5.1 數(shù)詞的定義和種類(lèi)
表示數(shù)目多少或順序先后的詞叫做數(shù)詞(numeral)。數(shù)詞與不定式代詞很相似,其用法相當(dāng)于名詞與形容詞。
數(shù)詞有兩種。表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫做基數(shù)詞(cardinal numeral),如 one,ten,fifty-two等。表示順序先后的數(shù)詞叫做序數(shù)詞(ordinal numeral),如 first,tenth,fiftieth等。
5.2 基數(shù)詞
1)1-12的基數(shù)詞是:
one 1, two 2, three 3, four 4, five 5, six 6, seven 7, eight 8, nine 9, ten 10, eleven 11, twelve 12.
13-19,皆由3-9加后綴-teen構(gòu)成,即:
thirteen 13, fourteen 14, fifteen 15, sixteen 16, seventeen 17, eighteen 18, nineteen 19. (注意thirteen,fifteen,eighteen的拼法)
20-90等十位數(shù)均由2-9加加后綴-ty構(gòu)成,即:
twenty 20, thirty 30, forty 40, fifty 50, sixty 60, seventy 70, eighty 80, ninety 90.
21-29由十位數(shù)20加個(gè)位數(shù)1-9構(gòu)成,中間須有連字符“-”,即:
twenty-one 21, twenty-two 22, twenty-three 23, twenty-four 24, twenty-five 25, twenty-six 26, twenty-seven 27, twenty-eight 28, twenty-nine 29.
其它的十位數(shù)照些類(lèi)推,如:
thirty-one 31, forty- two 42, fifty-three 53, sixty- four 64, seventy-five 75, eighty-six 86, ninety-seven 97.
2)百位數(shù)由1-9加hundred構(gòu)成,如包含十位數(shù)及個(gè)位數(shù),中間用and連接,也可以不用;如只包含個(gè)位數(shù),即十位數(shù)為零時(shí),則and不可省。如:
a (one) hundred 100
two hundred 200
three hundred 300
seven hundred and six 706
a (one) hundred (and) twenty-five 125
three hundred (and) forty-one 341
nine hundred (and) eighty-seven 987
twelve hundred 1200 (英語(yǔ)中從1100-1900之間的整數(shù)常用hundred表示)
3)千位數(shù)由1-9加thousand構(gòu)成,其后的百、十、個(gè)位數(shù)構(gòu)成方法同前。如:
a (one) thousand 1000
two thousand 2000
three thousand 3000
five thousand six hundred 5600
six thousand eight hundred 6800
a (one) thousand one hundred (and) forty-nine 1149 (此處hundred之前不可用a )
three thousand five hundred (and) thirty-seven 3537
英語(yǔ)里沒(méi)有“萬(wàn)”這一單位,萬(wàn)也用thousand表示。如:
ten thousand 10 000
twenty thousand 20 000
thirty thousand 30 000
ten thousand one hundred 10 100
twenty thousand two hundred (and) thirty 20 230
forty thousand seven hundred (and) eighty-five 40 785
fifty-five thousand four hundred (and) ninety-three 55 493
十萬(wàn)的說(shuō)法是:
a (one) hundred thousand 100 000
two hundred thousand 200 000
three hundred thousand 300 000
one hundred and one thousand 101 000 (此處thousand之前不可用a )
two hundred twenty thousand 220 000
three hundred forty thousand five hundred 340 500
four hundred sixty-two thousand seven hundred (and) eighty-nine 462 789
4)百萬(wàn)的說(shuō)法是:
a (one) million 1 000 000
two million 2 000 000
three million 3 000 000
two million three hundred thousand 2 300 000
three million four hundred twenty-one thousand five hundred 3 421 500
