7.1 概說(shuō)
時(shí)態(tài)是一種語(yǔ)法范疇,是用以表示各種時(shí)間和動(dòng)作方面的動(dòng)詞形式。
時(shí)間有四個(gè)主要部分,即現(xiàn)在、過去、將來(lái)和過去將來(lái)。動(dòng)作方面也有四種,即一般、完成、進(jìn)行和完成進(jìn)行。將這些時(shí)間與動(dòng)作方面組合在一起,即構(gòu)成16種時(shí)態(tài)(以下簡(jiǎn)稱為“時(shí)”)如下表:
時(shí)間 動(dòng)作方面 一般 完成 進(jìn)行 完成進(jìn)行
現(xiàn)在 現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)
I work. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
I have worked. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
I am working. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
I have been working.
過去 過去一般時(shí)
I worked. 過去完成時(shí)
I had worked. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
I was working. 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
I had been working.
將來(lái) 將來(lái)一般時(shí)
I shall work. 將來(lái)完成時(shí)
I shall have worked. 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
I shall be working. 將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
I shall have been working.
過去將來(lái) 過去將來(lái)一般時(shí)
I should work. 過去將來(lái)完成時(shí)
I should have worked. 過去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
I should be working. 過去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
I should have been working.
四個(gè)動(dòng)作方面各有特點(diǎn),現(xiàn)分述如下:
1)一般方面
——用以敘述一單純事實(shí),時(shí)間可以不具體。
——動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般方面常表動(dòng)作已完成。
2)完成方面
——用以表述一個(gè)動(dòng)作已完成。
——身跨兩個(gè)時(shí)間。動(dòng)作發(fā)生于前一個(gè)時(shí)間,但說(shuō)話人的興趣一般在于后一個(gè)時(shí)間。
3)進(jìn)行方面
——表示動(dòng)作在一時(shí)段中進(jìn)行,說(shuō)話人的興趣一般不在動(dòng)作何時(shí)開始,何時(shí)結(jié)束,而在于他所關(guān)心的時(shí)點(diǎn)上。
——往往呈現(xiàn)出一種情景,故描寫性強(qiáng),比較生動(dòng)。
4)完成進(jìn)行方面
——兼有完成與進(jìn)行兩個(gè)方面的特點(diǎn)。
——也有跨兩個(gè)時(shí)間,但二者往往相距不遠(yuǎn)。
一、現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)
7.2 現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)的形式
現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式如下:
肯定式 疑問式 否定式 疑問否定式
I work. Do I work? I do not work. Do I not work?
He (She,It) works. Does he (She,It) work? He (She,It) does not work. Does he (She,It) not work?
We work. Do we work? We do not work. Do we not work?
You work. Do you work? You do not work. Do you not work?
They work. Do they work? They do not work. Do they not work?
口語(yǔ)中否定式常用縮略式:
否定式 疑問否定式
I don’t /d?unt/ work. Don’t I work?
He (She,It) doesn’t /d?znt/ work. Doesn’t he (She,It) work?
We don’t work. Don’t we work?
You don’t work. Don’t you work?
They don’t work. Don’t they work?
7.3 現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)的基本用法
現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)常表經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或經(jīng)常存在的狀態(tài)。如:
(1)I go to school every day. 我每天上學(xué)。
(2)He is always like that. 他總是那樣。
現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)表經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)時(shí),常和always,often,usually,every day,sometime等表時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用(見上例),有時(shí)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可以不表達(dá)出來(lái)。如:
(3)Where do you live? 你住在哪里?
(4)What do you do here? 你在這里干什么工作?
