薄冰英語語法 第七章 動詞的時態(tài)(21-31)

　　六、過去完成時

　　7.21過去完成時的形式

　　過去完成時構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　肯定式 疑問式 否定式 疑問否定式

　　I had worked. Had I worked? I had not worked. Had I not worked?

　　He (She，It) had worked. Had he (she，it) worked? He (She，It) had not worked. Had he (she，it) not worked?

　　We had worked. Had we worked? We had not worked. Had we not worked?

　　You had worked. Had you worked? You had not worked. Had you not worked?

　　They had worked. Had they worked? They had not worked. Had they not worked?

　　口語中常用縮略式：

　　肯定式 否定式 疑問否定式

　　I’d /aid/ worked. I hadn’t /’h?? dnt/ worked.

　　I’d not worked. Hadn’t I worked?

　　He’d /hi:d/ worked. He hadn’t worked.

　　He’ d not worked. Hadn’t he worked?

　　She’d /?i:d/ worked. She hadn’t worked.

　　She’ d not worked. Hadn’t she worked

　　It’d /’it??d/ worked. It hadn’t worked.

　　It’ d not worked. Hadn’t it worked?

　　We’d /w i:d/ worked We hadn’t worked.

　　We’ d not worked Hadn’t we worked?

　　You’d /ju:d/ worked. You hadn’t worked.

　　You’ d not worked Hadn’t you worked?

　　They’d /?eid/?worked. They hadn’t worked.

　　They’ d not worked Hadn’t they worked?

　　7.21過去完成時的基本用法

　　過去完成時的基本用法與現(xiàn)在完成時相似，所不同的是：現(xiàn)在完成時的動作須在現(xiàn)在以前完成，過去完成時的動作須在過去某一時間以前完成，也就是說發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。既然過去完成時的動作發(fā)生在過去某一時間之前，那么，使用過去完成時就非先有這樣一個過去某一時間不可。如：

　　(1)I had finished my homework before supper. 我在晚飯前把作業(yè)做完了。

　　句中的supper即是過去某一時間，而過去完成時had finished這一動作就是在supper之前完成的。如果只說I had finished my homework. 聽者就會覺得難以理解。由此可見，過去完成時可以說是一個相對時態(tài)，它不能離開過去時間而獨立存在。再如：

　　(2)By the end of that year Henry had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps. 到那年年底，亨利已收集了一千多張外國郵票。(過去時間是the end of that year)

　　(3)When we got there the basketball match had already started. 我們到那里時，籃球賽已經(jīng)開始了。(過去時間是when從句)

　　但過去某一時間也可以暗含在上下文中而不表示出來。比如說，我本是來和對方談?wù)碌?，但一見面卻談起家常而把正事忘了。這時我就可以說：

　　(4)Oh, I had forgotten. 噢，我忘了。(“談家常”就是過去某一時間)

　　再如：

　　(5)The roads were full of people. We hadn’t foreseen that. 路上都是人。這是我們事先未料到的。(過去時間顯然暗含在前一句中)

　　(6)A small boy and his smaller sister had got an apple each. The boy had eaten his apple. The girl had still hers. 一個小男孩和他的小妹妹都得到一個蘋果。男孩已把蘋果吃掉，女孩還沒有吃。(這是一個故事的開頭。過去時間暗含在第三句中。過去完成時作鋪墊用)

　　過去完成時表過去的過去時還有以下一些情況。

　　1)后跟when，than，before等引導的內(nèi)含過去一般時的從句，有時從句是全句的重點。如：

　　(7)He had only just reached home when a man called to see him. 他剛到家就有人找他。(when在此有“突然”的含義)

　　(8)No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain. 我們剛離開家就開始下雨了。

　　(9)I had not gone much farther before I caught them up. 我沒有走多遠就趕上他們了。(如說Before I had gone much farther, I caught them up. 重點則在主句)

　　2)常用在過去一般時之后的間接引語中。如：

　　(10)He told me that he had seen the film the day before. 他跟我說他前一天看過那個電影了。

　　但有時也可以說：

　　(11)He said he had seen the film yesterday. 他說他昨天看過那個電影了。

　　例(10)中的the day before是合乎語法規(guī)則的。例(11)中的yesterday似乎不甚合乎語法，但在實際生活中并不罕見。對yesterday解釋有二：一是yesterday等于the day before，指主句謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的前一天，這是一種不夠嚴謹?shù)恼f法。另一種解釋是yesterday等于說話人說話時刻的“昨天”。應(yīng)作哪一種解釋，須視上下文而定。與yesterday類似的還有ago一詞。如：