four million five hundred thirty-five thousand six hundred (and) fifty-nine 4 535 659
千萬(wàn)及千萬(wàn)以上的說(shuō)法是:
sixty million 6千萬(wàn)
five hundred million 5億
eight thousand million 80億(等于美國(guó)英語(yǔ)eight billion)
thirty thousand million 3百億(等于美國(guó)英語(yǔ)thirty billion)
a (one) hundred thousand million 1千億(等于美國(guó)英語(yǔ)a (one) hundred billion)
[注]英國(guó)英語(yǔ)的billion=1 000 000 000 000,即10的12次方,等于美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的trillion。現(xiàn)在英國(guó)也有人采用美國(guó)用法,故英國(guó)計(jì)量局認(rèn)為最好避免使用billion,trillion(美制10的12次方,英制10的15次方)和quadrillion((美制10的15次方,英制10的18次方)。
5)基數(shù)詞相當(dāng)于名詞,可有復(fù)數(shù)形式,其構(gòu)成方法及讀音與名詞相同。hundred,thousand,million的復(fù)數(shù)形式常后接of短語(yǔ),表示不確定數(shù)目。如:
two threes 兩個(gè)三
a man in his forties 40多歲的人
hundreds (thousands,millions) of dollars 成百(千,百萬(wàn))美元
tens of thousands of people 成萬(wàn)的人
hundreds and hundreds of times 成百倍
thousands upon thousands people 成千上萬(wàn)的人
[注] million的名詞性較強(qiáng),故亦可說(shuō)a million of times(百萬(wàn)倍),two millions of people (2百萬(wàn)人)等。
如hundreds,thousands,millions的意義清楚,其后的of短語(yǔ)可省去。如:
(1)Hundreds of thousands are homeless. 幾十萬(wàn)人無(wú)家可歸。
(2)Millions are starving. 成百萬(wàn)人在挨餓。
(3)The dollar revenues each year were undoubtedly in the tens of thousands. 每年美元?dú)q收肯定以萬(wàn)計(jì)。
表示數(shù)量的dozens與scores的用法和hundreds,thousands相似。如:
(4)I have told you dozens of times. 我跟你說(shuō)過(guò)幾十次了。
(5)They received scores of letters about their TV programs. 關(guān)于他們的電視節(jié)目,他們收到了大批來(lái)信。
5.3基數(shù)詞的功用
基數(shù)詞在句中可用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等。
1)用作主語(yǔ)。如:
(1)It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. 據(jù)說(shuō)13是一個(gè)不吉利的數(shù)目。
(2)Three of them joined the school team. 他們中有三人參加了校隊(duì)。(如說(shuō)the three of team 意謂“他們?nèi)?rdquo;)
(3)Two twos are four. 二二得四。
[注]There were eight of us in my family. 的意思是“我們家以前有八口人”,表示數(shù)人數(shù)的結(jié)果。of在此表同位關(guān)系。
2)用作表語(yǔ)。如:
(4)The boy is ten. 這男孩十歲了。(等于ten years old)
(5)Five times five is twenty-five. 5乘5等于25。
3)用作賓語(yǔ)。如:
(6)The shop-assistant wears a nine on her uniform. 那個(gè)女售貨員的制服上戴著9號(hào)徽章。
(7)It is worth four hundred. 這件東西值400。(等于400 pounds或dollars)
(8)A fair used to be held here every day that had a seven in it. 過(guò)去這里每月逢七有集市。
4)用作定語(yǔ)。如:
(9)I have invited ten people to the party. 我邀請(qǐng)了10個(gè)人參加晚會(huì)。
(10)I have told you a hundred and one times. 我跟你說(shuō)過(guò)多少次了。
[注]在the(a,that)100 metre race(那(一)項(xiàng)百米賽跑)中的100須讀作one hundred。
5)用作同位語(yǔ)。如:
(11)Are you two reading? 你們二人在看書(shū)嗎?
