6.1 動詞的定義和特征
動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞。如:
walk 行走,play 玩,sleep 睡覺,live 生活,like 喜歡,know 知道,consist 包含,resemble 相似。
動詞和名詞、代詞一樣,也有人稱和數(shù)的變化。謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)一般必須與主語的人稱和數(shù)一致。
英語動詞是詞類中最復(fù)雜的一種。它的主要語法特征是:
1)時態(tài)(tense)
特殊的動詞尾或有關(guān)的助動詞,用以表示動作的時間和方面。
2)語態(tài)(voice)
特殊的動詞形式,用以表示動詞的主語和賓語之間的關(guān)系,即主語是施事者或是受事者。
3)語氣(mood)
特殊的動詞形式,用以表示說話人對所說事物的態(tài)度。所說的話可能是事實,也可能是命令或請求,也可能是愿望、假設(shè)、懷疑、建議、猜測、純粹的空想等。
4)體(aspect)
動詞本身內(nèi)含的動作方面,有動態(tài)與靜態(tài)。靜態(tài)包括內(nèi)心活動、各種感覺和感情等。動態(tài)有瞬間、有限、無限、重復(fù)等方面。
6.2 動詞的種類
動詞的種類比較復(fù)雜,大致可以根據(jù)其在句中的功用分為及物動詞與不及物動詞,連系動詞介乎二者之間,反身動詞則是一種特殊的及物動詞。其次,還可以根據(jù)其詞義和其在謂語中的作用分為實義動詞與助動詞、情態(tài)動詞。第三,還可以根據(jù)其與主語的關(guān)系分為限定動詞與非限定動詞。最后還有一種由動詞與介詞、副詞組成的短語動詞。
1)及物動詞(transitive verb)與不及物動詞(intransitive verb)。及物動詞要求有直接賓語。如:
(1)John Ford himself opened to door to me. 約翰•福特親自給我開門。
不及物動詞則不需要賓語。如:
(2)The car stopped. 車停了。
只有及物動詞可用在被動語態(tài)。如:
(3)The meeting will be held in the town hall. 會議將在市政大廳舉行。
及物動詞可以有一個或兩個(直接和間接)賓語或復(fù)合賓語。如:
(4)Mist clothed the hills. 薄霧罩著山丘。
(5)She gave him the first injection. 她給他打了第一針。(兩個賓語,him為間接賓語,the first injection為直接賓語)
(6)They elected Nixon President. 他們選尼克松當(dāng)總統(tǒng)。(Nixon和President為復(fù)合賓語)
許多動詞既可用作及物動詞,又可用作不及物動詞。如:
(7)He turned his horse’s head and rode away. 他掉轉(zhuǎn)馬頭騎著走了。
(8)Tom turned towards Maggie. 湯姆轉(zhuǎn)身向著瑪吉。
有些不及物動詞有時可用作及物動詞。如:
(9)He walked the horse to and fro. 他來回遛馬。
有些不及物動詞用作及物動詞時可后接同源賓語。如:
(10)Morel dreamed an extraordinary dream last night. 莫雷爾昨晚作了一個怪夢。
有些動詞形式相似,但一為及物動詞,一為不及物動詞,它們有l(wèi)ay(放)與lie(躺),raise(舉)與rise(升),set(放)與sit(坐)等。如:
(11)They’ve raised a statue in memory of Robert Burs. 他們?yōu)榧o(jì)念羅伯特•彭斯建立了一座雕像。
(12)The kite rises in the sky. 風(fēng)箏在空中升起。
有些及物動詞常用作不及物動詞以表示被動意義,這時主語往往是物而不是人。如:
(13)The hooks sold out in a week. 這些書一周內(nèi)就售完了。(等于were sold out)
2)連系動詞(link verb)。連系動詞是一個表示謂語關(guān)系的動詞。它必須后接表語(通常為名詞或形容詞)
be是最基本的連系動詞。如:
(14)It is not late. 時間不晚了。(表語為形容詞)
(15)Shelley was an atheist. 雪萊是一個無神論者。(表語為名詞)
(16)He had been in Germany for five years. 他曾在德國待了五年。(表語為介詞短語)
(17)My idea is to go there right today. 我的意見是今天就去那兒。(表語為不定式短語)
(18)The problem is finding the right house. 問題在于找到合適的房子。(表語為動名詞短語)
(19)That was what she die this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今天上午到閣樓后干的事。(表語為從句)
常用的連系動詞還有appear(出現(xiàn)),become(變成),get(成為),look(看上去),remain(仍是),seem(看似)等。如:
(20)Gradually he become silent. 他逐漸變得沉默寡言。
(21)Thenny’s face remained expressionless. 坦尼的臉部仍是毫無表情。
表感覺和知覺的動詞也可以是連系動詞,有feel(感覺),taste(嘗),smell(嗅),sound(聽起來)等。如:
(22)The dish smells good. 這道菜氣味好。
(23)His explanation sounds all right. 他的解釋聽起來有道理。