　　(12)Five minutes ago they’d tried to run away. 五分鐘前，他們試圖逃跑。(根據(jù)上下文，five minutes ago是以說話人說話時刻為準的。但如孤立地看，它就會有歧義了)

　　當然，間接引語如有具體年月日，就不會有任何歧義，如：

　　(13)He believed that he had been born in 1944 or 1945. 他認為他出生于1944或1945年。(由于有具體的過去時間，可用was代替had been。二者無甚區(qū)別，只是前者較為簡便，后者較為正規(guī)而已)

　　3)與其它時態(tài)連用。與過去一般時連用，在時間先后方面，共有三種情況。如：

　　(14)The rain had stopped and the air was clean. 雨停了，空氣清新。(過去完成時先于過去一般時)

　　(15)As they talked, they had reached a house in a dark street. 他們說著話就走到了黑暗街道上的一所房屋前。(過去完成時與過去一般時同時)

　　(16)When the book was published, he had become the most popular writer of the time. 此書出版以后，他就成為當時最受歡迎的作家了。(過去完成時后于過去一般時)

　　過去完成時也可與過去進行時連用。如：

　　(17)The opera troupe had come, they were preparing for the night show. 歌劇團已到，他們正在準備晚上的演出。

　　過去完成時也常與另一過去完成時連用。如：

　　(18)She had nursed her father in that room when she had been but a baby. 她在那個房間護理她的父親，那時她還是只是個孩子。

　　過去完成時與現(xiàn)在時態(tài)連用的情況亦值得注意。用這種過去完成時時，其所依附的“過去某一時間”常為讀者所知，故省去不表。如：

　　(19)Chekhov is well know to Chinese readers, and had exerted a positive influence on many Chinese writers. 契訶夫?qū)χ袊x者來說是非常熟悉的，他曾經(jīng)對許多中國作家產(chǎn)生過積極影響。(過去完成時had exerted與現(xiàn)在一般時is連用。二者有一時隔)

　　過去完成時亦可與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。如：

　　(20)Many high-wire walkers have died on their last step, thinking they had made it. 許多走繩索者死在最后一走上，這時他們認為已經(jīng)表演成功了。(“過去某一時間”表現(xiàn)在thinking)

　　4)表愿望。過去完成時有時表一種未實現(xiàn)的愿望或想法，過去時間往往由過去一般時所表達。如：

　　(21)I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想來，但有事就沒有來。

　　(22)I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想發(fā)言，可是時間不允許。

　　5)表倒敘。過去完成時常用來倒敘過去某一時間之前所發(fā)生的一系列事件。如：

　　(23)The Reds also knew about Shih Ta-kai and that the main cause of his defeat had been a costly delay. Arriving at the banks of the Tatu, Prince Shih had paused for three days to honour the birth of his son—an imperial prince. Those days of rest had given his enemy the chance to concentrate against him, and to make the swift marches in his rear that blocked his line of retreat. Realizing his mistake too late, Prince Shih had tried to break the enemy encirclement, but it was impossible to manoeuvre in the narrow terrain of the defiles, and he was erased from the map. 紅軍也是知道石達開的，知道他失敗的主要原因是坐失良機。石達開到達大渡河河岸以后，因為得子——小王爺——而慶祝了三日，這就使敵人有時機集中兵力，迅速開到他的后方，切斷他的退路。石達開發(fā)覺自己的錯誤時，已經(jīng)晚了。他企圖突圍，但終因在狹隘的峽谷中無法用兵而被消滅。

　　6)表強調(diào)動作的完成。過去完成時有時并不用于倒敘表“過去的過去”，而只是強調(diào)一過去時間的動作的完成，并往往有“突然”、“快速”等含義。這種過去完成時往往有時間狀語。一種狀語是now，by now，then，by then等，但這些時間狀語?？捎缮舷挛目闯?，故可省去不用。如：

　　(24)We had then been without sleep for twenty-four hours. 這時我們已有24小時沒有合眼了。

　　(25)In the outer office a door slammed. Nelson Chase had come to work. 只聽得外面辦公室砰的一聲，納爾遜•蔡斯來上班了。

　　另一種時間狀語是表過去將來的，如soon，ten minutes later，in two weeks等。如：

　　(26)I had soon told the story. 我很快就講完了故事。

　　(27)Five minutes later, they had left the building. 五分鐘后，他們離開了大樓。

　　正如現(xiàn)在完成時可表“將來”一樣，過去完成時亦可表“過去的將來”。如：

　　(28)He said he would come as soon as he had finished his work. 他說他一干完活就來。(had finished表“過去的將來”)

　　注意英語表“過去的過去”以前的時間，仍用過去完成時。如：

　　(29)She told me she’d been happier than she’d ever been before. 她告訴我這一段時間她比以往都要愉快。(第一個had been表“過去的過去”，第二個had been表“過去的過去的過去”)

　　七、將來完成時

　　7.23將來完成時的形式

　　將來完成時的構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　肯定式 疑問式 否定式 疑問否定式

　　I shall have worked. Shall I have worked? I shall not have worked. Shall I not have worked?