(12)They three joining the school team. 他們?nèi)藚⒓恿诵j?duì)
6)用作狀語(yǔ)。如:
(13)I hate riding two on a bike. 我不喜歡騎自行車(chē)帶人。
(14)People were three or four deep in the streets. 街上的人多達(dá)三或四層。
(15)Sitting down thirteen at dinner is deemed unlucky in the Western world. 在四方,坐在13號(hào)用餐,被認(rèn)為是不吉利的。
5.4 序數(shù)詞
英語(yǔ)序數(shù)詞第1-19除first,second與third有特殊形式外,其余均由基數(shù)詞加后綴-th構(gòu)成?,F(xiàn)將第1-19序數(shù)詞(包括其縮寫(xiě)式)列出如下:
first 1st,second 2nd,third 3rd,fourth 4th,fifth 5th (fif加th),sixth 6th,seventh 7th,eighth 8th(后只加h),ninth 9th(nin加th),tenth 10th,eleventh 11th,twelfth 12th (twelf加th),thirteenth 13th,fourteenth 14th,fifteenth 15th,sixteenth 16th,seventeenth 17th,eighteenth 18th, nineteenth 19th。
十位數(shù)的序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成方法是:先將十位數(shù)的基數(shù)詞的詞尾ty中的y變?yōu)閕,然后加后綴-eth。如:twentieth 20th,thirtieth 30th,fortieth 40th。
十位數(shù)的序數(shù)詞如包含1-9的個(gè)位數(shù)時(shí),十位數(shù)用基數(shù)詞,個(gè)位數(shù)用序數(shù)詞,中間須有連字符“-”。如:twenty-first 21st,thirty-second 32nd,forty-fourth 44th,eighty-seventh 87th。
百、千、萬(wàn)等的序數(shù)詞由hundred,thousand等加-th,前面加有關(guān)的基數(shù)詞構(gòu)成。如:
(one) hundredth 100th
(one) thousandth 100th
ten thousandth 10 000th
(one) hundred thousandth 100 000th
(one) millionth 1 000 000th
ten millionth 10 000 000th
(one) hundred millionth 100 000 000th
(one) billionth 1 000 000 000th
注意序數(shù)詞hundredth,thousandth, millionth, billionth之前的“一”只可用one,不可用a。
這些多位數(shù)序數(shù)詞的后位數(shù)如包含1-9時(shí),后位數(shù)用序數(shù)詞,前位數(shù)用基數(shù)詞,中間出現(xiàn)零時(shí),須用and連接。如:
two hundred and first 201st
three thousand two hundred (and) twenty-first 3221th
序數(shù)詞亦可有復(fù)數(shù)形式,其構(gòu)成方法及讀音與名詞相同。
5.5 序數(shù)詞的功用
序數(shù)詞在句中可用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等。
1)用作主語(yǔ)。如:
(1)The first is better than the second. 第一個(gè)比第二個(gè)要好。
(2)The first of October is our National Day. 10月1日是我們的國(guó)慶節(jié)。
2)用作表語(yǔ)。如:
(3)She was (the) fourth in the exam. 她考試得第四名。
(4)She was the third to arrive. 她是第三個(gè)到達(dá)的。
3)用作賓語(yǔ)。如:
(5)He was among the first to arrive. 他是首批到達(dá)的。
(6)He held up a piece of paper folded into fourths. 他拿起一張摺成四摺的紙。
4)用作定語(yǔ)。如:
(7)A third man entered the room. 又有第三個(gè)人進(jìn)入房間。
(8)January is the first month of the year. 正月是一年中的第一個(gè)月。
[注]試比較:the first two chapters 最前的兩章;the two first prizes 兩個(gè)第一獎(jiǎng)。
5)用作同位語(yǔ)。如:
(9)On Friday , the 10th instant, Mr. and Mrs. Cole celebrated their silver wedding-day. 科爾夫婦于本月10日星期五慶祝他們的銀婚。
(10)Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一個(gè)人是誰(shuí)?
6)用作狀語(yǔ)。如:
(11)When did you first meet him? 你什么時(shí)候和他首次見(jiàn)面的?
(12)He came second in the race. 他賽跑獲第二名。
5.6 倍數(shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)、小數(shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)的表示方法
1)表示倍數(shù)的方法有多種。如:
(1)Three threes are nine. 三三得九。
(2)Three times three is nine. 3乘3得9。
(3)How much (What) is three times three? 3乘3得多少?
