薄冰英語語法 第七章 動詞的時態(tài)(32-46)

　　十、過去進行時

　　7.32過去進行時的形式

　　過去進行時的構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　肯定式 疑問式 否定式 疑問否定式

　　I was working. Was I working? I was not working. Was I not working?

　　He (She，It) was working. Was he (she，it) working? He (She，It) was not working. Was he (she，it) not working?

　　We were working. Were we working? We were not working. Were we not working?

　　You were working. Were you working? You were not working. Were you not working?

　　They were working. Were they working? They were not working. Were they not working?

　　口語中否定式常用縮略式：

　　否定式 疑問否定式

　　I wasn’t /’w??znt/ working. Wasn’t I working.

　　He (She，It) wasn’t working. Wasn’t he (she，it) working?

　　We weren’t /?w???nt/ working. Weren’t we working?

　　You weren’t working. Weren’t you working?

　　They weren’t working.

　　They weren’t working. Weren’t they working?

　　7.33 過去進行時的基本用法

　　過去進行時表示過去某一時間正在進行的動作。過去進行時過去一般時一樣，也常和表過去的時間狀語連用。如：

　　(1)I was practising the violin at eight o’clock yesterday evening. 昨晚八點鐘我在練小提琴來著。

　　(2)When I called him, he was having dinner. 我給他打電話的時候，他正在吃晚飯。

　　如果時間狀語是一時段，過去進行時所表的動作則須貫穿整段或大部分時間。如：

　　(3)They were expecting you yesterday. 他們昨天一直在等你。

　　(4)While we were having breakfast, John was talking on the phone. 我們在吃早飯的時候，約翰在打電話。

　　過去進行時可用來打開話頭，這種過去進行時也多與時間狀語連用。如：

　　(5)We were talking about you this morning. Your book is terrible. 我們今天早上談?wù)撃銇碇?。你寫的書糟透了?/p>

　　(6)Miss Smith was praising you today, John. 今天史密斯小姐夸你來著，約翰。

　　過去進行時表過去時還有以下一些情況。

　　1)時間狀語的省略。當上下文清楚時，可省去時間狀語。如：

　　(7)Oh, I was talking to myself. 噢，我是在自言自語。(指剛才)

　　(8)We reached the lake just as the sun was rising above it. 我們抵達湖邊時，太陽剛剛升起。(時間由上下文決定)

　　這種過去進行時所表的動作發(fā)生的時間有時不很確定，但一般不會離現(xiàn)在很遠。如：

　　(9)I was talking with Tom and he said he was all for it. 我和湯姆談來著，他說他完全贊成。

　　(10)—Did you hear the news? 你聽到那個消息了嗎?

　　—Yes, I was reading about it in the newspaper. 是的，我是從報紙上看到的。

　　這種時間不確定的過去進行時用于某些心理活動的動詞時可表委婉客氣。如：

　　(11)I was wondering if I must ask you one more question. 我不知道我是不是還須要再向你提一個問題。

　　(12)I was thinking it might be a good idea to keep the window open. 我看還是把窗戶開著的好。

　　2)與時間狀語連用。過去進行時可與soon，the next moment，in minutes，minutes later等時間狀語連用，表示一個新的動作剛剛開始，頗有點像轉(zhuǎn)換鏡頭似的。如：

　　(13)Soon the whole town was talking about it. 不久鎮(zhèn)上的人就都談?wù)撈疬@件事了。

　　(14)Ten minutes later he was standing at the window, smoking. 十分鐘后，他已站在窗前，抽著煙。

　　有時亦可不用時間狀語。如：

　　(15)The man sat down, and the judge was calling another name and another man was rising to his feet. 那個人坐下來，法官接著叫下一個名字，于是另一個人站了起來。

　　3)表原因。過去進行時可用來申述原因或用作借口，這種用法常用在口語中。如：

　　(16)She went to her doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her skin. 她昨天去看病了。她患了很麻煩的皮膚病。

　　(17)—Have you finished your homework, Mary? 你的作業(yè)做完了嗎，瑪麗?