　　He (She，It) will have worked. Will he (she，it) have worked? He (She，It) will not have worked. Will he (she，it) not have worked?

　　We shall have worked. Shall we have worked? We shall not have worked. Shall we not have worked?

　　You will have worked. Will you have worked? You will not have worked. Will you not have worked?

　　They will have worked. Will they have worked? They will not have worked. Will they not have worked?

　　口語中常用縮略式：

　　肯定式 否定式 疑問否定式

　　I’ll have worked. I shan’t have worked.

　　I’ll not have worked. Shan’t I have worked?

　　He (She，It) ’ll have worked. He (She，It) won’t have worked.

　　He (She，It)’ll not have worked. Won’t he (she，it) have worked?

　　We’ll have worked. We shan’t have worked.

　　We’ ll not have worked. Shan’t we have worked?

　　You’ll have worked. You won’t have worked.

　　You’ ll not have worked. Won’t you have worked?

　　They’ll have worked. They won’t have worked.

　　They’ ll not have worked. Won’t they have worked?

　　[注]在當代英語中，一律用will(或縮略式’ll)。

　　7.24將來完成時的基本用法

　　將來完成時表示在將來某一時間之前完成的動作，并往往對將來某一時間產(chǎn)生影響。它常與表將來時間狀語連用。如：

　　(1)I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week. 我將在本周未前讀完這本書。

　　(2)Before long, he will have forgotten all about the matter. 過不久，他很快就會把這件事全然忘記的。

　　有時可與ever，never，soon等時間狀語連用。如：

　　(3)Will you soon have finished laying the table? 你會快點把餐具擺好嗎?

　　(4)Will they ever have done with their talking? 他們談話還有完沒有?

　　將來完成時往往可和時間或條件狀語從句連用。如：

　　(5)When I have done that, I shall have done all I was supposed to do. 我做完這件事，就做了我全部應(yīng)做的事了。

　　(6)If you come at seven o’clock, I shall not yet have finished dinner. 你如七點鐘來，我還沒有吃完晚飯哩。

　　[注]在下面的句子中，will是情態(tài)動詞，有“大概”或“料想是”等含義，并無“將要”的意思：

　　①You will have heard the news, so I need not repeat it. 你們一定已經(jīng)聽到消息了，所以我就沒有必要重復(fù)了。

　?、赥hey will have received our letter now. 他們這時一定收到我們的信了。

　　八、過去將來完成時

　　7.25過去將來完成時的形式

　　過去將來完成時的構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　肯定式 否定式

　　I should have worked. I should not have worked.

　　He (She，It) would have worked. He (She，It) would not have worked.

　　We should have worked. We should not have worked.

　　You would have worked. You would not have worked.

　　They would have worked. They would not have worked.

　　口語中常用縮略式：

　　肯定式 否定式

　　I’d have worked. I shouldn’t have worked.

　　I’d not have worked.

　　He (She，It) ’d have worked. He (She，It) wouldn’t have worked.

　　He (She，It)’ d not have worked.

　　We’d have worked. We shouldn’t have worked.

　　We’ d not have worked.

　　You’d have worked. You wouldn’t have worked.

　　You’ d not have worked.

　　They’d have worked. They wouldn’t have worked.

　　They’ d not have worked.

　　[注]在當代英語中，大都用would(縮略式為’d)。

　　7.25過去將來完成時的基本用法

　　過去將來完成時表示在過去將來某一時間以前發(fā)生的動作，并往往會對過去將來某一時間產(chǎn)生影響。它常和表過去將來的時間狀語連用。如：

　　(1)The party would have arrived by four o’clock. 這一行人將于4時前到達。

　　(2)The day was drawing near when we would have completed the reservoir. 我們水庫完工的日子不遠了。

　　(3)He said he would have done with my camera by the end of next month. 他說到下月底就不用我的照相機了。

　　[注]在下面的句子中，would是情態(tài)動詞，有“大概”或“料想是”等含義，并無“將要”的意思：

　?、買 want you thinking of food and wine, because these last years would have been miserable for you. 我要你只想吃喝，因為最近幾年你的生活想是夠苦的。

　?、赥hat would have been rather difficult. 那大概是相當不容易的吧。

　　九、現(xiàn)在進行時

　　7.27現(xiàn)在進行時的形式

　　現(xiàn)在進行時的構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　肯定式 疑問式 否定式 疑問否定式

　　I am working. Am I working? I am not working. Am I not working?