(4)This room is three times as large as that one. 這個(gè)房間有那個(gè)房間三個(gè)大。
(5)This room is three times larger than that one. 這個(gè)房間比那個(gè)房間大兩倍。
表示三以上的倍數(shù)用times,但表示兩倍(漢語(yǔ)中的一倍實(shí)際上也指兩倍)時(shí)則用twice,如:
(6)Twice three is six. 二三得六。
(7)This room is twice as large as that one. 這個(gè)房間有那個(gè)房間兩個(gè)大。
(8)This room is twice large than that one. 這個(gè)房間比那個(gè)房間大一倍。
表示倍數(shù)也可以用again,double,triple,quadruple,fold等詞。如:
(9)My uncle is as old again as I am. 我叔叔的年齡比我大一倍。
(10)The top-brand cigarettes are often sold at double the normal price here. 這里名牌香煙售價(jià)經(jīng)常比正常價(jià)高一倍。
(11)Hunan, China’s leading live pig-exporting province, expects to export 42000 lean-meat pigs, quadruple the figure for 1985. 中國(guó)主要生豬出口省份湖南可望出口42萬(wàn)只瘦肉豬,為1985年的四倍。
(12)The value of the house has increased fourfold since 1939. 房?jī)r(jià)自1939年以來(lái)增加了三倍。
表示增加多少倍可用百分比。如:
(13)Population has increased by 200% in the past 25 years. 人口在過(guò)去25年內(nèi)增加了200%。
(14)This shows a 300% increase over the previous year. 這說(shuō)明比去年增加300%。
如表“增加”用times與fold,則須注意英語(yǔ)要多說(shuō)一倍,如說(shuō)“增加了三倍”,則須用four times或fourfold。如:
(15)Output of coal increased four times(或fourfold). 煤產(chǎn)量增加了三倍。
(16)Output of coal was four times as great as that of last year. 煤產(chǎn)量比去年增加了三倍。
2)表示分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí),分子須用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞。分子如是1以上,分母須用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:1/3 讀作 a (one) third;2/3讀作 two thirds;1/4讀作a (one) quarter(或fourth);3/4 讀作 three quarters(或fourths;2/5讀作 two fifths;但是1/2須讀作a (one) half(不讀作one second)。
數(shù)學(xué)中可都用基數(shù)詞讀,如:1/2讀作one over two;2/3讀作 two over three;3/4 讀作 three over four;11/20 讀作 eleven over twenty。尤其是較復(fù)雜的分?jǐn)?shù)多用此讀法,如:27/283應(yīng)讀作twenty-seven over two hundred (and) eighty-three。
整數(shù)與分?jǐn)?shù)之間須用and連接。如:5 1/2 讀作 five and a half;7 2/5 讀作 seven and two fifths。
分?jǐn)?shù)用作前置定語(yǔ)時(shí),注意下列寫(xiě)法與讀法:
a one-third mile 三分之一英里(用one,后有連字符)
a three-quarter majority 四分之三的多數(shù)(用單形quarter)
a two-thirds majority 三分之二的多數(shù)期工程(用復(fù)形thirds)
分?jǐn)?shù)相當(dāng)于名詞時(shí),用不用連字符皆可。如:
three-quarters (three quarters) of a mile 四分之三英里
3)小數(shù)的讀法是:小數(shù)點(diǎn)前的基數(shù)詞與前面所講的基數(shù)詞讀法相同,小數(shù)點(diǎn)后則須將數(shù)字一一讀出。如:
1.25 讀作 one point two five
3.728 讀作 three point seven two eight
0.56 讀作 (naught) (美國(guó)用zero) point five six
0.009 讀作(naught) point naught naught nine (美國(guó)用zero代替naught)
4)百分?jǐn)?shù)中的百分號(hào)%讀作per cent。如:
5% 讀作 five per cent
0.5% 讀作 (naught) point five per cent
300% 讀作 three hundred per cent
5.7 算式表示法
關(guān)于加、減、乘、除算式的讀法:
2+2=4 讀作 Two plus two equal(s) four.
10-3=7 讀作Ten minus three is seven.
9×6=54 讀作 Nine multiplied by six is fifty-four.
20÷4=5 讀作 Twenty divided by four is five.
[注]通常“加”可用and,如Two and two are four(2+2=4)。說(shuō)“減”可用from,如 one from four leaves three(4-1=3)。說(shuō)“乘”4×5=20亦可用Four fives are twenty或Four times five is twenty。說(shuō)“除”可用into,如 Four into twenty goes five(20÷4=5)。
關(guān)于比例與乘方、開(kāi)方的讀法:
3:2 讀作 the ratio of three to two
12:3=4 讀作 The ratio of twenty to three equals four.
3的2次方讀作 three squared
33=27讀作 Three cubed is twenty seven
X4=Y讀作 The fourth power of x is y.
9的平方根等于3讀作 The square root of nine of three.
27的3次方根等于3讀作 The cubic root of twenty-seven is three.
(17-9的平方根+65/5)-(4×3)=15 應(yīng)讀作 Seventeen minus the square root of nine, plus sixty-five over five, minus four times three, equals fifteen.