由when,while,before,after,until,as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句亦可用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),如:
(5)When I come across a new word I consult the English dictionary. 我遇到生詞,就查英語(yǔ)字典。
(6)Before I go to bed I take a turn in the open air. 我在就寢之前要在露天里轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn)。
(7)Make hay while the sun shines. 要趁熱打鐵。
(8)One is not guilty until he is proved. 在沒有證明有罪之前,人都是無(wú)罪的。
連詞if引導(dǎo)的條件從句有時(shí)亦可用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)表經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),如:
(9)If you speak slowly, I understand. If you speak quickly, I don’t understand. 你說(shuō)慢了我聽得懂。你說(shuō)快了我就聽不懂了。
(10)If you don’t like it you may lump it. 不喜歡就忍著唄。
現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)常用于以下情況:
1)表日常行為。如:
(11)The boys wake up at seven o’clock, wash, dress quickly and run into the dining-room for breakfast. They wait until they hear the bell and then go to school. 這些男孩7時(shí)醒來(lái),盥洗完畢,很快地穿好衣服,就到食堂用早餐。然后等上課鈴一響就去上課。
(12)At the zoo, Fang Fang wakes up early in the morning. At about 8, she saunters outside to her playground. At about 10, she comes back into her room and stands by the door to the kitchen, waiting for her breakfast. 在動(dòng)物園,熊貓方方一大早就醒來(lái)。約8點(diǎn)時(shí),她漫步到外面的游戲場(chǎng)上。約10時(shí),她回到屋里,站在廚房門旁,等待她的早餐。
2)表習(xí)慣、能力。如:
(13)He never wears a hat in winter. 他在冬天從不戴帽子。(表習(xí)慣)
(14)Do you drive, John? 你會(huì)開車嗎,約翰?(表能力)
(15)Miss Smith teaches English. 史密斯小姐是教英語(yǔ)的。(表職業(yè))
(16)This machine runs smoothly. 這臺(tái)機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)很靈。(表特征)
3)表客觀存在。如:
(17)Fire burns. 火會(huì)燃燒。(表客觀事實(shí))
(18)The earth moves round the sun. 地球繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)。(表客觀規(guī)律)
(19)Knowledge is power. 知識(shí)就是力量。(表客觀真理)
(20)Time and tide wait for no man. 歲月不待人。(表客觀真理)
報(bào)章、雜志、書籍不強(qiáng)調(diào)過去時(shí)間、單純表客觀事實(shí)(即所載文字依然存在)時(shí),亦用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí),如:
(21)What does the newspaper say? 今天報(bào)紙說(shuō)些什么?
(22)The story describes how a young intellectual become a fine Communist. 這個(gè)故事是描述一個(gè)知識(shí)青年如何變成一個(gè)優(yōu)秀共產(chǎn)黨員的。
7.4 現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)表現(xiàn)在
現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)亦可表現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻發(fā)生動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)和完成的動(dòng)作。
1)表說(shuō)話時(shí)刻,這一時(shí)刻往往是很短暫的。如:
(1)What time is it now? 現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)鐘?
(2)My watch says ten to five. 我的表是5點(diǎn)差10分。
有時(shí)所表時(shí)間并不短暫。如:
(3)The patient is much better now. 病人現(xiàn)在好多了。
(4)What is Nanjing like now? 南京現(xiàn)在的情況如何?
現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)表現(xiàn)在時(shí)可與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)交替使用。如:
(5)He is wearing a tall hat and carries an umbrella. 他戴著一頂高帽子,拿著一把傘。
(6)The boy is looking at him in astonishment and says nothing. 這男孩驚奇地望著他,什么也沒說(shuō)。
2)表完成的動(dòng)作,常表示范性動(dòng)作。如:
(7)Now, look, I open the door. 你瞧,我現(xiàn)在開門。
(8)Now I put the sugar in the cup. 我現(xiàn)在把糖放在茶杯里。
亦可表宣布或聲明什么事。如:
(9)Now Radio Beijing presents Music from China. 現(xiàn)在北京電臺(tái)開始播送“中國(guó)音樂”。
(10)Today we begin to study Lesson 8. 今天我們開始學(xué)第8課。
亦可用來(lái)報(bào)道一件事。如:
(11)The affair becomes serious. 事態(tài)嚴(yán)重。
(12)She refuses to make up her mind. 她拒絕做出決定。
(13)Johnson passes to Roberts, Roberts to Brown, Brown takes it forward, oh, he slips past the centre beautifully, he shoots. 約翰把球傳給羅佰茨,羅佰茨又傳給布朗,布朗往前帶,噢,他巧妙過了中鋒,射門。
有時(shí)現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)所表的動(dòng)作雖然實(shí)際上尚未完成,但在說(shuō)話人的心理上已經(jīng)完成。如:
(14)I repeat, this is important. 我再說(shuō)一遍,這是很重要的。
(15)I say, it is unusual. 我說(shuō)呀,這是不尋常的。
這種現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)還用在下列感嘆句中:
(16)There goes the bell! 鈴響了!
(17)Here he comes! 喏,他來(lái)了!