　　He (She，It) is working. Is he (she，it) working? He (She，It) is not working. Is he (she，it) not working?

　　We are working. Are we working? We are not working. Are we not working?

　　You are working. Are you working? You are not working. Are you not working?

　　They are working. Are they working? They are not working. Are they not working?

　　口語中常用縮略式：

　　肯定式 否定式 疑問否定式

　　I’m /aim/ working. I’m not working.

　　He’s /hi:z/ working. He isn’t /’iznt/ working.

　　He’ s not working. Isn’t he working?

　　She’s /?i:z/ working. She isn’t working.

　　She’ s not working. Isn’t she working?

　　It’s /’its/ working. It isn’t working.

　　It’ s not working. Isn’t it working?

　　We’re /w i? / working. We aren’t /???nt/ working.

　　We’ re not working. Aren’t we working?

　　You’re /ju?? / working. You aren’t working.

　　You’ re not working. Aren’t you working?

　　They’re /?ei????? working. They aren’t working.

　　They’ re not working. Aren’t they working?

　　7.28 現(xiàn)在進行時的基本用法

　　現(xiàn)在進行時的基本用法是表現(xiàn)在(即說話人的說話時刻)正在進行的動作，可在now，at present，at this moment，these days等時間狀語連用，也可不用時間狀語。如：

　　(1)What are you doing now, John? 你現(xiàn)在正在干什么呢，約翰?

　　(2)Where are you going? 你上哪兒去?

　　(3)The telephone is ringing, would you answer it. 電話鈴響了，請你接一下，好嗎?

　　有時現(xiàn)在進行時所表的動作并不一定在說話人的說話時刻進行，而是在包括說話時刻在內(nèi)的一段時間當中進行。如：

　　(4)George is translating a book now. 喬治現(xiàn)在在翻譯一本書。

　　說話人說這句話時，喬治不一定正在翻譯，可能在做別的事。但在包括“說話時刻”在內(nèi)的一段時間當中，喬治確是在從事翻譯。再如：

　　(5)—What are you doing? 你在干什么?

　　—I’m not doing anything at present. 我現(xiàn)在什么也不干。

　　現(xiàn)在進行時有時可用來與過去對比。如：

　　(6)He is speaking English much more fluently than he used to. 他的英語講得比過去流利多了。

　　現(xiàn)在進行時表現(xiàn)在時還有以下一些情況。

　　1)表重復(fù)。少數(shù)瞬間動詞表不斷重復(fù)的動作。如：

　　(7)The boy is jumping with joy. 那男孩高興得在跳呢。

　　(8)Someone is knocking. 有人敲門。

　　除jump，knock外，瞬間動詞還有kick，hit，nod，tap，wink，cough，shoot，drop等。主語如為復(fù)形名詞，某些動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時往往有“不斷”或“一個接一個”的含義。如：

　　(9)Men are dropping with malaria, dysentery and simple starvation. 士兵們由于瘧疾、疾病或僅僅因為饑餓一個接一個地倒下了去。

　　(10)Ours is an epoch in which heroes are coming forward in multitudes. 我們的時代是一個英雄輩出的時代。

　　但有些表示短暫動作的動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時則是表動作的開始。如：

　　(11)The ambulance is arriving. 救護車就來。

　　(12)The sun is setting. 太陽開始落山了。

　　有些動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時則表動作即將結(jié)束。如：

　　(13)He is dying. 他奄奄一息了。

　　(14)The fruit is ripening. 這果子快熟了。

　　2)表目前情況。現(xiàn)在進行時可用來表示一種臨時或目前的情況或措施，這是因為現(xiàn)在進行時所延續(xù)的時間一般都比較有限的緣故。如：

　　(15)We usually have breakfast at 7, but during the holidays we’ve having it at 8. 平常我們是七點吃早餐，但放假期間就改到八點了。

