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薄冰英語語法 第四章 代詞(41-45)

所屬教程:英語語法入門

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  4.41 one的用法

  不定代詞one指代可數(shù)名詞,既可指人,亦可指物。one具有名詞和形容詞性質(zhì),在句中可用作主語、賓語、定語等。用作名詞時(shí),它有復(fù)數(shù)形式ones和屬格形式one’s,而且還有相應(yīng)的反身代詞oneself。用作形容詞時(shí)形式無變化。

  1)相當(dāng)于名詞,泛指“人們”、“一個人”、“任何人”,無修飾詞語。如:

  (1)One can’t be too careful in matters like this. 在這種問題上一個人多小心都不為過。

  (2)He was very young, not more than twenty-three or four, as indeed one could see at a glance. 他非常年輕,不會超過二十三四歲,任何人一眼就會看出來。

  (3)One would think I had agreed to her going. 人們會認(rèn)為我同意她走的。

  one可以和one’s或oneself一起使用。如:

  (4)One should do one’s best at all times. 一個人無論何時(shí)都應(yīng)盡自己的最大努力。

  (5)One shouldn’t be too hard on oneself. 一個人不應(yīng)該太難為自己。

  1)相當(dāng)于名詞,意指“一個人” 。如:

  (6)He is not one to be easily frightened. 他不是一個輕易被嚇倒的人。

  (7)One who paints ought to know a lot about perspective. 畫畫的人應(yīng)當(dāng)了解許多透視的知識。

  (8)There was a look in his eyes of one used to risking his life. 從他的目光中可以看出,他是個慣于冒生命危險(xiǎn)的人。

  one還可后跟of短語,短語中用復(fù)形可數(shù)名詞或代詞。如:

  (9)I’ve made some cakes. Would you like one of them? 我做了幾塊蛋糕,你吃一塊好嗎?

  (10)Roy is one of the finest jazz pianists I have ever heard.羅伊是我聽過的最好的爵士鋼琴手之一。

  3)用于與the other,another表示對比,在這種情況下有數(shù)的含義。如:

  (11)The brothers are so alike that I sometimes cannot tell one from the other. 這兩兄弟相貌太相似,有時(shí)我都不能分辨出來。

  (12)By the way, here are the two duplicate keys to the gate—I’ll take one, the other key you’d better keep yourself. 順便說起,這兒是兩把完全相同的大門鑰匙—我拿一把,另一把你最好自己拿著。

  (13)One man’s meat is another’s poison. 對甲有利未必對乙也有利。(諺語)

  4)用作“支撐詞”(prop word),即代替前面剛提到過的名詞 ,以免重復(fù)。僅用于可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)用ones,指人指物均可。如:

  (14)I haven’t a pen. Can you lent me one? 我沒帶筆,你借給我一支行嗎?

  (15)Trams were passing us, but my father was not inclined to take one. 電車從我們身邊駛過,但我父親一輛也不想上。

  (16)A hateful person is one that arouses feelings of hatred in you. 可憎之人就是會使你產(chǎn)生憎恨之情的人。

  支撐詞可用復(fù)數(shù)形式ones。如:

  (17)I prefer red roses to white ones. 我喜歡紅玫瑰,勝過白玫瑰。

  (18)—Have you met our German neighbors? 你見過我們的德國鄰居嗎?

  —Are they the ones who moved here recently? 他們是最近搬到這兒來的嗎?

  支撐詞如有修飾詞語,則須加冠詞。如:

  (19)No, that’s not their car. Theirs is a blue one. 不,那不是他們的車,他們的是輛藍(lán)色的。

  (20)The new vicar was less cultivated than the old one. 新來的牧師沒有原來的牧師有教養(yǎng)。

  (21)My shoes are similar to the ones you had on yesterday. 我這鞋跟你昨天穿的那雙差不多。

  支撐詞可用其它代詞或序數(shù)詞修飾。如:

  (22)If you will take this chair, I’ll take that one. 如果你坐這把椅子,我就坐那把。

  (23)I’ve never seen such big tulips as these ones. 我從來未見過這樣大的郁金香。

  (24)Here are some books for you to read. Which one would you choose? 這里有幾本你可讀的書,你挑哪一本?

