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薄冰英語語法 第四章 代詞(46-50)

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  4.46 other或another的用法

  個體代詞 other具有名詞和形容詞性質(zhì)。既可指人,亦可指物。other不確指,因此常用定冠詞組成the other。不定冠詞an與other連用則組成another。another亦具有名詞和形容詞性質(zhì)。

  1)other相當(dāng)于名詞時,意謂“另一個”,在句中作主語、賓語。如:

  (1)One of my brothers is named Richard, the other named Frederick. 我的兄弟一個叫理查德,另一個叫弗雷德里克。

  (2)He held a sword in one hand and a pistol in the other. 他一手握著劍,一手拿著手槍。

  other可用其它代詞修飾。如:

  (3)If you want that other, call me. 如果你要那另一個,就給我打電話。

  (4)It’s none other than Tom! 這正是湯姆!

  other有復(fù)數(shù)形式others。如:

  (5)We should not think only of our own children, there are others to be cared for also. 我們不應(yīng)該只想到我們自己的孩子,還有別的孩子需要照顧。

  (6)The search party was divided into two groups. Some went to the right, (the) others went to the left. 搜尋小組一分為二,一部分人向右去,另一部分人向左去。

  other有時可有屬格形式。如:

  (7)Each looked after the other’s bag. 二人相互照料對方的包。(二人)

  (8)She thinks only of others’ good. 她只想到別人的美德。(幾個人)

  有時可后跟of短語。如:

  (9)Some members of our expedition wanted to climb to the summit, but others of us thought it dangerous. 我們探險隊中,一些人想爬上頂峰,但另一些人認(rèn)為這太危險了。

  2)other用作形容詞,修飾復(fù)形名詞,意謂“另外的”、“其他的”,在句中作定語。如:

  (10)Some children like milk chocolate, other children prefer plain chocolate. 一些小孩喜歡奶油巧克力,另外一些小孩卻喜歡純巧克力。

  (11)I have no other friends but you. 除你以外我沒有其他朋友。

  (12)“We can do as well as other people, ” my aunt said. “我們能夠干得像別人一樣好,”我姑媽說。

  the other后跟單形名詞,意謂“另一個”。如:

  (13)The insurance offices were on the other side of the street. 保險公司在街的另一側(cè)。

  (14)This seat is free; the other seat is taken. 這個座位空著,另一個座位有人。

  (15)I spent half my time teaching law and the other half in London as a consultant to a big firm. 我一半時間教授法律,另一半時間是在倫敦給一家大公司當(dāng)顧問。

  the other亦可后跟復(fù)形名詞,意謂“另外的”、“其它的”。如:

  (16)Jones is here, but where are the other boys? 瓊斯在這兒,但其它男孩在哪兒?

  (17)When I returned home I found my wife talking to our neighbour. The other guests had gone. 當(dāng)我回家時,發(fā)現(xiàn)我妻子在跟鄰居說話。其他客人都走了。

  用作形容詞的other亦可為其它代詞所修飾。如:

  (18)Any other person than husband would have lost patience with her. 除了她丈夫外,別人都不會容忍她的。

  (19)There must be some other reason for him to help. 他給予幫助一定另有原因。

  (20)We have no other business before us. 我們手頭沒有別的事。

  3)another用作名詞,意謂“另一個”,在句中作主語、賓語。如:

  (21)One is blind, another is deaf, and a third is lame. 一個是瞎子,另一個是聾子,又一個是瘸子。(主語)

  (22)Ah, where can we find another like her? 啊,我們哪里還能找到像她這樣的姑娘?(賓語)

  有時可后跟of短語。如:

  (23)It was only another of her many disappointments. 這只是她許多失望外的又一個失望。

  4)another用作形容詞,意謂“另一個”, 在句中作定語,通常修飾單形名詞或代詞one。如:

  (24)We went into another room. 我們進(jìn)入另一個房間。

  (25)Tell them I am not very well. I will go and see them another day. 告訴他們我不太舒服。過幾天我會去看他們的。(another day指未來,the other day則指過去)