3)用于無(wú)限動(dòng)詞和靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如:
(18)The little boy stands on the chair. 小男孩站在椅子上。(無(wú)限動(dòng)詞。用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí),用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)則較生動(dòng))
(19)He continues in good condition. 他的健康情況仍然良好。(無(wú)限動(dòng)詞)
(20)I wish you every success. 預(yù)祝你成功。(靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞,表內(nèi)心活動(dòng))
(21)Mr. Osborne loves nature. 奧斯本先生熱愛自然。(靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞,表感情)
(22)This material feels soft. 這種料了摸上去柔軟。(靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞,表感覺)
(23)Speak out! I can’t hear you. 大聲講。我聽不見你的話。(靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞,表感覺與can連用)
(24)What alls you? 你哪兒不舒服?(靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞,表內(nèi)心感覺)
(25)I don’t owe anything to anybody. 我不欠任何人任何東西。(靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞,表關(guān)系)
7.5 現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)表過去
現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)有時(shí)可以用來(lái)表過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
1)表離現(xiàn)在較近的過去。如:
(1)I come to apologize. 我是來(lái)致歉意的。(現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)come在此表“我現(xiàn)在已在此”這一事實(shí))
(2)Don’t say this. You frighten me. 不要說(shuō)這個(gè)了。你把我嚇了一跳。
(3)What wind blows you here? 是什么風(fēng)把你吹來(lái)的?(強(qiáng)調(diào)“你現(xiàn)在已在此”這一結(jié)果)
(4)Bill says he is a good doctor. 比爾說(shuō)他是個(gè)好大夫。(says在此有“主張”的含義)
(5)He is gone. 他走了。(等于He has gone,強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài),往往不“不見了”的含義)
(6)President Resigns. 總統(tǒng)已辭職。(這是報(bào)紙標(biāo)題,用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)表最近的過去,以求生動(dòng))
[注]這種過去的現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)可以和why,how,where,what等疑問詞連用,但不可與when連用。
2)表離現(xiàn)在較遠(yuǎn)的過去。如:
(7)That’s long, long ago. 那是很久很久以前的事了
(8)He is long dead. 他早已去世了。
(9)How do you come to know Tom? 你是怎樣認(rèn)識(shí)湯姆的?
介紹書籍和電影等情節(jié)時(shí)常用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)。如:
(10)The story is set in the spring of 1934. 這個(gè)故事發(fā)生在1934年春天。
在敘事文中,為了描述生動(dòng),也可常用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí),即所謂“歷史現(xiàn)在時(shí)”。如:
(11)‥‥Then the man in the mask pulls a revolver out of his pocket and raises it. I put up my hands. Then suddenly the man raises the mask and I see my best friend! It all was a joke. ‥‥隨后那個(gè)戴假面具的人從口袋里掏出左輪手槍,舉了起來(lái)。我舉起了雙手。這時(shí)那個(gè)人突然掀開了假面具,他原來(lái)是我最好的朋友。他是在跟我開玩笑哩。
這種歷史現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以用于一段或數(shù)段,但也可以只用于一個(gè)句子。如:
(12)I waited about fifteen minutes and out he comes. 我等了大約15分鐘,他出來(lái)了。
一個(gè)人在某種情緒時(shí),可以用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)道一串過去的事情。如:
(13)I happen to drop in on her once and you make such an issue of it. 我只是偶爾去看了她一次,而你卻如此大鬧起來(lái)。(這是賈寶玉對(duì)林黛玉說(shuō)的一句話,句中her指薛寶釵)
在舞臺(tái)說(shuō)明中,也都用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表動(dòng)作。如:
(14)Gordon: I t’s always the way! [Tears off apron, throws it on the floor, and exit right, slamming the door. ] 戈登:老是這樣![扯下圍裙,扔到地上,從右門出,把門砰地關(guān)上。](注意句中exit是祈使句,表示劇作家對(duì)演員的指示)
3)表死者言行,如果死者的理論、著作仍舊存在并仍有影響的話。如:
(15)Darwin thinks that natural selection is the chief factor in the development of species. 達(dá)爾文認(rèn)為自然淘汰是物種發(fā)展中的主要因素。
當(dāng)死者(多指死后不久者)的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在直接有關(guān)時(shí),亦可用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)。如:
(16)He leaves a wife and two children. 他留下了一個(gè)妻子和兩個(gè)孩子。(he剛死去)
人雖死但物猶在時(shí),亦可用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)。如:
(17)In that letter she tells why she was up there. 在那封信里,她告訴我為什么她要上那兒去。(she已死,但信猶在)
4)用間接引語(yǔ)或獨(dú)立句。主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是過去時(shí)態(tài),而間接引語(yǔ)是客觀事實(shí)或說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為是事實(shí)時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)。如:
(18)The doctor said that I’m a little overweight. 大夫說(shuō)我太胖了一點(diǎn)。
(19)I heard that your children like music. 我聽說(shuō)你的孩子喜歡音樂。
有時(shí)在獨(dú)立句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞雖指過去,但已沒有什么時(shí)間概念,亦常用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)。如:
(20)No one is born an actor. 沒有天生的演員。
(21)We bring nothing into the world. 我們赤條條來(lái)到這個(gè)世界上。
7.6 現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)表將來(lái)
現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)有時(shí)可用來(lái)表將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
1)表最近的將來(lái),說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作尚未開始,但即將開始。如:
(1)I’m off. 我要走啦。
(2)Now I go. 現(xiàn)在我走啦。
(3)Here I give you some more examples. 這里我再給大家舉幾個(gè)例子
表最近將來(lái)的現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)常和why don’t you連用,表示請(qǐng)求或勸告。如:
(4)Why don’t you try the baker’s shop on Wells Street? 你到威爾斯街面包店去看看吧!