　　—No, I was helping my mother in the kitchen all day yesterday. 沒有，我昨天一整天都幫媽媽干廚房活來著。

　　4)表背景。過去進行時可用來為一個或一系列動作的發(fā)生提供背景。如：

　　(18)It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front. 醫(yī)療隊奔赴前線時，天正下著雪。

　　(19)The procession was going. He was standing amidst the crowd looking on. Suddenly a thundering explosion was heard. A turmoil followed. 隊伍在前進。他站在人群中觀看。突然間爆發(fā)出一聲巨響。街上亂成一片。

　　下面例句中的過去進行時亦表背景，但這種過去進行時常用在主句中，后接的when從句中的謂語動詞常用過去一般時，表意外之事。如：

　　(20)I was leaving the office when the telephone rang. 我正要離開辦公室，電話鈴響了。

　　(21)He was crossing the street when he was hit by a bike. 他橫過馬路時被自行車撞了。

　　5)表愿望。過去進行時有時可表過去未實現(xiàn)的愿望或打算，助動詞was須重讀。如：

　　(22)I was coming. 我本要來的

　　(23)I was reading a paper yesterday. 我昨天本要讀論文的。(was須重讀，否則會誤會為真事)

　　(24)Oh dear! I was writing him a letter this morning and forgot all about it. 哎呀!我本打算今天上午給他寫信來著，后來就全給忘了。

　　7.34 過去進行時表其它時間

　　過去進行時除表過去時間外，還可表過去的過去、過去的將來和現(xiàn)在的將來。如：

　　(1)The boy who was standing there ran away. 剛才站在那里的那個男孩跑了。(表過去的過去)

　　(2)He quickly swallowed the food he was chewing. 他很快地將所咀嚼的食物咽了下去。(表過去的過去)

　　(3)He asked the organization to reduce his salary to the original amount he was receiving. 他要求組織將他的工資減少到原來的水平。(表過去的過去)

　　(4)He told her that he was leaving soon. 他告訴她他快走了。(表過去的將來)

　　(5)I was meeting my sister at the station the next day. 第二天我要到車站接妹妹去。(表過去的將來)

　　(6)He said he was coming this evening. 他說他今天晚上來。(表將來)

　　(7)Was it next Sunday they were coming? 他們說是下星期天來嗎?(表將來)

　　十一、將來進行時

　　7.35 將來進行時的形式

　　將來進行時構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　肯定式 疑問式 否定式 疑問否定式

　　I shall be working. Shall I be working? I shall not be working. Shall I not be working?

　　He (She，It) will be working. Will he (she，it) be working? He (She，It) will not be working. Will he (she，it) not be working?

　　We shall be working. Shall we be working? We shall not be working. Shall we not be working?

　　You will be working. Will you be working? You will not be working. Will you not be working?

　　They will be working. Will they be working? They will not be working. Will they not be working?

　　口語中常用縮略式：

　　肯定式 否定式 疑問否定式

　　I’ll be working. I shan’t be working.

　　I’ll not be working. Shan’t I be working?

　　He (She，It) ’ll be working. He (She，It) won’t be working.

　　He (She，It)’ll not be working. Won’t he (she，it) be working?

　　We’ll be working. We shan’t be working.

　　We’ ll not be working. Shan’t we be working?

　　You’ll be working. You won’t be working.

　　You’ ll not be working. Won’t you be working?

　　They’ll be working. They won’t be working.

　　They’ ll not be working. Won’t they be working?

　　[注]在當代英語中，一律用will(或縮略式’ll)。

　　7.24將來進行時的基本用法

　　將來進行時的基本用法是表示在將來某一時間正在進行的動作。這個時態(tài)一般不表意愿，常表已安排好之事，給人一種期待之感。它一般只表離現(xiàn)在較近的將來，與表將來時間狀語連用。如：

　　(1)What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 你明天這時候?qū)⒆鍪裁?