  (26)This pen doesn’t work. I must buy another one. 這支鋼筆壞了。我該另買一支了。

  有是意謂“不同的”。如:

  (27)This route to Boston takes too long. There must be another route that is shorter. 這條到波士頓的路線費(fèi)時太多了。一定會有一條較短的路線。

  有時會出現(xiàn)歧義。如:

  (28)Would you like another drink? 你再來一杯好嗎?(指另一杯同樣的飲料,亦可指一杯不同的飲料)

  有時可修飾數(shù)詞和復(fù)形名詞。如:

  (29)He went back to work too soon, and was laid up for another three months. 他回去上班過早,結(jié)果又病倒三個月。

  (30)Another fifty yards farther on you can see Marcello’s boat. 你再走五十碼,就可以看到馬塞洛的船。

  3)other,another可與one組合。 one‥‥the other指兩個人或物構(gòu)成的一組中的個體。如:

  (31)He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. 他一手拿著書,一手拿著筆記。

  (32)Here are two books. One is for Mary, the other is for Jack. 這里有兩本書,一本給瑪麗,一本給杰克。

  one‥‥another指同一組內(nèi)的兩個個體。如:

  (33)One person may like to spend his vacation at the seashore, while another may prefer the mountains. 一個人會喜歡在海濱度假,而另一個人會喜歡在山里度假。

  還可用still another引進(jìn)第三者。如:

  One person may like to spend his vacation at the seashore, while another may prefer the mountains, while still another may choose a large metropolis. 一個人也許喜歡在海濱度假,而另一個人也許喜歡在山里度假,還有人也許喜歡在大都市度假。

  4.47 either和neither的用法

  either和neither是對意義相反的代詞,具有名詞和形容詞性質(zhì)。

  1)either相當(dāng)于名詞時,意謂“(二者之中)任何一個”,在句中作主語、賓語,表示單數(shù)概念,作主語時謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式。常后跟of短語。其后用復(fù)形名詞或復(fù)數(shù)代詞,但意義明確時可省略。如:

  (1)Either of the plans is equally dangerous. 這兩個計劃中,不論哪一個都同樣有危險。

  (2)—Which of the two rooms would you like, sir? 先生,這兩個房間你喜歡哪一個?

  —Oh, either, I don’t care. 啊,哪個都行,我不在乎。

  (3)The news did not shock either of them. 這消息沒有使他倆任何一人感到震驚。

  (4)Have you seen either of your parents today? 今天你看見你父親或母親了嗎?

  2)用作形容詞,修飾單形名詞,在句中作定語。如:

  (5)He could write with either hand. 他左右手都能寫字。

  (6)Take either half; they’re exactly the same. 隨便拿哪一半,它們完全一樣。

  (7)There is a train at 11:30 and one at 12:05. Either train will get you to Oxford in time for the meeting. 有一趟火車是11:30,還有一趟火車是12:05,你乘哪一趟車都可以準(zhǔn)時趕到牛津開會。

  3)neither同either用法相同,意義相反,意謂“(二者之中)哪個也不”。如:

  (8)I try on two dresses, but neither fits me. 我試了兩套衣服,沒一套合適。(主語)

  (9)For a long time neither spoke again. 很長一段時間,他倆誰也沒再說話,(主語)

  (10)Neither of my friends has come yet. 我的(兩個)朋友一個也沒來。(后跟of短語)

  (11)Neither of them was any good. 它們(兩個)一個也不適用。(后跟of短語)

  (12)If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. 你如在追兩只兔子,一個也追不著。(賓語)

  (13)—Which will you have? 你要哪一個?