有些可以和形容詞連用的動詞也屬于連系動詞,有blow open(吹開),blush red(臉發(fā)紅),break loose(掙脫出來),grow worse(變得更壞),fall ill(生病),prove wrong(證明錯了),stand quiet(靜立),turn pale(臉發(fā)白)等。
3)反身動詞(reflexive verb)。反身動詞相當(dāng)于及物動詞,通常以反身動詞為賓語。如:
(24)She always prides herself on her cooking. 她經(jīng)常為她的廚藝感到驕傲。
(25)He availed himself of the opportunity to speak to her. 他利用此機(jī)會對她說話。
有些反身動詞不用反身代詞作賓語,但也具有反身意義。如:
(26)Jane hid in the closet. 珍妮藏在壁櫥里。
(27)We dressed like the villagers. 我們的打扮像村民。
4)實義動詞(notional verb)與助動詞(auxiliary verb)、情態(tài)動詞(modal verb)。實義動詞意義完全,能獨(dú)立用作謂語。如:
(28)The night crept gently into the hollows of the hills. 黑夜輕輕地蔓延到山谷。
(29)The burglar broke the window. 小偷打破了窗戶。
助動詞本身無詞匯意義,不能單獨(dú)用作謂語。它們有do,be,have,shall (should),will (would)等。它們在句中與實義動詞一起構(gòu)成各種時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣以及否定和疑問結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(30)The child is crying because he’s been stung by a bee. 那小孩在哭,因為他被蜜蜂螫了。(用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時)
(31)She had been ill for two days when we learned about it. 她生病兩天以后我們才知道。(用過去完成時)
(32)The idea was given up years ago. 這個念頭好幾年前就打消了。(用于被動語態(tài))
(33)I wish he hadn’t gone. 我希望他沒走就好了。(用于虛擬語氣)
(34)I don’t care what she thinks. 我不在乎她想什么。(用于否定結(jié)構(gòu))
(35)When do we meet again? 什么時候我們再會?(用于疑問結(jié)構(gòu))
情態(tài)動詞詞義不完全,在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語,只能與實義動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語;它們有shall,should,will,would,can,could,may,might,must,dare,need,ought to等。如:
(36)You should always wash your hands before you eat. 你應(yīng)該經(jīng)常在吃飯前洗手。
(37)A frightened bear will maul campers. 受驚的熊會把野營者咬傷的。
(38)George can speak several languages. 喬治能說好幾種語言。
(39)I have bought a ticket for the concert, but I may not go if I am feeling too tired. 我已經(jīng)買了一張音樂會的票,不過如果我感到太累的話,就可能不去看。
(40)It must have been Simon—nobody else would call at this time of night. 那一定是西蒙——晚上這個時候不會有別人打電話來。
(41)You needn’t give me a lift on your scooter—I’m much too heavy anyway. 你不必讓我登上你的滑板車——我反正太重了。
(42)I really ought to go and have my eyes tested. 我的眼睛確實應(yīng)該去檢驗了。
(43)They dare not tell the truth. 他們不敢說真話。
have to,be going to,be to,happen to,seem to等結(jié)構(gòu)皆有情態(tài)意義,亦可認(rèn)為是情態(tài)動詞。
5)限定動詞(finite verb)與非限定動詞。這些動詞的形式由它們在句子中的功用所決定。限定動詞在句子中起謂語作用,可與助動詞或情態(tài)動詞連用,亦可不連用。但必須與主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致辭。如
(44)Mark smokes a lot. 馬克抽煙很多。
(45)I am practising hard on my violin. 我正在努力練習(xí)小提琴。
(46)You should not drink if you intend to drive. 如果你打算開車,就不應(yīng)該喝酒。
非限定動詞有不定式、動名詞和分詞三種。它們在句中不起謂語作用,可擔(dān)任主語、賓語、補(bǔ)語、狀語、定語等。它們不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的制約。如:
(47)He wanted to tell her of the incident. 他想把這個事件告訴她。(不定式用作賓語)
