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薄冰英語語法 第九章 助動詞與情態(tài)動詞(8-12)

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  9.8 may(might)的形式和用法

  may(might)有下列幾種形式:

  肯定式 否定式 縮略否定式

  現(xiàn)在式 may may not mayn’t

  過去式 might might not mightn’t

  [注] mayn’t比較少見。

  may是現(xiàn)在式,多指現(xiàn)在。如:

  (1)It may be true? 那可能是真的。

  might是may的過去式,可用于指過去。如:

  (2)He told me that it might be true. 他告訴過我那可能是真的。

  亦可用于指現(xiàn)在,但語氣較為緩和、委婉,含義更不確定,或表虛擬語氣。如:

  (3)It might be true? 那可能是真的。

  (4)Might I come and see you? 我可以來看你嗎?

  may(might)的基本用法是:

  1) 表可能,暗含不確定,等于possibly,perhaps或maybe。如:

  (5)He may be busy getting ready for his trip. 他也許在忙于準(zhǔn)備外出旅行。

  may表可能時,可用于肯定句和否定句。如:

  (6)He may be at home. 他也許在家。

  (7)He may not be at home. 他也許不在家。

  may表可能時,常指將來。如:

  (8)He may come soon. 他也許馬上就來。

  may也可指現(xiàn)在。如:

  (9)He may not know about it. 他也許不知道這件事。

  (10)I never see him about now. For all I know, he may be writing a book. 我近來從未見他來著。就我所知,他也許在寫書。

  may用于完成式時指過去。如:

  (11)You may have been some account of the matter. 你也許讀到過關(guān)于這件事的一些報道。

  may用于完成式或完成進行時亦可指持續(xù)的動作。如:

  (12)He may have been at home for about two hours. 他也許在家待了兩小時了。

  (13)He may have been waiting for us for an hour. 他也許等我們一小時了。

  might表可能時亦可有這些用法,與may的區(qū)別在于它的含義更不確定。如:

  (14)He might come soon. 他也許馬上就會來的。

  (15)He might be ill. 他也許生病了吧。

  (16)He might be doing his lessons now. 他也許正在做功課吧。

  (17)He might have spoken to her yesterday. 他昨天也許同她說過話吧。

  2)表允許。如:

  (18)The director is alone now. So you may see him now. 局長現(xiàn)在是獨自一人,所以你可以現(xiàn)在去見他。

  表這個意義時,may可用于肯定句和疑問句,亦可用于否定句但不太常用。如:

  (19)You may smoke in here. 你可以在這兒抽煙。

  (20)May I smoke in here? 我可以在這兒抽煙嗎?

  (21)You may not smoke in here. 你不可在這兒抽煙。

  may表允許時僅用于一般式。

  might用于疑問句,語氣更委婉。如:

  (22)Might I join you? 我可以參加你們一道嗎?

  might亦可用于間接引語。如:

  (23)He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告訴我可以在房間里抽煙。

  3)表責(zé)備,只用might,用于肯定句。可用于一般式和完成式,后者則表未實現(xiàn)的動作。如:

  (24)You might ask before you borrow my car. 你可以先問問我再借我的車子嘛。

  (25)You might have helped me. 你滿可以幫我一把嘛。

  4)may與might的比較:

  might可表虛擬語氣,may則不可。如:

  (26)It might help a little if you would only keep clean. 你只要愿意保持清潔,情況或許就會好一些。

  在多數(shù)情況下,might比may語氣更為緩和委婉,含義更不確定。如:

  (27)May I speak to him now?

  (28)Might I speak to him now?

  (29)H(26)e may come a little later.

  (30)He might come a little later.