　　(2)I’ll be taking my holidays soon. 我不久將要度假了。

　　(3)The train will be leaving in a second. 火車馬上就開。

　　間或也可以表較遠的將來。如：

　　(4)Maybe nobody will be smoking in fifty years. 50年后，也許就沒有人吸煙了。

　　如上下文已清楚地表明了將來時間，時間狀語亦可省去。如：

　　(5)They will be meeting us at the station. 他們會在車站上接我們的。

　　(6)You’ll be hearing from me. 你就等我的信吧。

　　將來進行時表將來時還有以下一些情況：

　　1)表事情的發(fā)展。將來進行時常表事情的正常發(fā)展，是由客觀情況決定的。如：

　　(7)I’ll be seeing Mr. Smith tomorrow. 我明天將見到史密斯先生。

　　(8)—Would it be any trouble for you to post this letter? 給我郵寄一下這封信對你方便嗎?

　　—No, not at all. I shall be going out presently. 方便，很方便。我反正就要出去。

　　有時這種時態(tài)含有一種附帶的意思，語氣較為委婉。如：

　　(9)Will you be seeing Mary this evening? 你今晚會見到瑪麗嗎?(附帶的意思可能是：如果你今晚看到她的話，那就請你捎個信兒給她好嗎?)

　　(10)I’ll be finishing it . 我一會兒就完了。(附帶的含義可能是：過一會兒你就會拿到它了)

　　2)表原因、結(jié)果和可能。如：

　　(11)Please come tomorrow afternoon. Tomorrow morning I’ll be having meeting. 請你明天下午來吧。明天上午我有一個會。(表原因)

　　(12)You’d better borrow my bike. I won’t be needing it. 你最好借我的自行車吧。我不用。(表原因)

　　(13)It’s no use trying to see him at six this evening, because he’ll be giving a lesson then. 今晚六點鐘去找他不行，他那時要講課。(表原因，后接because從句)

　　(14)If you don’t write, they will be wondering what has happened to you. 你若不寫信，他們就會懷疑你出了什么事。(表結(jié)果，與條件從句連用)

　　(15)If I fail to appear by 7o’clock, I will not be coming at all. 如果我七點鐘不到，我就不會來了。(表結(jié)果，與條件從句連用)

　　(16)Stop the child or he will be falling over. 抓住那孩子，要不他會掉下去。(表結(jié)果，不用條件從句)

　　(17)He will be telling you about it tonight. 他今晚會告訴你這件事。(表可能)

　　(18)The roses will be coming out soon. 玫瑰花很快就會開的。(表可能)

　　(19)I suppose you will be leaving soon. 我估計你快走了吧。(表可能，用于suppose之后)

　　3)表委婉。如：

　　(20)Will you be needing anything else? 你還需要什么嗎?

　　(21)If you will be wanting anything, just let me know. 你如需要什么，盡管告訴我。

　　4)與將來一般時連用，表稍靠后的安排。如：

　　(22)My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Arizona in the US. 我的工作七月結(jié)束，之后我將回到美國亞利桑那州。

　　(23)My brother’ll have to take care of you. I’ll call him today and he’ll be expecting you. 我的兄弟一定會關(guān)照你的。我今天先給他打個電話，然后他就會等你去。

　　[注]在下面的句子中，will是情態(tài)動詞，意謂“大概”或“一定”，不表將要而表現(xiàn)在，常與now連用。如：

　　①They’ll be watching television now. 他們現(xiàn)在大概在看電視呢。

　　②It’s six o’clock. He won’t be working now. 現(xiàn)在六點。他不會在工作。

　　十二、過去將來進行時

　　7.37 過去將來進行時的形式

　　過去將來進行時的構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　肯定式 否定式

　　I should be working. I should not be working.