表示面積常用by,如說(shuō)一個(gè)房間的面積是3′×6′(3英尺×6英尺),應(yīng)說(shuō)three feet by six feet;如房間為6英尺見(jiàn)方,則可說(shuō)six feet by six feet,也可以說(shuō)six feet square,其總面積為thirty-six square feet。
5.8 編號(hào)表示法
編號(hào)可用序數(shù)詞或基數(shù)詞表示,序數(shù)詞位于名詞之前,并加定冠詞,基數(shù)詞位于名詞之后。如:the second part=part two 第二部分;the eighth lesson=lesson eight 第八課。
由于基數(shù)詞簡(jiǎn)單,所以用基數(shù)詞的情況較多。如:
Number 6 第6號(hào)(讀作number six,縮寫(xiě)式為No.6)
line 4 第4行 (讀作 line four,縮寫(xiě)式為L(zhǎng).4)
page 10 第10頁(yè) (讀作 page ten,縮寫(xiě)式為p.10)
Room (No.) 101 第101房間 (讀作room(number) one oh one)
No.10 Downing Street 唐寧街10號(hào)
Platform (No.) 5 第5站臺(tái)
Bus (No.) 332第332路公共汽車(chē)
Tel. No. 801-4609 電話(huà)號(hào)碼801-4609讀作 telephone number eight oh one four six oh nine,在eight,oh,one之后應(yīng)稍加停頓。
postcode (或zip code) 100081 郵政編碼100081
[注一]電話(huà)與門(mén)牌號(hào)碼中的0多讀作oh。
[注二]帝王稱(chēng)號(hào)“第幾”用序數(shù)詞,如Henry Vlll是Henry the Eighth的縮寫(xiě)式,當(dāng)今英國(guó)女王Elizabeth ll是Elizabeth the Second 的縮寫(xiě)式。
5.9 年、月、是表示法
請(qǐng)看下列各例:
1949 1949年(讀作nineteen forty-nine或nineteen hundred and forty-nine)
1900 1900年(讀作nineteen hundred)
1908 1908年(讀作nineteen and eight或nineteen hundred and eight)
1960s (1960’s) 20世紀(jì)60年代(讀作nineteen sixties)
450 B.C. 公元前450年(讀作four fifty B.C. 或four hundred and fifty B.C.)
476 A.D. (A.D. 476) 公元476年(讀作four seventy-six A.D. 或four hundred and seventy-six A.D.( A.D.在不會(huì)誤解的情況下??墒÷?
February 7(th) (7(th) February) 2月7日 (讀作February the seventh)( 或February seven或February seventh)。7(th) February則讀作the seventh of February。
February 7,1986 1986年2月7日,可縮寫(xiě)成7/2/86(或7,2,86)(英式)或2/7/86 (或2,7,86)(美式)
下面是各個(gè)月份及其縮寫(xiě)式:
January Jan. February Feb. March Mar. April Apr. May — June Jun. July Jul. August Aug. September Sept. October Oct. November Nov. December Dec.
5.10 時(shí)刻表示法
請(qǐng)看下列各例:
(at) six o’clock (或at six) a.m. (或am) (在)上午六時(shí)
half past six p.m. (或pm) 下午六時(shí)半
(a) quarter past six a.m. (或am) 上午六時(shí)一刻
(a) quarter to eight p.m. (或pm) 下午八時(shí)差一刻
five to eight p.m. (或pm) 下午八時(shí)差五分
[注]美國(guó)英語(yǔ)可用after代替past ,用of 代替to。
除用文字外還可用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表示時(shí)刻,如:
6.00 (英式) 6:00(美式) (讀作six)
6.25 (英式) 6:25(美式) (讀作six twenty-five)
還有一種以24小時(shí)時(shí)制的表示法,如:
06.00或06:00 (讀作zero six hundred hours)
21.25或21:25 (讀作twenty-one twenty-five)
5.11 幣制表示法
關(guān)于英國(guó)幣制的說(shuō)法見(jiàn)下列各例:
1p 1便士 (讀作one penny 或one p)
5p 5便士 (讀作five pence 或five p)
€5.86 5英鎊86便士 (讀作five pounds eighty-six pence)
關(guān)于美國(guó)幣制的說(shuō)法見(jiàn)下列各例:
1¢ 1美分 (讀作one cent 或one penny)
$1.25 1美元25美分 (讀作one dollar twenty five或one twenty-five)
美國(guó)硬幣除penny外,還有nickel(=five cents),dime(=ten cents),quarter(=twenty-five cents),half-dollar(=fifty cents)等。
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