(48)He was always the first to enter the dining room and the last to leave it. 他總是第一個進(jìn)餐廳而最后一個離開。(不定式用作定語)
(49)Swimming against the current is difficult. 逆水游泳很困難。(動名詞用作主語)
(50)Her aim is mastering English in the shortest time possible. 她的目標(biāo)就是在盡可能最短的時間內(nèi)掌握英語。(動名詞用作表語)
(51)Coming near, I found the door slightly ajar. 我走近時,發(fā)現(xiàn)門有一點(diǎn)兒開著。(現(xiàn)在分詞用作狀語)
(52)It was the 1st o f August — a perfect day, with a burning sun and cloudless sky. 那天是八月一日,一個晴朗的日子,灼日當(dāng)空,萬里無云。(現(xiàn)在分詞用作定語)
(53)Heated, the metal expands. 這金屬遇熱即會膨脹。(過去分詞用作狀語)
(54)The frozen ground was hard as stone. 冰凍的土地像石頭一樣堅硬。(過去分詞用作定語)
6)短語動詞(phrasal verb)。短語動詞是一種固定詞組,由動詞加介詞或副詞等構(gòu)成,其作用相當(dāng)于一個動詞。如:
(55)The plane took off at seven sharp. 飛機(jī)七點(diǎn)起飛。(動詞+副詞)
(56)Put out your cigarettes. 把你的香煙熄掉。(動詞+副詞+賓語)
(57)I don’t care for Helen’s new curtain. 我不喜歡海倫的新窗簾。(動詞+介詞+介詞賓語)
(58)The gang robbed her of her necklace. 這伙人搶走了她的項鏈。(動詞+直接賓語+介詞+介詞賓語)
(59)We are all looking forward to your party on Saturday. 我們大家都在盼著你星期六舉辦的宴會。(動詞+副詞+介詞+介詞賓語)
(60)I put his bad temper down to his recent illness. 我認(rèn)為他脾氣壞是因為他最近生過病。(動詞+直接賓語+副詞+介詞+介詞賓語)
6.3 動詞的基本形式
英語動詞有五種基本形式,即動詞原形(verb stem),第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式(third person singular present tense form),過去式(past tense form),過去分詞(past participle)和現(xiàn)在分詞(present participle)。這五種形式助動詞一起構(gòu)成動詞的各種時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣。現(xiàn)將五種基本形式舉例列表如下:
原形 第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式 過去式 過去分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞
work works worked worked working
write writes wrote written writing
have has had had having
do does did done doing
1)動詞原形,是前面不加to的動詞不定式形式,也就是在詞典詞目中所用的動詞形式,如be,have,do,work,study等。
2)當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù),時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在一般時時,動詞形式應(yīng)是第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式。如:
(1)He works hard. 他工作努力。
第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式一般由動詞原形加-s構(gòu)成。它的拼寫應(yīng)根據(jù)以下情況作相應(yīng)變化:
a) 以發(fā)咝擦音的s,z,ch,sh,x等字母結(jié)尾的動詞,后面加-es。如:pass—passes,buzz—buzzes,catch—catches,push—pushes,mix—mixes。
b) 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞,先將y變?yōu)閕,再加-es。如:carry—carries,try—tries。
3)動詞過去式和過去分詞的構(gòu)成有規(guī)則的和不規(guī)則的兩種(不規(guī)則動詞見下節(jié))。規(guī)則
動詞的過去式和過去分詞由動詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成。關(guān)于動詞原形加-ed的方法和讀音見下表:
讀音 例詞 構(gòu)成 在動詞后加-ed 在以-e結(jié)尾的動詞后加-d 在以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的動詞后,先將y變?yōu)閕,再加-ed 以重讀閉音節(jié)或r音節(jié)結(jié)尾而末尾只有一個輔音字母時,須雙寫這個輔音字母再加-ed
在清輔音后讀 /t/ worked finished helped fetched hoped liked joked clapped stopped mapped