　　He (She，It) would be working. He (She，It) would not be working.

　　We should be working. We should not be working.

　　You would be working. You would not be working.

　　They would be working. They would not be working.

　　口語中常用縮略式：

　　肯定式 否定式

　　I’d be working. I shouldn’t be working.

　　I’d not be working.

　　He (She，It) ’d be working. He (She，It) wouldn’t be working.

　　He (She，It)’ d not be working.

　　We’d be working. We shouldn’t be working

　　We’ d not be working.

　　You’d be working. You wouldn’t be working.

　　You’ d not be working.

　　They’d be working. They wouldn’t be working.

　　They’ d not be working.

　　[注]在當代英語中，一律用would(或縮略式為’d)。

　　7.38 過去將來進行時的基本用法

　　過去將來進行時表示在過去將來某一時間正在發(fā)生的動作。它常和表過去將來的時間狀語連用，但上下文清楚時，時間狀語亦可省略。和將來進行時一樣，它也常表計劃中的事，不表意愿或打算。它還有一個特點，即常用在賓語從句(尤其是間接引語)中。如：

　　(1)John told us that Mary would be coming next day. 約翰告訴我們瑪麗第二天來。

　　(2)I never realized that some day I would be living in China. 我從未想到將來有一天會在中國居住。

　　(3)She said she would be setting off on the 10 o’clock train. 她說她將乘10點鐘的火車走。

　　過去將來進行時有時也可用在其它從句中。如：

　　(4)The new name he would be using was Jack Jones. 他將用的新名是杰克•瓊斯。(用在定語從句中)

　　(5)He would pay the rest as he would be leaving France. 其余款項，他將在離開法國時付清。(用在狀語從句中)

　　過去將來進行時也可用在獨立句中。如：

　　(6)The car started. Ellen James would be driving off to the university. 車子發(fā)動了。埃倫•詹姆斯要開車到大學(xué)去。

　　十三、現(xiàn)在完成進行時

　　7.39 現(xiàn)在完成進行時的形式

　　現(xiàn)在完成進行時的構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　肯定式 疑問式 否定式 疑問否定式

　　I have been working. Have I been working? I have not been working. Have I not been working?

　　He (She，It) has been working. Has he (she，it) been working? He (She，It) has not been working. Has he (she，it) not been working?

　　We have been working. Have we been working? We have not been working. Have we not been working?

　　You have been working. Have you been working? You have not been working. Have you not been working?

　　They have been working. Have they been working? They have not been working. Have they not been working?

　　口語中常用縮略式：

　　肯定式 否定式 疑問否定式

　　I’ve been working. I haven’t been working.

　　I’ve not been working. Haven’t I been working?

　　He(She，It)’s been working. He (She，It)hasn’t been working.

　　He(She，It)’ s not been working. Hasn’t he been working?

　　We’ve been working We haven’t been working.

　　We’ ve not been working Haven’t we been working?

　　You’ve been working. You haven’t been working.

　　You’ ve not been working Haven’t you been working?

　　They’ve been working. They haven’t been working.

　　They’ ve not been working Haven’t they been working?

　　7.40 現(xiàn)在完成進行時的基本用法

　　現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示動作從過去某一時間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或離現(xiàn)在不遠的時間。其動作是否繼續(xù)下去，則由上下文而定。這個時態(tài)多用于無限動詞，如：live，learn，lie，stay，sit，wait，stand，rest，study等，并常和al this time，this week，this month，all night，all the morning，recently等狀語以及since(自從)和for(經(jīng)歷)所引導(dǎo)的狀語短語或從句連用(since和for連用時，動作常會繼續(xù)下去)。如：

　　(1)What have you been doing all this time? 這半天你干什么來著?(動作可能繼續(xù)下去)

　　(2)I’ve been writing letters all this morning? 我寫了一上午信。(動作不再續(xù)下去)