  —Neither, thank you. 哪個也不要,謝謝。(賓語)

  (14)I have traveled by both trains and neither train had a restaurant car. 我乘了兩趟車,哪一趟車也沒有餐車。(定語)

  (15)Neither brother has been abroad. 兩兄弟一個也沒有到國外去過。(定語)

  4.48 both的用法

  個體代詞both意謂“兩個(都)”,具有名詞和形容詞性質(zhì),在句中可用作主語、賓語、定語等,既可指人,亦可指物。它表示復(fù)數(shù),但只能指“二個”。

  1)相當(dāng)于名詞,在句中可用作主語和賓語。如:

  (1)Two men were injured in the accident. Both are now recovering in hospital. 事故中有兩個人受傷。這兩個人現(xiàn)在都在醫(yī)院里康復(fù)。(主語)

  (2)Both should make concessions. 雙方都應(yīng)該作出讓步。(主語)

  (3)I don’t know which book is the better; I shall read both. 我不知道哪一本書好,我將兩本都讀。(賓語)

  (4)Why not use both? 為什么不二者都用?(賓語)

  both常后跟of短語,其后用復(fù)形名詞或復(fù)數(shù)代詞;后接復(fù)形名詞時of常省略,后接復(fù)數(shù)代詞時of則不能省略。如:

  (5)Both (of) the films were very good. 兩個電影都很好。

  (6)Do both (of) your parents like dancing? 你父母都喜歡跳舞嗎?

  (7)She invited both of us to the party. 她邀請我們二人都參加聚會。

  (8)Both of them were men of the highest position in England. 他們二人都是英國地位最高的人。

  2)相當(dāng)于名詞時,在句中還用作同位語,與復(fù)形名詞或復(fù)形代詞同位。在句中的位置取決于謂語動詞的形式。作主語同位語時,如謂語為完全動詞(包括用作完全動詞的have),both位于主語之后、謂語動詞之前。如:

  (9)The girls both left early. 兩個女孩都是走得很早。

  (10)They both accepted the invitation. 他們都接受了邀請。

  (11)We both had a haircut. 我倆都理了發(fā)。

  如謂語部分為系表結(jié)構(gòu),both則位于連系動詞和表語之間。如:

  (12)These children are both mine. 這兩個孩子都是我的。

  (13)Cyril’s father and mother were both dead. 西里爾的父母都去世了。

  如謂語為含有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞的動詞短語,both則位于助動詞或情態(tài)動詞之后。如:

  (14)The friends have both been invited. 兩個朋友都受到了邀請。

  (15)You must both come over some evening. 你倆必須在哪天晚上都過來。

  但在作簡短回答時,both須位于助動詞或情態(tài)動詞之前。如:

  (16)—Have you finished? 你們做完了嗎?

  —Yes, we both have. 是的,我們都做完了。

  作賓語同位語時,位于賓語之后。如:

  (17)They told us both to wait. 他們告訴我倆都等一等。

  (18)I’ve met them both before. 我以前見過他倆。

  3)相當(dāng)于形容詞,在句中作定語。如:

  (19)Both men were interested in the job. 兩個人都對這項工作感興趣。

  (20)The club is open to people of both sexes. 這個俱樂部對男女都開放。

  4)each與both的比較:each表“一分為幾”, both表“合二為一”。如:

  (21)Each of us won a prize. 我們每人都得了一個獎。

  (22)Both of us won a prize. 我們倆都得了獎。

  both相當(dāng)于名詞時,為復(fù)數(shù)。如:

  (23)Both are good. 兩者均好。

  each相當(dāng)于名詞用作主語時,一般表單數(shù)概念。如:

  (24)Two boys entered. Each was carrying a suitcase. 兩個孩子進(jìn)來,每人都提著手提箱。

  但用作復(fù)數(shù)名詞(代詞)的同位語時,謂語須與主語一致,用復(fù)形動詞。如:

  (25)They each have beautiful daughters. 他們每個人的女兒都漂亮。

  4.49 many和much的用法

  表數(shù)量的不定代詞many和much具有名詞和形容詞性質(zhì),在句中可用作主語、賓語、定語等,都意謂“許多”、“大量”;它們的不同在于:many只能指代或修飾復(fù)形可數(shù)名詞,much一般只能指代或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。

  1)常用于疑問句、否定句,或if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如:

  (1)Do you know many people in London? 你在倫敦認(rèn)識很多人嗎?