  (25)If you don’t like this magazine, take another one. 如果你不喜歡這本雜志,那就要另一本吧。

  (26)My house is the first one on the left. 我的房子是左邊第一家。

  the one有“惟一”的含義。如:

  (27)She is the one who grumbles. 就是她常發(fā)牢騷。

  在某些情況下可不用支撐詞。如:

  (28)I won’t go by your car. I’ll use my own. 我不搭你的車。我用我自己的。(own之后)

  (29)Of all the runners my brother was the swiftest. 在所有賽跑選手中我弟弟是跑得最快的。(形容詞最高級之后)

  (30)I have only one bike but you have two. 我只有一輛自行車,可你有兩輛。(基數(shù)詞之后)

  另外,正式文件和學(xué)術(shù)文章應(yīng)避免用支撐詞。

  5)相當(dāng)于形容詞時(shí)和相當(dāng)于名詞時(shí)一樣,也可意謂“惟一”。如:

  (31)Your father is the one man who can help you now. 你父親是現(xiàn)在惟一能幫助你的人。

  (32)Her one object in life, as she told everybody, was her daughter Ruth. 她生活的惟一目標(biāo),正像她給大家說的,就是她的女兒露絲。

  (33)It was her one great sorrow. 那是她惟一的大憾事。

  6)與時(shí)間名詞連用,表示某種不確定的時(shí)間。如:

  (34)One day he’ll understand his mistake. 總有一天他會明白他的錯誤。(表將來)

  (35)I’ll speak to him one of these days. 有一天我會對他說的(表將來)

  (36)One summer evening I went for a stroll in the park. 一個夏天的夜晚,我去公園散步。(表過去)

  7)用于固定習(xí)語。如:

  (37)He can go or he can stay; it’s all one to me. 他去還是留,對我都一樣。

  (38)The sky was gently turning dark and the men began to depart one after the other. 天漸漸黑了,男人們開始一一離去。

  (39)The little ones always know a good man from a bad one. 孩子們總是分得出好人和壞人。

  4.42 none 的用法

  不定代詞none通常只有名詞性質(zhì),在句中作主語、賓語等。none與no性質(zhì)不同,no只有形容詞性質(zhì)。二者意義相同,皆意謂“沒有(人或物)”,既可指人,亦可指物。

  1)用于指代單形、復(fù)形可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。如:

  (1)None have arrived yet. 還沒有人來。

  (2)I bought a lot of books in London, but he bought none. 我在倫敦買了許多書,可他一本也沒買。

  (3)I wanted some more coffee but none was left. 我想再要些咖啡,可一點(diǎn)也沒有了。

  none常后跟of短語,其后用復(fù)形可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。作主語時(shí)謂語動詞可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:

  (4)None of his friends has ever been to Paris. 他的朋友沒有一個到過巴黎。

  (5)None of the passengers were aware of the danger. 沒有一個旅客意識到有危險(xiǎn)。

  (6)None of the dogs was (were) there. 沒有一條狗在那兒。

  (7)None of the money was ever recovered. 錢一點(diǎn)也沒尋找回來。

  2)用作主語、賓語、表語、同位語等。如:

  (8)None of them spoke English except Tallit. 除了塔利特,他們中沒有人會說英語。(主語)

  (9)Apart from the dizziness, I had none of the true signs of the disease. 除了頭暈,我沒有此病的任何真實(shí)癥狀。(賓語)

  (10)That’s none of you business! 那與你不相干。(表語)

  (11)We none of us said anything. 我們中沒有人說什么。(同位語)

  3)用于固定習(xí)語。如:

  (12)None but a strong man could have lifted it. 只有身強(qiáng)力壯的人能舉得起它。

  (13)It’s none other than Tom! 這正是湯姆!