　　(3)He is ill. He’s been lying in bed for three weeks. 他在病中，已臥床三個星期了。(動作會續(xù)下去)

　　(4)I’ve been puzzling ever since I set eyes on you where I saw you before. 自從我以前在那個地方看見你之后，我一直在納悶兒。(動作可能還在繼續(xù))

　　現(xiàn)在完成進行時和一切進行時態(tài)一樣，往往含有一種臨時性。如：

　　(5)How long have you been living here? 你在這里住了多久啦?(如用現(xiàn)在完成時have lived則無臨時的意義)

　　有時現(xiàn)在完成進行時僅僅比較口語化。如：

　　(6)My mother has been teaching English for twenty years. 我的母親教授英語已20年了。

　　使用現(xiàn)在完成進行時還有以下一些情況。

　　1)表重復(fù)。有時現(xiàn)在完成進行時所表的動作并不是一直在不停地進行，而是在斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地重復(fù)。這時現(xiàn)在完成進行時即可用于非無限動詞。如：

　　(7)I have been bidding goodbye to some places today. 我今天到幾個地方告別了。

　　(8)He’s been scoring plenty of goals this season. 在這個足球季節(jié)里，他踢進了許多球。

　　(9)You’ve been saying that for five years. 這話你已經(jīng)說了有五年了。

　　2)有感情色彩。現(xiàn)在完成進行時和一切進行時態(tài)一樣也可以帶有感情色彩。如：

　　(10)Too much has been happening today. 今天真是一個多事的日子。

　　(11)Fiddlesticks! Who’s been telling you such stuff? 亂彈琴!誰和你說的這些胡話?

　　3)時間狀語的省略?，F(xiàn)在完成進行時在上下文清楚時亦可不用時間狀語。這種現(xiàn)在完成進行時多指“剛才”或“近來”發(fā)生的動作，一般不再繼續(xù)，并往往含有一種直接的結(jié)果。如：

　　(12)You’ve been working too hard. 你的工作太辛苦了。(直接結(jié)果可能是：你一定很累了)

　　(13)Who’s been insulting you? 誰欺侮你了?(對方可能在哭)

　　(14)We have been cleaning the classroom. 我們打掃教室來著。(剛打掃過，直接結(jié)果可能是：我們身上有灰。如用現(xiàn)在完成時have cleaned則不一定是剛才打掃的，也可能是昨天打掃的，其結(jié)果是：教室很清潔，可以用了)

　　有時說話人道出了直接結(jié)果。如：

　　(15)My hands are dirty. I’ve been painting the door. 我的手臟，我在漆門來著。

　　(16)What have you been eating to get as fat as this. 你吃什么啦，怎么這么胖?

　　4)在當代英語中，可用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

　　(17)Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自從上周發(fā)生了那次不幸事故之后，我一直睡得很不好。

　　(18)He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并沒有給我工作過，我和他沒有過那許多接觸。

　　十四、過去完成進行時

　　7.41 過去完成進行時的形式

　　過去完成進行時的構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　肯定式 疑問式 否定式 疑問否定式

　　I had been working. Had I been working? I had not been working. Had I not been working?

　　He (She，It) had been working. Had he (she，it) been working? He (She，It) had not been working. Had he (she，it) not been working?

　　We had been working. Had we been working? We had not been working. Had we not been working?

　　You had been working. Had you been working? You had not been working. Had you not been working?

　　They had been working. Had they been working? They had not been working. Had they not been working?

　　口語中常用縮略式：

　　肯定式 否定式 疑問否定式

　　I’d been working. I hadn’t been working.

　　I’ d not been working. Hadn’t I been working?

　　He(She，It)’d been working. He (She，It)hadn’t been working.

　　He(She，It)’ d not been working. Hadn’t he been working?

　　We’d been working We hadn’t been working.

　　We’ d not been working Hadn’t we been working?