  表可能時只用may指現(xiàn)在,一般不用might指過去,might只用于間接引語中。表責(zé)備時則只用might。如:

  (31)You may find the book at the library. 你可以在圖書館找到這本書。

  (32)You might have considered your parents’ feelings. 你本可考慮你父母的感情嘛。

  5)用于固定習(xí)語。如:

  (33)You may as well give him the letter. 你還是把信給他為好。

  (34)I might as well stay at home tonight. 我今晚還是待在家里吧。

  (35)His appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize him. 他的外貌變化很大,你很可能認不出他來。

  (36)Roy Wilson, the new doctor, was twenty-eight, large, heavy, mature and blond. He might have been a Scandinavian sailor. 羅伊•威爾遜是新來的醫(yī)生,28歲,身高體重,發(fā)育成熟,頭發(fā)金黃,簡直像個斯堪的納維亞水手。

  6)may可用于某些賓語從句和目的、讓步狀語從句。如:

  (37)I fear he may fall ill. 我恐怕他會生病。(用于賓語從句)

  (38)He is coming here so that they may discuss it without delay. 他就要到這里來,這樣他們可能立即討論那件事。(用于目的狀語從句)

  (39)However cold it may be, we’ll go skiing. 天不管多冷,我們都要去滑雪。(用于讓步狀語從句)

  7)can與may的比較:

  can與may只有在表可能和允許時意義相同。但在這種情況下,它們也不能隨意互換:表可能時,may僅用于肯定句,而can則可用于各種句式。如:

  (40)He may find this book at the library. 他可以在圖書館找到這本書。(may用于肯定句)

  (41)He can find this book at the library. 他可以在圖書館找到這本書。(can用于肯定句)

  (42)Can he find this book at the library? 他能在圖書館找到這本書嗎?(can用于疑問句)

  (43)He cannot find this book at the library. 他不可能在圖書館找到這本書。(can用于否定句)

  表允許時,二者意義無甚區(qū)別,只有may較正式些,而can則較口語化。如:

  (44)May I speak to you for a moment, professor? 我可以跟你談一會兒嗎,教授?

  (45)Can I have a cup of tea, mother? 我可以喝杯茶嗎,媽媽?

  9.9 must的形式和用法

  must只有一種形式,其現(xiàn)在式與過去式同形。

  肯定式 否定式 縮略否定式

  must must not mustn’t

  它可指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?,用于完成式時則可指過去,其過去式僅用于間接引語。

  must的基本用法是:

  1)表義務(wù)。如:

  (1)You must talk to your daughter about her future. 你必須跟你的女兒談?wù)勊那巴尽?/p>

  (2)Must he do it himself. 他必須親自干那事嗎?

  表這個意義時,must用于一般式,并用于肯定句和疑問句。

  2)在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中表示不許。如:

  (3)He must not leave his room. 他不許離開他的房間。

  表這個意義時,must用于一般式。

  3)表堅定的建議。如:

  (4)You must come and see us when you’ve in London. 你到倫敦后應(yīng)當(dāng)來看看我們。

  (5)You mustn’t miss the film. It is very good. 你不可錯過那個影片。它很好看。

  表這個意義時,must用于一般式,用于肯定句和否定句。

  4)表推測,暗含很大的可能性。如:

  (6)He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他一定是病了。他的臉色蒼白。

  (7)It must be late as the streets are deserted. 時間一定很晚了,街上已空無一人。

  表這個意義時,must僅用于肯定句,不能用于疑問句或否定句。它可以用于不同時式,僅可指現(xiàn)在,動態(tài)動詞則用于進行式。如:

  (8)Let’s have something to eat. You must be starving. 我們吃點東西吧。你一定餓了。

  5)可用于不同時式,表不同意義。表義務(wù)。如:

  (9)You must stay here. 你必須待在這兒。

  亦可表推測。如:

  (10)He must be over fifty. 他一定有五十開外了。

  must可用于完成式,指過去。如:

  (11)It is six o’clock. She must have come home. 現(xiàn)在是六點,她一定到家了。

  must用于完成進行時,可表持續(xù)的動作。如:

  (12)It must have been raining all the night. There are big puddles in the garden. 雨一定是下了整整一夜,花園里有大片大片的水。

  (13)He must have been here since breakfast. 早飯后他一定是在這兒。

  6)用于間接引語,表過去。如:

  (14)He said he must go. 他說他必須去。

  7)用于固定習(xí)語。如:

  (15)He must needs go there. 他偏偏要去那兒。

  8)must與may的比較。二者均可表推測,但側(cè)重點不一樣:may暗含不確定,must暗含很可能。如:

  (16)For all I know, he may be an actor. His face seems so familiar. 就我所看,他可能是個演員,他似乎很面熟。

  (17)He must be an actor. His voice carries so well. 他一定是個演員,他的聲音很洪亮。

  may和must均可用于否定句,表不許,但may較少用。對may表要求時的否定回答,一般用must not或cannot。如:

  (18)—May I smoke here? 我可以在這兒抽煙嗎?