  (2)Did you have much rain of your holidays? 你休假時遇上很多雨嗎?

  (3)I did not meet many English people who could speak foreign languages. 我遇見能講外語的英國人不多。

  (4)I had not very much advice to give him. 我對他提不出很多忠告。

  (5)I wonder if many people will come to the party. 我懷疑會有很多人來參加聚會。

  (6)I doubt whether there’ll be much time for seeing the sights. The train leaves at six o’clock. 我懷疑會有很多時間去觀光?;疖嚵c(diǎn)就開。

  2)用于肯定句,僅限于正式英語。如:

  (7)I know many who would not agree with you. 我知道有很多人不會同意你的意見。

  (8)Much research has been done on this subject and much has been discovered. 關(guān)于這個題目,已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了大量的研究,并有大量的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

  在日常英語中,則用a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a great deal of,a large number of,a good many和a great many等來代替。

  (9)There’s still a lot of work to do before we leave. 在我們走之前還有很多工作要做。

  (10)She knows lots of girls who go out dancing every Saturday. 她認(rèn)識很多女孩,她們每星期六外出跳舞。

  (11)I know plenty of boys in other schools had achieved the same results as I had. 我知道其它學(xué)校有很多男孩已取得與我同樣的成績。

  (12)He has done a great deal of research on the subject. 關(guān)于這個題目,他已經(jīng)做了很多研究工作。

  (13)A large number of people were gathered at the café. 咖啡館里聚集著很多人。

  (14)My mother’s family had been different in a good many ways from my father’s. 我的母系家庭與我的父系家庭有很多不同。

  (15)A great many mistakes have been made by nearly everybody. 幾乎人人都做錯了很多。

  3)當(dāng)many和much用作主語或用以修飾主語時,有時也可用于肯定句。如:

  (16)Many think that the situation will improve. 很多人認(rèn)為形勢會好轉(zhuǎn)。

  (17)Much of what he says is true. 他說的話很多是真的。

  (18)Many people like to spend their spare time working in their gardens. 很多人喜歡在空閑時間到自己花園里干活兒。

  (19)Much time would be saved if you planned your work properly. 如果你把工作安排適當(dāng),就會省下很多時間。

  當(dāng)many和much有程度副詞so,too,as,how等修飾時,亦可用于肯定句。如:

  (20)There are too many mistakes in your exercises. 你的練習(xí)中錯誤太多。

  (21)No, I won’t do it. It’s too much trouble. 不,我不會干這種事,麻煩太多。

  (22)I’ve got so many jobs to do today. 今天我有這么多活要干。

  (23)Take as much milk as you want. 牛奶你要多少就拿多少。

  much在句中用作賓語時,亦可用于肯定句。如:

  (24)My mother meant much to me. 我的母親對我說來是至關(guān)重要的。

  (25)I would give much to know what he is thinking now. 我非常想弄明白他現(xiàn)在在想什么。

  4)many和much相當(dāng)于名詞時,常后跟of短語。如:

  (26)Many of the delegates vetoed the plan. 許多代表否決了這項計劃。

  (27)There were lots of people on the beach. Many of them were holiday-makers. 海灘上有很多人,他們中不少是度假者。

  (28)Much of the time was wasted. 很多時間浪費(fèi)掉了。

  (29)He had traveled far, had seen much of the world. 他曾經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)游,見過許多世面。

  5)many和much有共同的比較級形式more和最高級形式most。如:

  (30)I found more letters lying on his table today. 今天我發(fā)現(xiàn)他桌上有更多的信。

  (31)He made more progress than I expected. 他取得的進(jìn)步超出我的預(yù)料。

  (32)He knew more about me than I thought. 他對我的了解比我想像的多。

  (33)I shall write and tell you if I want any more. 如果我還要,就寫信告訴你。

  (34)You must go right off and get some more. 你必須馬上去,再弄一些來。

  (35)Most people hold the same opinion as you do. 大多數(shù)人持與你相同的觀點(diǎn)。

  (36)Most work was done in my father’s offices. 大多數(shù)工作是在我父親辦公室干的。

  (37)The most I can do for you is to give you a letter of recommendation. 我能為你做的最多是給你一封推薦信。