　　You’d been working. You hadn’t been working.

　　You’d not been working Hadn’t you been working?

　　They’d been working. They hadn’t been working.

　　They’d not been working Hadn’t they been working?

　　7.42 過去完成進行時的基本用法

　　過去完成進行時表示動作在過去某一時間之前開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間。動作是否繼續(xù)下去，概由上下文而定。和過去完成時一樣，過去完成進行時也必須以一過去時間為前提。如：

　　(1)I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 這個東西，我找了很多天才找著。

　　(2)They’d only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came. 他們只等了不多一會兒，公共汽車就來了。

　　(3)The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered. 電話響了三分鐘才有人接。

　　如果上下文清楚，過去時間也可省去。如：

　　(4)He was tired. He’d been working all day. 他累了。他工作了一整天。

　　(5)The doctor asked what he had been eating. 醫(yī)生問他吃什么來著。

　　和過去完成時一樣，過去完成進行時亦可后接具有“突然”意義的when從句(此句用過去一般時)。如：

　　(6)I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in. 我剛看了幾分鐘書他就進來了。

　　(7)She’d only been studying her lesson for ten minutes when her little sister interrupted her. 她溫習(xí)功課不過十分鐘，她的小妹妹就把她打斷了。

　　十五、將來完成進行時

　　7.43 將來完成進行時的形式

　　將來完成進行時的構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　肯定式 疑問式 否定式 疑問否定式

　　I shall have been working. Shall I have been working? I shall not have been working. Shall I not have been working?

　　He (She，It) will have been working. Will he (she，it) have been working? He (She，It) will not have been working. Will he (she，it) not have been working?

　　We shall have been working. Shall we have been working? We shall not have been working. Shall we not have been working?

　　You will have been working. Will you have been working? You will not have been working. Will you not have been working?

　　They will have been working. Will they have been working? They will not have been working. Will they not have been working?

　　7.44 將來完成進行時的基本用法

　　將來完成進行時表示動作從某一時間開始一直延續(xù)到將來某一時間。是否繼續(xù)下去，要視上下文而定。這個時態(tài)常和表示將來某一時間的狀語連用。如：

　　(1)I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year. 到今年底，我將在這個工廠工作了20年了。

　　(2)If we don’t hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there. 咱們?nèi)绮豢煲稽c兒，等我們到了那兒，店門就會關(guān)了。

　　(3)The play I coming off in August. By then the play will have been running for three months. 這個劇將于8月停演。到那時為止，這個劇將連演三個月了。

　　[注]在下面的句子中，will是情態(tài)助動詞，有“大概”或“我料想”的含義。如：

　?、資ou’ll have been wondering all this time how my invention works. 我想你這些時候一直想知道我的發(fā)明是怎樣工作的吧。

　?、赥hey will have been having a holiday yesterday. 他們昨天大概是在度假來著。

　　十六、過去將來完成進行時

　　7.45 過去將來完成進行時的形式

　　過去將來完成進行時的構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　肯定式 否定式

　　I should have been working. I should not have been working.

　　He (She，It) would have been working. He (She，It) would not have been working.

　　We should have been working. We should not have been working.

　　You would have been working. You would not have been working.

　　They would have been working. They would not have been working.

　　7.46 過去將來完成進行時的基本用法

　　過去將來完成進行時表動作從過去某一時間開始一直延續(xù)到過去將來某一時間。動作是否繼續(xù)下去，由上下文決定。如：

　　(1)He said that by the end of the Spring term he would have been studying English for three years. 他說到了春季(即下)學(xué)期末，他將學(xué)了三年英語了。

　　[注]在下面句子中的would是情態(tài)動詞，有“大概”或“一定”的含義。如：

　?、?ldquo;What interesting job have you found?” Helen asked him; he knew she would have been thinking about it. “你找到什么有趣的工作啦?”海倫向他問道。他知道海倫一定會一直想這件事的。