　　(16)I’m not sleeping well. I want to take a holiday. 近日我睡覺不好。我想休假。

　　3)用于描寫?，F(xiàn)在進行時常用來描寫一種狀態(tài)，往往顯得生動，具有感情色彩。如：

　　(17)I am missing you dreadfully. 我非常思念你。

　　(18)She is always helping me in the kitchen. 她總是幫我干廚房活。(表表揚)

　　(19)Now, that boy is again whistling his infernal melodies. 喏，那小子又打口哨吹起他那些該死的曲兒來了。(表厭惡)

　　這種現(xiàn)在進行時由于具有描寫性，所以它有時在句中可以和形容詞并列。如：

　　(20)He is unconscious and groaning. 他失去了知覺。不停地呻吟著。

　　4)用于闡釋或歸納。現(xiàn)在進行時常用來闡釋或歸納前面說的話。這種現(xiàn)在進行時的語氣往往較強。如：

　　(21)When I say that, I’m thinking of the students. 我這樣說是為學生著想。(表原因，解釋when I say that)

　　(22)He is busy. He is writing a letter. 他有事。他在寫信。(描寫前句)

　　(23)She was silent, she was saying much. 她默不作聲，這反而意義深長。(表結(jié)果，有歸納或總結(jié)之意)

　　5)與狀語連用。現(xiàn)在進行時除與now，at present等時間狀語連用外，還常與only，merely，simply，really，actually，certainly，fast，rapidly，slowly，finally，steadily，constantly，continually，always，for ever，all the time等詞語連用。如：

　　(24)I am only joking. 我只是開個玩笑。

　　(25)John is always coming late. 約翰老是遲到。

　　(26)I’m simply loving it here. 我簡直愛上了這兒的一切。

　　(27)Trade between the two countries is finally beginning to take off. 兩國之間終于開始進行貿(mào)易了。

　　6)用于從句。現(xiàn)在進行時可用于狀語、賓語、定語等從句。如：

　　(28)We are suffering while they are expanding. 我們受苦，他們卻在興旺發(fā)達。(用于時間狀語從句)

　　(29)If he is doing this, he is doing wrong. 假如他在做此事，那他就做錯了。(用于條件狀語從句)

　　[注]除非是為了表強調(diào)和對比，主句與狀語從句應(yīng)避免都使用進行時態(tài)。

　　(30)You don’t know what you are talking about. 你在說什么，你自己也不知道。(動詞know后的賓語從句的謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在進行時)

　　(31)They talk and they don’t realize what they’re saying. 他們肯說，但他們卻不知道自己說些什么。(用于賓語從句，此處的現(xiàn)在進行時are saying，不一定表現(xiàn)在)

　　(32)The man who is standing there is my uncle. 站在那里的那個人是我的叔叔。(用于定語從句)

　　(33)What’s that you’re holding in your hand? 你手里拿著的是什么?(用于定語從句)

　　(34)Sound is produced when the air which is being forced up from the lungs puts the vocal chords into vibration. 從肺部發(fā)生的氣，震動了聲帶，即發(fā)出聲音。(用于定語從句，現(xiàn)在進行時is being forced up從屬于現(xiàn)在一般時puts，并不表說話時的現(xiàn)在)

　　7)無限動詞用于現(xiàn)在進行時。無限動詞常用現(xiàn)在一般時表現(xiàn)在，但如為了表現(xiàn)生動，亦可用現(xiàn)在進行時。如：

　　(35)There’s a lady in the picture. She’s lying in a couch. 畫中有一位貴婦人。她躺在睡椅上。

　　(36)What are you waiting for? 你等什么呢?(當代英語在此似乎很少用現(xiàn)在一般時wait)

　　9)靜態(tài)動詞用于現(xiàn)在進行時。靜態(tài)動詞常用現(xiàn)在一般時表現(xiàn)在，但也可用現(xiàn)在進行時表臨時性、能動性或生動性。如：

　　(37)We are having a cold wave these days. 這些天我們正遇上了寒流。(臨時性)

　　(38)They’re seeing an English film now. 他們正在看一部英語電影。(能動性，seeing等于watching)

　　(39)How are you feeling today? 你今天感覺如何?(生動親切)

　　“am，is，are+現(xiàn)在分詞”亦表臨時性。如：

　　(40)You are not being polite. 你這可不大客氣呀。

　　有時則表“有意如此”。如：

　　(41)Jeremy was being slow, and I remember wondering why he was being slow. S杰里米有意慢慢騰騰(平時并非如此)，我記得曾對此感到納悶。