  (38)Most of the delegates voted against the proposal. 大多數(shù)代表投票反對這項提議。

  (39)Most of his relatives lived in the country. 他的大多數(shù)親屬住在鄉(xiāng)下。

  (40)Most of his money came from selling his landscapes. 他的大多數(shù)錢來源于出賣他的風(fēng)景畫。

  4.50 (a) few和(a) little的用法

  a few和a little是一對用作表數(shù)量的不定代詞的固定詞組。它們具有名詞和形容詞性質(zhì),在句中可用作主語、賓語、定語等,它們意謂“少數(shù)”、“少量”,其意義是肯定的。a few指代或修飾復(fù)形可數(shù)名詞,a little指代或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。

  表數(shù)量的不定代詞few和little與a few和a little的用法基本相同,但具有否定意義,意謂“幾乎一點(diǎn)沒有”,等于“not‥‥many”或“hardly‥‥any”。

  1) a few和a little相當(dāng)于名詞時,在句中作主語和賓語。如:

  (1)There are only a few left. 只留下幾個。

  (2)—How many do you want? 你想要多少?

  —Just a few please. 請給幾個就行了。

  (3)Many a little makes a mickle. 積少成多。(諺語)

  (4)Just put a little on each plate. 每只盤里放一點(diǎn)兒。

  常后跟of短語。如:

  (5)Only a few of the children can read. 只有少數(shù)孩子能認(rèn)得字。

  (6)I met a few of my friends there. 我在那兒遇到幾個朋友。

  (7)Give me a little of that wine. 給我一點(diǎn)兒那種酒。

  (8)I have eaten a little (of the food). 我吃一點(diǎn)兒(食物)。

  2)a few和a little相當(dāng)于形容詞時,在句中作定語。如:

  (9)A few birds can be seen in that place. 在那個地方可見到一些鳥。

  (10)He has a few friends who call to see him quite frequently. 他有幾個朋友,經(jīng)常來看他。

  (11)There was a chill in the air and a little fresh wind. 寒氣襲人,清風(fēng)幾許。

  (12)She had a little conversation with Amy. 她同埃米談了一會兒話。

  3) few和little相當(dāng)于名詞時,在句中作主語和賓語。如:

  (13)A lot of guests were invited, but few came. 邀請了許多客人,但是來者不多。

  (14)I have very few left. 我所剩無幾了。

  (15)There’s little to be done about it. 關(guān)于這件事,沒什么可辦的了。

  (16)You have done very little for us. 你為我們做的很少。

  有時可后跟of短語。如:

  (17)Few of my acquaintances like Sheila. 我的熟人中沒有多少人喜歡希拉。

  (18)I see very little of him. 我不大看見他。

  4)few和little相當(dāng)于形容詞時,在句中作定語。如:

  (19)Few words are best. 少說為佳。

  (20)He has few friends and lives a lonely life. 他沒有什么朋友,過著一種孤獨(dú)的生活。

  (21)There is little changes in his appearance. 他的外貌沒什么變化。

  (22)Arthur was reading hard and had little spare time. 阿瑟正在用功讀書,幾乎沒有空閑時間。

  5)few可有比較級fewer,最高級fewest,little可有比較級less,最高級least。如:

  (23)Fewer people study Latin today than fifty years ago, and still fewer people study Greek. 同50年前相比,現(xiàn)在學(xué)拉丁文的人少多了,而學(xué)希臘文的人就更少了。

  (24)Who made the fewest mistakes? 誰的錯誤最少?

  (25)The more haste, the less speed. 欲速則不達(dá)。

  (26)Least talk, most work. 少說多干。

  在非正式英語中,few的比較級和最高級,亦可用less和least。如:

  (27)There used to be more women than men in the country, but now there are less. 這個國家過去女多男少,但現(xiàn)在則是女少男多。

  (28)That’s the least of my anxieties. 那是我最不焦急的事。


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