(5)Why don’t you get the hoe and loosen the soil in that flower bed for me? 那就請(qǐng)你拿鋤把那花壇上的土給我松一松吧!
2)表預(yù)定的行動(dòng),即將來(lái)的但已事先安排好的動(dòng)作,這種安排很固定,不容輕易改變,好像變成了事實(shí)一般。這種現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)多用于轉(zhuǎn)移動(dòng)詞,如go,come,leave,start,sail,arrive等,往往后接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如:
(6)The train leaves at nine pm. 火車于晚上9時(shí)開出。
(7)When do you start? 你何時(shí)動(dòng)身?
(8)The film show begins in a minute. 電影一會(huì)兒就開始放映。
這種現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)常與將來(lái)一般時(shí)連用。如:
(9)Tomorrow morning I leave England. You will never see me again. This is the last time I shall ever look on you. 明天上午我就要離開英語(yǔ)了。你再也見不到我了。這是我最后一次見你了。
現(xiàn)今有不少非轉(zhuǎn)移動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)也可表計(jì)劃中的未來(lái)動(dòng)作。如:
(10)I read m paper tomorrow. 我明天將宣讀我的論文。
(11)He gets his reward on Tuesday. 他將于下星期二鄰獎(jiǎng)。
這種非轉(zhuǎn)移動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)也常和將來(lái)一般時(shí)連用。如:
(12)Today, China faces Cuba for the title while the Russians will play the Japanese for third place. 今天中國(guó)將和古巴爭(zhēng)奪冠軍,俄國(guó)和日本爭(zhēng)奪第三名。
be和have雖非轉(zhuǎn)移動(dòng)詞,但其現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)亦可表將來(lái)時(shí)間,強(qiáng)調(diào)未來(lái)的事實(shí)或早已規(guī)定的事。如:
(13)Tomorrow is Sunday. 明天是星期天。(已被日歷所規(guī)定)
(14)When’s dinner? 正餐是什么時(shí)候開?(問每天規(guī)定的開飯時(shí)間)
當(dāng)我們抽象地談未來(lái)時(shí),由于時(shí)間概念很弱,也可用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)。如:
(15)Final victory is ours. 最后勝利是我們的。
(16)The future is bright. 未來(lái)是光明的。
3)用于表將來(lái)的從句。如:
(17)I’ll wait till he comes. 我要等到他來(lái)。(用于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)
(18)Next time I’ll do as he says. 下次我將按他所說(shuō)的去做。(用于方式狀語(yǔ)從句)
(19)Next time I hope you’ll go where I tell you to. 下次我希望你去我告訴你去的地方。(用于地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句)
(20)I’ll thank you if you give me a lift. 如果你能讓我搭你的車,那我就謝謝你了。(用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句)
(21)Tomorrow at this time we’ll know who is elected. 明天這時(shí)候我們就會(huì)知道誰(shuí)當(dāng)選了。(用于賓語(yǔ)從句)
(22)See that the windows are closed before you leave. 在你離開房間之前注意把窗關(guān)好。(用于賓語(yǔ)從句)
(23)Let’s see who gets there first. 讓我們看看誰(shuí)先到達(dá)那里。(用于賓語(yǔ)從句,這里亦可用將來(lái)一般時(shí)will get)
(24)The state government will give $10 000 to any one who brings him to justice. 對(duì)能將此犯捉拿歸案者,州政府愿賞一萬(wàn)美元。(用于定語(yǔ)從句)
(25)I’ll give you anything you ask for. 你要什么我都給你。(用于定語(yǔ)從句)
二、過去一般時(shí)
7.7過去一般時(shí)的形式
過去一般時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式如下:
肯定式 疑問式 否定式 疑問否定式
I worked. Did I work? I did not work. Did I not work?