　　某些靜態(tài)動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時亦有“開始”的含義。如：

　　(42)I’m forgetting my French. 我的法語荒疏了。

　　(43)How are you liking Beijing? 你覺得北京如何?(問初步印象)

　　有些表心理活動的靜態(tài)動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時可表委婉、客氣。如：

　　(44)I’m hoping that you will come and have a chat with me. 我倒希望你來聊聊天。

　　7.29 現(xiàn)在進行時表將來

　　現(xiàn)在進行時除表現(xiàn)在外，還可以表將來。現(xiàn)在進行時表將來時常有“意圖”、“安排”(但不是固定不變的)或“打算”的含義。這種現(xiàn)在進行時比較生動，給人一種期待感。它常表最近或較近的將來。所用動詞多是轉(zhuǎn)移動詞。如：

　　(1)I’m going. 我要走了。

　　(2)I’m leaving tomorrow. 我明天要走了。

　　(3)When are you starting? 你什么時候動身?

　　表將來的現(xiàn)在進行時除用于轉(zhuǎn)移動詞外，亦可用于某些非轉(zhuǎn)移動詞。如：

　　(4)I’m meeting you after class. 課后我找你。

　　(5)What are you doing next Sunday? 下星期天你打算干什么?

　　(6)She is buying a new bike soon. 她不久將買一輛新自行車。

　　但偶爾也表較遠的將來。如：

　　(7)When I grow up, I’m joining the army. 我長大了要參軍。

　　表將來的現(xiàn)在進行時有時含有“決心”的意思，多用在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

　　(8)I’m not going. 我不走了。

　　(9)I’m not waiting any longer. 我不再等了。

　　有時也用在肯定結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

　　(10)I’m backing cut. 我要打退堂鼓了。

　　用這種現(xiàn)在進行時與對方講話時可變成命令，不過語氣比較溫和。如：

　　(11)You’re staying. 你留下吧。

　　(12)Don’t forget: you are part too. 不要忘記：你也要參加。

　　同現(xiàn)在一般時一樣，現(xiàn)在進行時也可在時間、條件或原因狀語從句中表將來。如：

　　(13)When you are passing my way, please drop in. 你什么時候路過我家，請進來坐。(用于時間狀語從句)

　　(14)If they are not doing it, what am I to do? 假如他們不干，那我該怎么辦呢?(用于條件狀語從句)

　　(15)She’s going to the dentist tomorrow because she’s having a tooth filled. 她明天要去看牙醫(yī)，因為她要補牙。

　　表將來的現(xiàn)在進行時也可用在間接引語中，表示說話人相信它將是事實。如：

　　(16)He said he is going tomorrow. 他說他明天走。

　　表將來的現(xiàn)在進行時有時從屬于將來時態(tài)。如：

　　(17)On election night we’ll be telling you what’s happening in various places in this country. 到了選舉的夜晚，我們將把全國各地的情況告訴大家。(is happening從屬于將來進行時will be telling)

　　(18)When I have the time, I’ll come down to the school to see how you’re both doing. 我有空時，會來學校看你們倆的學習情況的。(are doing從屬于will come down)

　　7.30 現(xiàn)在進行時表過去

　　現(xiàn)在進行時在時間上橫跨著過去、現(xiàn)在和將來，所以這不但可表現(xiàn)在和將來，也可以表離現(xiàn)在較近的過去。如：

　　(1)What are you talking about? 你這是說些什么呀?

　　(2)I’m forgetting my umbrella! 我差點兒把傘忘了!

　　(3)Every word I’m telling you is true. 我跟你說的每一句話都是實話。

　　7.31 現(xiàn)在進行時表經(jīng)常

　　有時現(xiàn)在進行時并不表具體時間，而是泛指一切時間。這種現(xiàn)在進行時比較生動，也比較口語化。如：

　　(1)Whenever I see him, he’s reading. 我無論什么時候看到他，他都在讀書。

　　(2)Let a person go away with small acts of dishonesty, and soon he is committing greater ones. 放過一個人的小的欺騙行為，他不久就會進行大的欺騙勾當。

　　(3)When children are doing nothing, they are doing mischief. 孩子閑著無事時就會淘氣。(這里主句與從句皆用進行時態(tài)為了強調(diào))

　　表客觀事實的句子用現(xiàn)在進行時也是為了生動，往往和表經(jīng)常的副詞連用。如：

　　(4)The river is constantly flowing in to the sea. 此河不斷流入大海。

　　(5)The earth is a ball that is always turning round. 地球是一個球體，它不停地旋轉(zhuǎn)。