  4)no one與none的比較:no one僅指人,none可指人或物。如:

  (14)No one failed the examination. 沒有一個人考試不及格。(強(qiáng)調(diào)沒有一個人不及格)

  (15)None of the students failed the examination. 沒有學(xué)生考試不及格。(強(qiáng)調(diào)都及格了)

  4.43 all的用法

  個體代詞all具有名詞和形容詞性質(zhì),在句中可用作主語、賓語、定語等。指二以上的人或物(指二個用both)。

  1)相當(dāng)于名詞,指人,意謂“大家”,等于everybody,在句作主語和賓語。它有復(fù)數(shù)概念,作主語時(shí)謂語動詞須用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:

  (1)All are welcome. 大家都受歡迎。

  (2)All agree that he has behaved splendidly. 大家都同意他的表現(xiàn)非常之好。

  (3)It is hard to please all. 眾口難調(diào)。

  2)相當(dāng)于名詞,指物,意謂“一切”,等于everything,在句中作主語和賓語。它表單數(shù)概念,作主語時(shí)謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式。如:

  (4)I don’t find any change here, all looks as it always did. 在這里我沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何變化,一切看起來都和以往一樣。

  (5)Some day his pictures will be worth more than all you have in your shop. 有一天,他的畫會比你店里所有的一切還值錢。

  (6)All is not lost. 一切都沒丟。

  注意all‥‥not‥‥有時(shí)=not all‥‥。如:

  (7)All is not gold that glitters. 發(fā)光的并不總是金子。

  有時(shí)可用物主代詞修飾。如:

  (8)He gave his all. 他奉獻(xiàn)了他的一切。

  3)相當(dāng)于名詞,在美國英語中常與of 連用(在英國英語中一般皆不用of)。all of的意思與all相同。如:

  (9)All of the boys want to become football players. 所有孩子都想當(dāng)足球運(yùn)動員。

  (10)All of these books are expensive. 所有這些書都很貴。

  亦可后跟不可數(shù)名詞,表示單數(shù)。如:

  (11)All of that money you gave them has been spent. 你給他們的那些錢全花完了。

  (12)All of the bread was stale. 所有的面包都不新鮮了。

  有時(shí)亦可后跟單形可數(shù)名詞。如:

  (13)His action was condemned by all of the civilized world. 他的行動受到整個文明世界的譴責(zé)。

  但只有all of 之后才可跟人稱代詞賓格。如:

  (14)All of us were disappointed by him. 他使我們大家都失望了。

  (15)He has written three novels and all of them were best sellers. 他寫了三部小說,三部都是暢銷書。

  4)用作主語同位語時(shí)有不同的位置。如:

  (16)They all found the lectures helpful. 他們大家都覺得講這些課有幫助。(謂語動詞之前)

  (17)We are all extremely fond of her. 我們大家都非常喜歡她。(謂語動詞之后)

  (18)The villages have all been destroyed. 這些村莊全部被摧毀了。(謂語動詞短語之中)

  5)相當(dāng)于形容詞,在句中作定語,可修飾單形、復(fù)形可數(shù)名詞以及專有名詞。如:

  (19)We worked hard all year. 我們辛勤工作了整一年。

  (20)All roads lead to Rome. 條條大路通羅馬。

  (21)All hope has gone. 整個希望都破滅了。

  (22)A general strike paralyzed all Paris. 一次總罷工使整個巴黎癱瘓了。

  6)用作定語從句的先行詞。如:

  (23)All I can say is that we are extremely sorry. 我能說的只是我們感到非常遺憾。

  (24)All I desired was leisure for study. 我的全部希望就是有空學(xué)習(xí)。

  (25) She listened to all that he said with a quiet smile on her lips. 她嘴上掛著安詳?shù)奈⑿Γ犞f的一切。

  7)用于固定習(xí)語。如:

  (26)All in all, there were twenty present. 總共有20人出席。

  (27)First of all you must be frank. 首先你必須坦誠。

  4.44 every的用法

  個體代詞every只有形容詞性質(zhì),在句中用作定語。常用于修飾單形可數(shù)名詞,述說對象至少有三個以上(如為二個則用each)。every還可構(gòu)成復(fù)合代詞everyone,everybody,everything。

  1)用于單形可數(shù)名詞,意謂“各個”。如:

  (1)After the gale every flower in the garden was broken. 大風(fēng)過后,花園里的每一朵花都損壞了。

  (2)He knew by heart every word in her letter. 他牢記她信中的每一個詞。

  (3)Every time I ring you up, I find you engaged. 每次我給你掛電話,我發(fā)現(xiàn)你都忙著有事。

  有時(shí)意謂“一切”。如:

  (4)He had every reason to believe that he was right. 他有一切理由相信他是對的。

  (5)I shall do my best to help you I every way. 我將盡最大努力用一切方法幫助你。

  2)用于固定習(xí)語。如:

  (6)We go to Europe practically every other year. 我們幾乎每隔一年去一次歐洲。

  (7)John comes to visit me every once in a while. 約翰時(shí)常來看望我。

  (8)When the police arrived, the crowd started running every which way. 警察到達(dá)時(shí),人群開始四處逃散。

  3)everyone和everybody只有名詞性質(zhì),用于指人,二者同義,意謂“每人”,表示單數(shù)。但可用復(fù)形物主代詞they,them,their指代。作主語時(shí)謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式。如:

  (9)He told everyone that he was a lord. 他告訴大家他是位勛爵。

  (10)In a small village everybody knows everybody else. 在小村莊里,大家彼此都認(rèn)識。

  (11)Everybody had some weak spot. 人人都有某種弱點(diǎn)。

  (12)“Everybody’s afraid, aren’t they?” he said looking at the people around. “大家都害怕,不是嗎?”他望著周圍的人說。(they指代everybody)

  可有屬格形式。如:

  (13)He’s sure of everyone’s consent. 他確信大家都會同意。

  注意everyone與詞組every one的區(qū)別:前者的重音模式是`everyone,后者是every `one或`every `one;前者只能指人,后者既可指人,也可指物。關(guān)于every one的實(shí)例如:

  (14)Every one of us will be present. 我們大家都將出席。

  (15)We played several matches against the visitors, but unfortunately lost every one. 我們同客隊(duì)賽了幾場,不幸全輸了。

  4)everything只有名詞性質(zhì),用于指物,意謂“每件事”、“一切”,表示單數(shù),沒有屬格。如:

  (16)Everything goes well with me. 我一切均好。

  (17)Money isn’t everything. 金錢不是一切。

  (18)One can’t have everything. 一個人不能什么都有。

  4.45 each的用法

  個體代詞each具有名詞和形容詞性質(zhì),在句中作主語、賓語、定語等。既可指人,亦可指物。描述對象至少有兩個。

  1)相當(dāng)于名詞,意謂“每個”,在句中作主語、賓語和同位語。如:

  (1)Each went his way. 各走各自的路。(主語)

  (2)He gave two to each. 他給了每人兩個。(賓語)

  (3)They were each sentenced to thirty days. 他們每人被判30日的徒刑。(同位語)

  (4)I told them what each was to do in case of an emergency. 我告訴他們在緊急情況下各自要做的事。(指物)

  (5)“Toasts, “cried George, in furious cheerfulness, and at the end of each threw his glass into the fireplace. “干杯,”喬治欣喜若狂地叫道,而且每干一次就把玻璃杯扔進(jìn)壁爐。(指事)

  有時(shí)可后跟of短語,其后須用復(fù)形可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞。如:

  (6)Each of the men signed his name as he came in. 每個男人進(jìn)門時(shí)都簽了名。

  (7)I’ll send each of them some seeds in the autumn. 秋天我將送給他們每人一些種子。

  5)相當(dāng)于形容詞,修飾單形可數(shù)名詞,在句中作定語。如:

  (8)I have met him each time he has come to London. 他每次來倫敦我都見到他。

  (9)He gave each boy a present. 他給了每個男孩一件禮物。

  (10)Each morning they lay abed till the breakfast-bell. 每天早晨他們都躺在床上直到早餐鈴響。

  3)each與every的比較:each可用作名詞和形容詞,every只用作形容詞;二者用作形容詞時(shí),意義相同,但each著重于個別性,其構(gòu)成成分各具特性,every則著重于整體性,其構(gòu)成成分有共性。如:

  (11)Each student contributed to the fund. 每一個學(xué)生都為基金會捐了款。(學(xué)生至少二人)

  (12)Every student contributed to the fund. 各個學(xué)生為基金會捐了款。(學(xué)生至少三人)

  each and every 短語則既有個性又有共性。如:

  (13)Each and every contributed to the fund. 各個學(xué)生都為基金會捐了款。


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