He (She,It) worked. Did he (She,It) work? He (She,It) did not work. Did he (She,It) not work?
We worked. Did we work? We did not work. Did we not work?
You worked. Did you work? You did not work. Did you not work?
They worked. Did they work? They did not work. Did they not work?
口語(yǔ)中否定式常用縮略式:
否定式 疑問否定式
I didn’t /didnt/ work. Didn’t I work?
He (She,It) didn’t work. Didn’t he (She,It) work?
We didn’t work. Didn’t we work?
You didn’t work. Didn’t you work?
They didn’t work. Didn’t they work?
7.8 過去一般時(shí)的基本用法
過去一般時(shí)常表過去某一時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去一般時(shí)常和表過去的狀語(yǔ)連用,如a minute ago,yesterday,last week,in 1900,during the night,in those days等。用過去一般時(shí)時(shí),要說(shuō)“過多少時(shí)間之后”,一般用after,不用in。如:
(1)Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday. 湯姆昨天突然病了。
(2)They got married last year. 他們是去年結(jié)婚的。
(3)They had a baby last month. 他們上個(gè)月生了個(gè)小孩兒。
(4)It happened after three days. 事情發(fā)生在3天以后。
(5)She didn’t look well when I last saw her. 我上次看到她時(shí),她臉色不好。
過去一般時(shí)亦可與today,this week,this month,this year等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。但這些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)須指過去,決不包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)。如:
(6)Did you see him today? 今天你看見他了嗎?(today實(shí)際上指今天的過去某一時(shí)刻)
過去一般時(shí)雖不可與now連用,但卻可與just now(剛才)連用。如:
(7)He went out just now. 他剛出去。
過去一般時(shí)表過去時(shí)還有以下一些情況。
1)用于since從句。主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),其后面的since引導(dǎo)的從句一般須用過去一般時(shí)。如:
(8)You haven’t changed much since we last met. 自從上次我們見面以來(lái),你變化不大。
(9)It’s been over a year since I came back from the countryside. 我從鄉(xiāng)下回來(lái)已經(jīng)一年多了。(主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞has been亦可改為is,但美國(guó)英語(yǔ)多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))
如果since從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是無(wú)限動(dòng)詞或靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞,則一般仍表動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的結(jié)束,并無(wú)持續(xù)性。如:
(10)It’s a long time since I lived here. 我不住在這里已有好久了。(lived here已結(jié)束,說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)已不住在這里)
(11)It has been ten years since I was a teacher. 我不當(dāng)教師已有十年了。(was a teacher的狀態(tài)已結(jié)束)
2)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可省略。前面說(shuō)過,過去一般時(shí)通常要與表過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。但在下面一些情況下,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可以省去不用。
從上下文可以清楚地看出時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)。如:
(12)Did you sleep well? 你睡得好嗎?(顯然指“昨晚”)
(13)Who was that? 那人是誰(shuí)?(who指剛才在這里的那個(gè)人)
前文如有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所引導(dǎo)時(shí)。如:
(14)Have you measured how wide the window was? 你量過那窗戶有多寬嗎?
(15)I have been within an inch of life, and didn’t know it! 我差點(diǎn)喪了命,而我當(dāng)時(shí)我還不知道哩。
和現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)比時(shí)。如:
(16)He is no longer the man he was. 他已不是過去的他了。(和現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)is相對(duì)比)
有表過去習(xí)慣的used to時(shí)。如:
(17)I used to play football in the street. 我過去常在街上踢足球。
3)所表的動(dòng)作多已完成。如:
(18)I wrote a composition yesterday. 昨天我寫了一篇作文。
(19)I read a book last week. 上星期我讀了一本書。
但靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過去一般時(shí)所表的狀態(tài)當(dāng)然一般未完成。如:
(20)Why were you absent from school yesterday? 昨天你為什么沒有上學(xué)?