  —No, you mustn’t(can’t). 不,不行。

  9.10 have to的形式和用法

  詞組have to也是情態(tài)動詞。它由have +to組成,因此具有have的各種時式。如:

  (1)He is an invalid and has to have a nurse. 他是個病弱之人,需要護士照顧。

  (2)She know what she had to do. 她知道她需要做什么。

  (3)I shall have to reconsider my position. 我將不得不重新考慮我的立場。

  (4)He is always having to exercise judgment. 他經(jīng)常需要進行判斷。

  (5)My impression was that he was having to force himself to talk. 我的印象是,他需要強使自己說話。

  (6)I have had to remind you of writing to her all this time. 我不得不老提醒你寫信給她。

  (7)The people had had to be told that an experiment was taking place that day. 必須通知人們,那天將進行試驗。

  (8)“As a matter of fact,” he said, “I’ve been having to spend some time with the research people.” “事實上,”他說,“我必須一直同研究人員一起待一些時間。”

  (9)It wouldn’t have been very nice for the Davidsons to have to mix with all those people in the smoking-room. 戴維森一家人非得與吸煙間的所有那些人混在一起,是不大好的事。

  (10)Having to work alone, he wanted all his time for his research. 他必須單干,所以他想把他的全部時間投入研究工作。

  have to的疑問和否定結(jié)構(gòu)多用助動詞do構(gòu)成。如:

  (11)Why do I have to do everything? 為什么事事都得我干?

  (12)Did he have to tell them about it? 他必須把那件事告訴他們嗎?

  (13)You don’t have to explain. 你不必作解釋了。

  (14)There was a grin on his face. He did not have to tell me that he already knew. 他咧嘴而笑。他不需要告訴我他已知道了。

  have to的基本用法是:

  1)表客觀的義務(wù)或需要??捎糜诟鞣N句式,但只用于一般式。如:

  (15)He had to do it. 他必須做那件事。

  (16)Did he have to do it. 他得做那件事嗎?

  (17)He did not have to do it. 他不需要做那件事。

  在否定句中,have to表不需要,must表不許。試比較:

  (18)You don’t have to go there. 你不需要去那兒。

  (19)You mustn’t go there. 你不可去那兒。

  2)在口語中, have got to亦可表義務(wù)和需要,與have to基本同義。如:

  (20)He has got to go right now.

  (21)Has he got to go right now?

  (22)He hasn’t got to go just yet.

  3)固定詞組had better表可取,意謂“最好”,或“應(yīng)該”,常用于一般式。如:

  (23)You’d better get some sleep. 你最好去睡一睡。(對同輩或小輩,對長輩不可用you had better)

  (24)What had we better do? 我們最好干什么?

  (25)Hadn’t we better stop now? 我們現(xiàn)在停下來不好嗎?(亦可說Had we better not stop now?但had better一般不可用于肯定疑問句)

  有時可省去had。如:

  (26)Better say yes, if they ask you. 如果他們問你,你最好說“是”。

  had better亦可用于進行式,意謂“最好立即”。如:

  (27)You had better have done that. 你最好把那件事做完。(可是你沒有做完)

  [注] had best與had better同義,但較少用。

  9.11 be to的形式和用法

  詞組be to亦可看作情態(tài)動詞。它只有現(xiàn)在式和過去式兩種形式。如:

  (1)The book of Irish Fairy Tales is to appear soon. 這本愛爾蘭童話集即將出版。

  (2)We were to meet at six. 我們約定六點見面。

  be to的基本用法是:

  1)表計劃,只用于肯定句和疑問句。如:

  (3)When is the wedding to be? 婚禮什么時候舉行?

