laboratory. 我們實(shí)驗(yàn)室做了許多有趣的實(shí)驗(yàn)。

  (30)Boxing was gone in for here in the early 1950s. 20世紀(jì)50年代初期,這里拳擊很盛行。

  有些由“動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,其結(jié)構(gòu)比較松散,變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)也可以將名詞和其后的介詞拆開(使介詞和其后的賓語(yǔ)合成一介詞短語(yǔ))。這種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用于正式文體中。如:

  (31)Mess had been made of the house. 家里亂作一團(tuán)。(主動(dòng)句是:The owner had made mess of the house.)

  (32)Good use is made of the library. 這圖書館的利用率很高。(主動(dòng)句是:They make good use of the library.)

  8.2主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

  主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),可分為下列三種情況:

  1)“主+ 謂+賓”句型變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),先將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)如為人稱代詞,須將賓格變?yōu)橹鞲?;然后將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);最后在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之后加by,再將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)置于介詞by之后(如為人稱代詞,須將其主格變?yōu)橘e格)。如:

  (1)Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. 亞歷山大•格雷厄姆•貝爾于1876年發(fā)明了電話。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (2)The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. 電話是亞歷山大•格雷厄姆•貝爾于1876年發(fā)明的。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (3)The manager has not signed the papers. 經(jīng)理沒(méi)有在這些文件上簽字。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (4)The papers have not been signed by the manager. 這些文件還沒(méi)有由經(jīng)理簽字。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的by短語(yǔ),如無(wú)必要指出,則可省去。如:

  (5)I posted that letter last night. 我昨晚把那封信投郵了。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (6)That letter was posted last night. 那封信是昨晚投郵的。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  如賓語(yǔ)是—that從句,變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)可用it作被動(dòng)句的形式主語(yǔ)。如:

  (7)The know that he is an expert. 他們認(rèn)為他是一位專家。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (8)It is known that he is an expert. 人們認(rèn)為他是一位專家。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  或把主動(dòng)句中賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)部分變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ蕉陶Z(yǔ)。如:

  (9)He is known to be an expert. 他被認(rèn)為是一位專家。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  [注一]將主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí),偶爾可把by短語(yǔ)放在過(guò)去分記詞之前,如He was by someone known to have worked for the German fascists.(有人知道他曾為德國(guó)法西斯干過(guò)事。)這里將by someone移至過(guò)去分詞known之前顯然是由于known和其后的to have worked的關(guān)系更為密切。有時(shí)by短語(yǔ)也可放在主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之后,如Tea drinking is considered one of the pleasures of life by the Chinese.(喝茶被中國(guó)人認(rèn)為是一種人生樂(lè)趣。)。

  [注二]在較古的英語(yǔ)中,被動(dòng)句中也可用of短語(yǔ)代替by短語(yǔ)?,F(xiàn)仍見(jiàn)于少數(shù)一些說(shuō)法中。如:

 ?、貶e was beloved of everybody. 他受到大家的愛(ài)戴。

 ?、贖e was devoured of a long dragon. 他被一長(zhǎng)龍吞噬了。

  被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的by短語(yǔ)并不一定總是代表動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,它有時(shí)也可表方式或原因。如:

  (10)A policeman is known by the clothes he wears. 警察可以從他穿的服裝認(rèn)出來(lái)。

  (11)I was very much flattered by his asking me to dance a second time. 我對(duì)他再次請(qǐng)我跳舞感到高興。

  2)“主+ 謂+賓+賓”句型(一般地說(shuō)一為間接賓語(yǔ),一為直接賓語(yǔ))變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),只將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ),另一賓語(yǔ)不變。這一保留不變的賓語(yǔ)叫做保留賓語(yǔ)(retained object)。如將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ),間接賓語(yǔ)之前則應(yīng)加介詞to(可省去)或for(一般不可省)。如:

  (12)He told her a long story. 他給她講了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)故事。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (13)She was told a long story. 她聽(tīng)了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)故事。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (14)A long story was told to her. 有人對(duì)她講了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)故事。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (15)Mother bought me a new coat. 母親給我買了件新上衣。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (16)I was bought a new coat. 有人給我買了件新上衣。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (17)A new coat was bought for me. 有人給我買了件新上衣。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  [注]被動(dòng)句中強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)時(shí),其前的介詞to不可省去,如Ample warning was given to then, not to me.(受到嚴(yán)厲警告的是他們,不是我。)。

  上述句型中的兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)有時(shí)都是直接賓語(yǔ)。變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),一般皆將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中指人的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)。如:

  (18)The teacher asked the students a very unusual question. 教師向?qū)W生提了一個(gè)很不尋常的問(wèn)題。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (19)The students were asked a very unusual question. 學(xué)生被問(wèn)了一個(gè)很不尋常的問(wèn)題。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  偶爾也可將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中指物的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),但指人的保留賓語(yǔ)之前一般不可加任何介詞。如:

  (20)He will forgive you your offence. 他將寬恕你的無(wú)禮。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (21)Your offence will be forgiven you. 你的無(wú)禮將得到寬恕。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  3)“主+謂+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)”句型(含有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)加賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),只將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)不變。如:

  (22)They chose Tom captain. 他們選湯姆為隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)為名詞)

  (23)Tom was chosen captain. 湯姆被選為隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (24)In spring, all the islanders paint their houses white. 春天的時(shí)候,所有島民都把他們的房子涂成白色。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)為形容詞)

  (25)Their houses are painted white. 他們的房子被涂成白色。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (26)They recognized him as a genius. 他們認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)天才。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)為介詞短語(yǔ))

  (27)He was recognized as a genius. 他被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)天才。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (28)We asked the teacher to explain the difficult sentences again. 我們要求教師再解釋一下這些難句。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)為不定式)

  (29)The teacher was asked to explain the difficult sentences again. 教師被要求再解釋一下這些難句。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (30)I found him lying on the floor. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)他躺在地板上。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)為現(xiàn)在分詞)

  (31)He was found lying on the floor. 他被發(fā)現(xiàn)躺在地板上。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (32)We found all our seats occupied. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)所有我們的位子都被占了。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)為過(guò)去分詞)

  (33)All our seats was found occupied. 所有我們的位子發(fā)現(xiàn)都被占了。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  但在下列情況下,主動(dòng)句一般不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句:

  1)謂語(yǔ)是:

  a)及物動(dòng)詞leave,enter,reach,resemble,become(適合) suit,benefit,lack等。

  b)不可拆開的take place,lose heart,change colour,belong to,consist of等短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

  2)賓語(yǔ)是:

  a)反身代詞、相互代詞、同源賓語(yǔ)、不定式、動(dòng)名詞等。

  b)虛詞it,如cab it,foot it等。

  c)身體的某一部分,如shake one’s head等。

  d)某些抽象名詞,如interest(興趣)等。

  8.3 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法

  英語(yǔ)里多用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的場(chǎng)合也不少,似乎要比漢語(yǔ)用得廣泛。英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用于下列幾種場(chǎng)合:

  1)當(dāng)我們不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。如:

  (1)Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷術(shù)是由中國(guó)傳入歐洲的。

  (2)Look! There’s nothing here. Everything has been taken away. 看!這里什么也沒(méi)有。一切都被拿走了。

  2)當(dāng)我們不必要提出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。如:

  (3)I was born in 1960. 我生于1960年。

  (4)Such things are not done twice. 這種事不可再做。

  3)當(dāng)我們強(qiáng)調(diào)或側(cè)重動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)。如:

  (5)She is liked by everybody. 她為人人所喜歡。(強(qiáng)調(diào)she)

  (6)A good time was had by all. 大家都玩得很痛快。(側(cè)重a good time)

  4)當(dāng)我們出于禮貌避免說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。如:

  (7)Where can you be reached? 哪里可以和你接頭?(避免說(shuō)出“我”)

  (8)You’ll be contacted. 我們會(huì)和你聯(lián)系的。(避免說(shuō)出“我們”)

  5)當(dāng)我們出于行文的需要時(shí)。如:

  (9)The film was directed by Xie Jin. 該電影由謝晉導(dǎo)演。(上文談的是該影片)

  (10)Helen was sent to the school by her parents when she was nine. 海倫九歲時(shí)被父母送到這座學(xué)校。(上文談的是海倫)

  6)有些動(dòng)詞習(xí)慣上常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:

  (11)It’s done! (可縮略為Done!)成啦!(現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)被動(dòng)式表動(dòng)作已完成)

  (12)He is said to be a good teacher. 他被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)好教師。

  (13)The line of flags was slung between two trees. 一列國(guó)旗掛在兩樹之間。

  (14)He was born in 1919. 他生于1919年。

  (15)She is reputed to be the best singer in Europe. 她被譽(yù)為是歐洲最佳歌手。

  [注]被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)便于論述客觀事實(shí),故常用于科技文章、新聞報(bào)道、書刊介紹及景物描寫。

  8.4 含被動(dòng)意義的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

  有些不及物動(dòng)詞(其主語(yǔ)大都指物)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可以表示被動(dòng)意義。這種不及物動(dòng)詞有下列幾種:

  1)某些連系動(dòng)詞。如smell,taste,sound,prove,feel等。

  (1)The flowers smell sweet. 這花兒很香。

  (2)The food tastes nice. 這食物的味道好。

  (3)That sounds very reasonable. 這話聽(tīng)上去很有道理。

  (4)The story proved quite false. 這一套話證實(shí)完全是假的。

  2)某些與can’t,won’t等連用的不及物動(dòng)詞,如move,lock,shut,open等。

  (5)It can’t move. 它不能動(dòng)。

  (6)The door won’t shut. 這門關(guān)不上。

  3)某些可和well,easily等副詞連用的不及物動(dòng)詞,如read,write,wash,clean,draw,burn,cook,photograph等。

  (7)The cloth washes well. 這種布料好洗。

  (8)The poem reads smoothly. 這首詩(shī)讀起來(lái)很流暢。

  (9)The cistern doesn’t clean easily. 這水槽不容易弄干凈。

  (10)This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. 這種米做飯比那種熟得快。

  4)某些可用于“主+謂+主補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中的不及物動(dòng)詞,如wear,blow等。

  (11)This material has worn thin. 這種布料已穿薄了。

  (12)The door blew open. 門給吹開了。

  有些不及物動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)亦具有被動(dòng)意義。如:

  (13)Corn is selling briskly. 谷物暢銷。

  [注] 上述不及物動(dòng)詞有些亦可用作及物動(dòng)詞,但二者有所不同。如:

 ?、賂he door opened. 門開了。

 ?、赥he door was opened. 門被打開了。

  例①?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)the door本身內(nèi)在的特性,表明“門”本身可開可關(guān),不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;例②則相反,強(qiáng)調(diào)“門被人打開了”,與門本身的特性無(wú)關(guān)。

  8.5 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別

  所謂系表結(jié)構(gòu),在此乃指“連系動(dòng)詞+用作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。它與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式完全一樣,于是就有一個(gè)如何區(qū)別它們的問(wèn)題。總的來(lái)說(shuō),它們有以下幾點(diǎn)不同:

  1)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞是動(dòng)詞,表動(dòng)作;系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,表狀態(tài)。前者可用by短語(yǔ)表動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,后者則一般不用by短語(yǔ)。如:

  (1)The composition was written with great care. 這篇作文寫得很用心。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

  (2)The composition is well written. 這篇作文寫得好。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

  (3)These articles are sold quickly. 這些貨物售得快。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

  (4)These articles are all sold out. 這些貨物全售出了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

  (5)Such questions are often settled through negotiations. 這類問(wèn)題通常通過(guò)談判解決。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

  (6)The question is settled. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題解決了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

  2)系表結(jié)構(gòu)一般只用于現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)與過(guò)去一般時(shí)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則除可用于上述兩種時(shí)態(tài)之外,還可用于其它時(shí)態(tài)。如:

  (7)I have been driven to it. 我是被迫至此。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  (8)The flowers will be planted next week. 下周種花。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  3)系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞可被very所修飾;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞可用much修飾。試比較:

  (9)He was very agitated. 他很激動(dòng)。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

  (10)He was much agitated by the news. 他聽(tīng)到消息后很激動(dòng)。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

  4)系表結(jié)構(gòu)有主動(dòng)意義,被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)只有被動(dòng)意義。現(xiàn)將具有主動(dòng)意義的系表結(jié)構(gòu)舉例說(shuō)明如下:

  a)過(guò)去分詞表心理、感情,如:

  (11)She is resolved to become a ballet dancer. 她決心當(dāng)一名芭蕾舞演員。

  (12)I am quite puzzled. 我感到十分困惑。

  b)過(guò)去分詞是反身動(dòng)詞,如:

  (13)The open square was bathed in light. 寬闊的廣場(chǎng)淋浴在陽(yáng)光中。(主動(dòng)式是bathed itself)

  (14)The way was lost between the trees. 小路消失在樹林之中。(主動(dòng)式是lost itself)

  c)過(guò)去分詞與介詞搭配,如:

  (15)He was puzzled about it. 他為那件事感到困惑。

  (16)Are you interested in this subject? 你對(duì)這門課感興趣嗎?

  (17)We were surprised at the news. 我們對(duì)那消息感到驚訝。

  (18)She was scared out of her wits. 她嚇得不知所措。

  (19)The child is accustomed to sleeping alone. 這孩子習(xí)慣獨(dú)自睡了。

  [注]過(guò)去分詞有時(shí)可后接with,也可后接by。一般來(lái)說(shuō),by強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作,with強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài),試比較:seized by a man 被人捉住,seized with a fever 發(fā)燒;covered by a lid 被蓋子蓋住,covered with a lid 為蓋子所蓋住

  5)有時(shí)只能從上下文才能加以區(qū)別。如:

  (20)The door was closed. 門關(guān)上了。

  (21)The road was mended. 路修好了。

  獨(dú)立地看,上述兩例,既可是被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),也可是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。遇到這種情況,則應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文去理解。


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