在元音和濁輔音后讀 /d/ followed stayed called entered agreed believed lived changed carried studied tried copied planed referred preferred nodded
在輔音/t,d/后讀/id/ wanted rested needed admitted omitted permitted
少數(shù)雙音節(jié)動詞,盡管重音節(jié)在第一個音節(jié),仍雙寫末尾的輔音字母,然后再加-ed(現(xiàn)在分詞亦如此)。如:‵travel—travelled ‵program—programmed ‵worship—worshipped。
但美國英語不雙寫輔音字母。如:‵travel—traveled
[注]注意panic,traffic,picnic等動詞分別為panicked,trafficked和picnicked,其現(xiàn)在分詞分別為panicking,trafficking,picnicking. 英、美皆是如此。
4)現(xiàn)在分詞一般由動詞原形加-ing構(gòu)成。如:go—going ask—asking study—studying see—seeing stand—standing answer—answering be—being。
但在下列情況下,拼寫應(yīng)作相應(yīng)變化:
a)以不發(fā)音的-e結(jié)尾的動詞,須去掉e再加-ing。如:come—coming take—taking write—writing become—becoming
但當(dāng)將-e去掉會引起發(fā)音變化時,最后的-e應(yīng)保留,如:agree—agreeing singe—singeing
另外,-e前為元音時,-e也應(yīng)保留,如:canoe—canoeing。
b)動詞是閉音節(jié)的單音節(jié)詞,或是以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的多音節(jié)詞,末尾只有一個輔音字母時,這個輔音字母須雙寫,然后再加-ing。如:sit—sitting run—running stop—stopping begin—beginning admit—admitting forget—forgetting。
c)少數(shù)幾個以-ie結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)動詞,須變ie為y,再加-ing,如:die—dying lie—lying tie—tying。
6.4 不規(guī)則動詞
大多數(shù)動詞的過去式和過去分詞都由動詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成,這類動詞叫規(guī)則動詞(regular verb)。但有一些動詞卻不以加-ed的方式構(gòu)成過去式和過去分詞,這類動詞叫不規(guī)則動詞(irregular verb)?,F(xiàn)代英語中不規(guī)則動詞總數(shù)不過二百多個。但它們的使用頻率卻相當(dāng)高。不規(guī)則動詞可分為下列三類:
1) 第一類不規(guī)則動詞的三個主要形式(即原形、過去式、過去分詞)同形。如:
burst burst burst
cast cast cast
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
forecast forecast forecast
hit hit hit
hurt hurt hurt
let let let
put put put
set set set
shed shed shed
shit shit shit
shut shut shut
slit slit slit
split split split
spread spread spread
thrust thrust thrust
注意下列動詞的過去式與過去分詞有兩種形式:
bet bet/betted bet/betted
bid bid/bade bid/bade,bidden
knit knit/knitted knit/knitted
rid rid/ridded rid/ridded
wed wed/wedded wed/wedded
wet wet/wetted wet/wetted
2)第二類不規(guī)則動詞的過去式與過去分詞同形。如:
bent bent bent
bind bound bound
bleed bled bled
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
build built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
cling clung clung
creep crept crept
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
feed fed fed
fight fought fought
find found found
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
get got got/gotted
grind ground ground
hang hung/hanged hung/hanged
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hid/hidden
hold held held
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean leant/leaned leant/leaned
leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
leave left left
light lit/lighted lit/lighted
make made made
mean meant meant