  (4)John and Mary are to be married in October. 約翰和瑪麗定于十月結(jié)婚。

  (5)We were to discuss it the following week. 我們打算下周討論那件事。

  be to的過去式可用于完成式,表未完成的計劃。如:

  (6)I promised to go to a club with her last Tuesday, and I really forgot all about it. We were to have played a duet together. 我答應(yīng)本周二同她去俱樂部,可我真的把這件事全忘了。我們原打算一起二重唱的。

  2)表命令,只用于肯定句和否定句。如:

  (7)All junior officers are to report to the colonel at once. 全體下級軍官都必須立即向上校報告。

  (8)Norman says I am to leave you alone. 諾曼要我不理會你。

  3)表可能,多用被動結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

  (9)Her father was often to be seen in the bar of this hotel. 在這家旅館的酒吧間經(jīng)常可見到她的父親。

  (10)Where is he to be found? 在哪兒可找到他?

  4)表應(yīng)該,多用現(xiàn)在式。如:

  (11)What is to do be done? 應(yīng)該怎么辦?

  (12)He’s to blame. 該怪他。

  5)表注定,多用過去式。如:

  (13)He was to be my teacher and friend for many years to come. 在后來許多年里,他是我的老師和朋友。

  (14)He did not know at the time that he was never to see his native place again. 當(dāng)時他不知道,他再也見不到他的故土了。

  6)用于固定習(xí)語。如:

  (15)What am I to do? 我該怎么辦?

  (16)Where am I to go? 我該向何處去?

  7)用于條件從句。如:

  (17)If we are to succeed, we must redouble our efforts. 我們要想成功,必須加倍努力才行。(are to意為“想要”)

  8)must,have to與be to的比較:表現(xiàn)在時,三者皆表義務(wù),但側(cè)重不一樣。must強調(diào)說話者主觀的看法。如:

  (18)I must do it. 我必須做那件事。

  (19)He must do it himself. 他必須自己做那件事。

  have to強調(diào)客觀的需要。如:

  (20)What a pity you have to go now. 可惜你馬上要走了。

  (21)He has to do it himself. 他得自己做那件事。

  be to強調(diào)應(yīng)該。如:

  (22)The traffic regulations are to be observed. 應(yīng)該遵守交通規(guī)則。

  用過去式時,must只用于間接引語中。如:

  (23)He said he must do it himself. 他說過他必須獨自去做那件事。

  had to表客觀需要。如:

  (24)I had to sell my car. 我只得賣車。

  was(或were)to表過去的動作。如:

  (25)We were to meet him at the station. 我們打算去車站接他。(在一定的上下文中也可意謂“我們本打算去車站接他的。”)

  9.12 be going to的形式和用法

  詞組be going to亦可看作情態(tài)動詞,有現(xiàn)在式和過去式兩種形式。如:

  be going to的基本用法是:

  1)表打算。如:

  (1)What are you going to do tomorrow? 你明天打算干什么?

  (2)I’m not going to argue with you tonight. 今晚我不打算跟你爭論。

  2)表即將。如:

  (3)Look out! The ice is going to crack! 當(dāng)心!冰要塌了!

  (4)The wall is going to collapse! 那墻要倒啦!

  3)表決心。如:

  (5)I’m going to oppose the proposal. 我要反對這項建議。

  (6)I’m not going to have this. 我不能容忍這種行為。

  4)表肯定。如:

  (7)My sister is going to have a baby. 我的姐姐要生孩子了。

  (8)There’s going to be trouble. 要出事了。

  5)表可能。如:

  (9)It’s going to rain. 要下雨了。

  (10)Is it going to be fine tomorrow? 明天會是晴天嗎?

  6)表命令。如:

  (11)Now you are going to hurry. 現(xiàn)在你要快點了。

  (12)Pete, you are going to stop sirring me. 彼得,你不要再叫我“先生”了。

  7)詞組be about to亦有情態(tài)意義,表即將。如:

  (13)The meeting is about to begin. 會議即將開始。

  (14)He is about to break down. 他眼看要垮了。


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