(21)I am sorry I forgot to post the letter. 對(duì)不起,我忘了寄那封信。
但在一般情況下,無(wú)限動(dòng)詞仍表持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。如:
(22)I sat I the chair and my cat sat sat in the rug. 我坐在椅子上,我的貓坐在地毯上。
4)可表死者的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)。在英語(yǔ)中,說(shuō)到死去的人時(shí),一般皆用過去時(shí)態(tài)。如:
(23)—Who is the man in the picture. 相片上這人男人是誰(shuí)?(問者不知其人已死,故用is)
—He was my father. 他是我父親。(答者用was表明其父已死)
5)有時(shí)感情色彩。如:
(24)You asked for it ! 你這是自找!
(25)I heard you! 我早聽見了!(即你不用再喊叫了)
(26)Did you ever hear of such a thing? 你聽見過這種事嗎?(含義是:你當(dāng)然沒有)
(27)I told you so. 我早就告訴過你。(有“而你就是不信”的含義)
7.9 過去一般時(shí)表現(xiàn)在、將來(lái)和過去的將來(lái)
過去一般時(shí)有時(shí)形式上為過去,實(shí)際上指現(xiàn)在。用過去形式乃是根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)一致的原則。如:
(1)I didn’t know you were here. 我不知道你在這里。(were實(shí)際上指現(xiàn)在)
(2)They told me that the rats were a real problem around here. 他們告訴我說(shuō)這里老鼠成災(zāi)了。(were實(shí)際上指現(xiàn)在)
過去一般時(shí)還可以用來(lái)表示委婉客氣,亦指現(xiàn)在。如:
(3)Did you wish to see me? 你是找我嗎?
(4)Did you want anything else? 你還要?jiǎng)e的嗎?
(5)I wondered if you could help me. 我不知道你能否幫我一下。
過去一般時(shí)有時(shí)可以表將來(lái)發(fā)生的事。如:
(6)In the years to come it will be a great thing for a man to say that I died here like a hero. 在未來(lái)的歲月里,當(dāng)人們說(shuō)到我在這里英勇犧牲時(shí),那會(huì)是多好啊。(died在此表未來(lái))
(7)As soon as you get it, mail it to me here. I’ll be on the lookout, so Tom will never know it came. 你一拿到它就寄到我這里。我一定留神不讓湯姆知道這件事。(came在此表未來(lái))
過去一般時(shí)也可以表過去的將來(lái)發(fā)生的事。如:
(8)They had to leave early as they started work the next day. 他們第二天要開始工作,所以不得不早走。(started表過去的將來(lái))
(9)He told me that school opened the following morning. 他告訴我第二天上午開學(xué)。(opened表過去的將來(lái))
7.10 過去一般時(shí)表過去的過去
表“過去的過去”時(shí),如不是強(qiáng)調(diào)先后、因果關(guān)系,??捎眠^去一般時(shí)。這種過去一般時(shí)多用于從句中。如:
(1)The boy said he was sorry for what he said. 那男孩說(shuō)他對(duì)他說(shuō)的話感到懊悔。(said表過去的過去,用在賓語(yǔ)從句中)
(2)Did you find the pen you lost? 你的鋼筆找到了嗎?(lost表過去的過去,用在定語(yǔ)從句中)
(3)When the clock struck ten, we all went to bed. 鐘敲十點(diǎn)時(shí),我們即都就寢。(struck表過去的過去,用在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中)
(4)The firewood was all wet from the rain, because the store keeper did not cover it up. 柴火都給雨打濕了,因?yàn)榈昀习鍥]有給遮蓋。(did not cover表過去的過去,用在原因狀語(yǔ)從句中)
(5)I was recovered sooner than expected. 我的健康恢復(fù)得比我所預(yù)料的快。(expected表過去的過去,用在比較狀語(yǔ)從句中)
英語(yǔ)里的“過去的過去的過去”有時(shí)亦可用過去一般時(shí)表示。如:
(6)I was told that she had lived here since her husband died. 我聽說(shuō)她從丈夫死后就住在這里。(died在此表“過去的過去的過去”)
過去一般時(shí)亦可用來(lái)倒敘在過去的過去發(fā)生的事件。這種過去一般時(shí)常與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:
(7)Fang Fang came to the Beijing Zoo in 1972 after spending six years in the bamboo forests of Baoxing County, Sichuan Province. One day in spring, she fell into a trap and was dragged to a nearby village. After a few days she was caged and escorted to Beijing by train. 熊貓方方在四川省寶興縣的竹林里度過六年之后于1972年到北京動(dòng)物園。她是在春季的一天陷入了圈套,被拖到附近一個(gè)村莊。過不幾天,她就被裝入籠內(nèi)由火車護(hù)送到北京。(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是one day in spring)
在不會(huì)引起誤會(huì)的情況下,過去一般時(shí)在無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的情況下亦可用來(lái)倒敘。如:
(8)Bessie died, she had a quarrel with the pimp and she want alone to Hong Kong. What she was looking for I will never know. One day she collapsed in a restaurant and died. It was 1937. 貝西死了。在死之前,她和老鴇吵了一架,后只身到了香港。她到香港去尋求什么,我始終不清楚。一天,在一家飯館里她倒了下去就死難者。時(shí)間是1937年。(had,want皆發(fā)生在died之前,但無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))
過去完成時(shí)一般著重倒敘相繼發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件以及業(yè)已結(jié)束了的狀態(tài),過去一般時(shí)則常用來(lái)倒敘存在而尚未結(jié)束的狀態(tài)或事實(shí)。如:
(9)It was supposed that the pearl buyers were individuals acting alone, bidding against one another for the pearls the fisherman brought. And once it had been so. But this was a wasteful method, for often, in the excitement of bidding for a fine pearl, too great a price had been paid to the fishermen. This was extravagant and not to be countenanced. Now there was only one pearl buyer with many hands… 人們總以為珍珠收購(gòu)商是單個(gè)人活動(dòng),爭(zhēng)出高價(jià)購(gòu)買漁人的珍珠。但這已經(jīng)是過去的事了。而這是一種很費(fèi)錢的做法,因?yàn)樵诩ち业貭?zhēng)購(gòu)一顆明珠時(shí),漁民往往會(huì)得到一筆過高的價(jià)錢。這太費(fèi)錢了,是不能允許的。現(xiàn)在只有一個(gè)收購(gòu)商,他下面有很多人手‥‥(第二、三兩句中的was在倒敘事實(shí)或狀態(tài))
用過去一般時(shí)講的原話變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)可以不變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí),仍用過去一般時(shí)。如:
(10)After that, she told me, the hotel went from Class C to much worse. As the burden of management fell more heavily on her, she had less time for Duna and the bear grew senile and indecent in his habits. Once he bullied a mailman down a marble staircase at such a ferocious pace that the man fell and broke his hip… 從那以后,她告訴我,這家旅館就從三等降為更次的等級(jí)了。她由于管理的擔(dān)子更重了,所以沒有那么多時(shí)間照顧杜納,結(jié)果這熊越老越不像話了。有一次,它把一個(gè)郵差從大理石樓梯上猛地撞了下去,那郵差的髖骨都給摔斷了‥‥
7.11 過去一般時(shí)的從屬關(guān)系
有時(shí),過去一般時(shí)是由所屬關(guān)系決定的。它可以屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)、將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)和過去時(shí)態(tài)。
1)從屬現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。如:
(1)When the ball goes out of bounds, the referee decides which player touched it last. 球出了界,由裁叛決定是哪一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員使球出界的。(touched所表的是現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)decides的過去)
(2)The right to rule derives from those who gave it. 治理權(quán)來(lái)自授權(quán)的人(gave表derives的“過去”)
2)從屬將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。如:
(3)After a good many years you will look back on these early pieces of work and realize that they were sincere and penetrating. 許多年后,你回顧這些早期作品時(shí),就會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)到它們是誠(chéng)摯的,深刻的。(were表will look back…and realize的“過去”)
(4)—How is your mother? 你母親身體怎樣?
—Thank you. She’s pretty well, sir. 謝謝。她很好,先生。
—Say we sent our remembrances, will you? 代我們致以問候,好嗎?(sent表say的“過去”)
3)從屬于另一過去一般時(shí)。如:
(5)What was his name? 你剛才說(shuō)他叫什么來(lái)著?(這句話等于What did you say his name was?之所以用was是因?yàn)樗鼜膶儆谇懊娴膁id…say)
(6)“I got the job because I was a woman,” she said. “我得到了這個(gè)工作是因?yàn)槲沂桥裕?rdquo;她說(shuō)。(was從屬于前面的got,指當(dāng)時(shí)得到工作的原因)
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