pay paid paid
rend rent rent
say said said
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
shine shone/shined shone/shined
shoot shot shot
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
speed sped/speeded sped/speeded
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled
spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled
stand stood stood
stick stuck stuck
strike struck struck
sweep swept swept
teach taught taught
think thought thought
weep wept wept
win won won
wind wound wound
wring wrung wrung
3)第三類不規(guī)則動詞的原形、過去式與過去分詞都不相同。如:
arise arose arisen
awake awoke/awaked awoken/awaked
bear bore born/borne
begin began begun
blow blew blown
break broke broken
choose chose chosen
drink drank drunk/drunken
do did done
eat ate eaten
fly flew flown
forbid forbade/forbad forbidden/forbid
forget forgot forgotten/forgot
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hew hewed hewn/hewed
know knew known
mow mowed mown/mowed
overthrow overthrew overthrown
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
see saw seen
shake shook shaken
show showed shown/showed
shrive shrove/shrived shriven/shrived
sow sowed sown/sowed
speak spoke spoken
spring sprang sprung
steal stole stolen
strive strove/strived striven/strived
swear swore sworn
swim swam swum
take took taken
tear tore torn
throw threw thrown
wake woke/waked woken/waked
weave wove woven
write wrote written
此外還有少數(shù)不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞與原形相同。如:
come came come
become became become
run ran run
從上面列舉的三類不規(guī)則動詞中,可以看出一些規(guī)則動詞與不規(guī)則動詞的交叉現(xiàn)象,這種現(xiàn)象說明了英語由不規(guī)則向規(guī)則轉(zhuǎn)化的進(jìn)程。
6.5 動詞的體
動詞根據(jù)其詞義可分為動態(tài)動詞(dynamic verb)與靜態(tài)動詞(stative verb)。
1)動態(tài)動詞,大致可分為四類:
a) 無限動詞,即動作歷時無限的動詞,如drink,eat,read,write,play,talk,live,work,study,walk,run,rain,snow,fly等。
b) 有限動詞,即表示動作歷時有限的動詞,如bind,produce,build,make,create,mend等。
c) 瞬間動詞,即表示動作極為短暫的動詞,如hit,jump,tap,knock等。
d) 重復(fù)動詞,即表示動作不斷重復(fù)的動詞,如giggle,struggle,pooh-pooh等。
2)靜態(tài)動詞,亦大致可分為四類:
a) 表示內(nèi)心活動的動詞,如want,know,think,believe,forget,understand,expect,consider,hope,imagine,mean,mind,notice,prefer,remember,suggest,suppose,wish等。
b) 表示情感的動詞,如care,detest,envy,fear,hate,like,love,regret等。
c) 表示感覺或知覺的動詞,如feel,ache,hurt,see,hear,smell,taste等。
d) 表示各種關(guān)系的動詞,如be,belong,compare,concern,contain,cost,deserve,differ,equal,exist,have,hold,interest,involve,fit,lack,matter,measure,owe,own,possess,resemble,weigh等。
靜態(tài)動詞與動態(tài)動詞之間有時是相通的。有些靜態(tài)動詞亦可用作動態(tài)動詞。如:
(1)He is having dinner. 他正在吃晚飯。
(2)He felt in his pocket for some money. 他在口袋里摸找錢。
動態(tài)動詞之間亦相通,如無限動詞sit,stand在下列句子中即變成有限動詞:
(3)Stand up. 起立。
(4)Sit down. 坐下。
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