4.27疑問代詞的形式和含義
疑問代詞有who(誰,主格),whom(誰,賓格),whose(誰的,屬格),what(什么),which(哪個,哪些)等。其中who,whom,whose,只能指人,what和which可指人或物。它們可具有單數(shù)概念或復數(shù)概念。
疑問代詞引導的疑問句為特殊疑問句。它們一般都在該疑問句句首,并在其中作為某一句子成分(如主語、賓語、表語等)。
疑問代詞還可以引導間接疑問句。如:
(1)Tell me who he is. 告訴我他是誰。
(2)Do you know what his mane is? 你知道他叫什么名字?
疑問代詞who,what,which后可加ever以加強語氣。如:
(3)Who ever are you looking for? 你到底找誰?
(4)What ever do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思?
(5)Which ever do you want? 你究竟要哪個?
4.28 who的用法
who是主格,只有名詞性質。它的用法有:
1)用于疑問句。如:
(1)Who put that light out? 誰把燈滅了?
(2)Who told you so? 誰給你說的?
2)用于修辭性疑問句。如:
(3)Who could blame you? 誰能怪你呢?
(4)Who would have thought of that? 誰會想到這個呢?
4.29 whom的用法
whom是賓格,只有名詞性質,常用于書面語中。如:
(1)Whom are you talking about? 你們在談論誰?
(2)By whom is the letter signed? 這封信是誰簽署的?
(3)Whom’ re you playing this week? 這一周你們將和誰比賽?(偶爾也用在口語中)
在口語中一般皆用who。如:
(4)Who did you meet there? 你在那兒遇見誰了?
(5)Who did you ask about it? 關于那件事你們問過誰了?
在介詞之后一般用whom,但在在口語中也可用who。如:
(6)—I gave it away. 我把它給人了。
—To who? 給誰了?
(7)—This book is very well written. 這本書寫得很好。
—By who? 誰寫的?
4.30 whose的用法
whose是屬格,和物主代詞一樣,亦有名詞和形容詞性質,但形式相同。如:
(1)Whose umbrella is this? 這是誰的傘?(形容詞性,作定語)
(2)Whose is this umbrella? 這傘是誰的?(名詞性,作表語)
4.31 what的用法
what亦有名詞和形容詞性質,它的用法有:
1)用于疑問句。如:
(1)What makes you think that? 什么使你這樣想的?(作主語)
(2)What is he? 他是干什么的?(作表語)
(3)What are you doing? 你在做什么?(作動詞賓語)
(4)What was he speaking to you about? 他(剛才)跟你說什么?(作介詞賓語)
(5)What question did he ask? 他問了什么問題?(作定語)
what除指人和物外,還可表時間、數(shù)量等。如:
(6)What’s the time? 現(xiàn)在幾點啦?
(7)What is your current crop yield? 你們這次莊稼收成怎樣?
2)用于修辭性疑問句及感嘆句。如:
(8)What does it matter? 這有什么關系?
(9)What more do you want? 你還需要什么呢?(其含意是“你應該知足了”)
(10)What a fine day! 多好的天呀!
(11)If only she were here! What thousands of things there would be to say! 如果她在這里多好呀!有萬千心事要向她訴說啊!
3)用于省略句。如:
(12)Something is the matter, but I don’t know what. 總有點不對勁,但我不知道是什么。(=what it is )
(13)I’ll tell you what. 讓我告訴你怎么辦。(=what to do )
4.32 which的用法
which可指人或物,亦有名詞和形容詞性質,它的用法有:
(1)This my copy, which is yours? 這是我的書,哪一本是你的?(單數(shù),作定語)
(2)Which of the stories do you like best? 你最喜歡哪個故事?(單數(shù),作賓語)
(3)Which of you will go with me? 你們哪一位愿和我去?(單數(shù),作主語)
4.33 疑問代詞的用法比較
1)who與what的區(qū)別:who多指姓名、關系等;what多指職業(yè)、地位等。如:
(1)—Who is he? 他是誰?
—He is Tom Black. 他是湯姆•布萊克。
(2)—What is he? 他是干什么的?
—He is an engineer. 他是個工程師。
2)who與which的區(qū)別:
(3)Who come from the Northeast? 誰是東北人?(對人數(shù)未加限制)
(4)Which of you from the Northeast? 你們當中哪些是東北人?(對人數(shù)有限制)
3)what與which的區(qū)別:
(5)What sport do you like best? 你最喜歡什么運動?(不限制范圍)
(6)Which sport do you like the best? 你最喜歡哪一項運動?(限制在一定范圍內)
[注]但人們也常說What will you have, beer or wine? (你喝什么,啤酒還是葡萄酒?)這是因為人們在一開始提問時并未想到有選擇性。
八、關系代詞
4.34關系代詞的形式和功用
關系代詞有who,whose,whom,that,which,as等,可用作引導從句的關聯(lián)詞。它們在定語從句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語等;另一方面它們又代表主句中為定語從句所修飾的那個名詞或代詞(通稱為先行詞)。如:
(1)The girl who answered the phone was polite enough. 接電話的那個姑娘滿有禮貌。(關系代詞who在從句中是主語,它的先行詞是girl)
(2)He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那個人。(關系代詞whom在從句中作賓語,它的先行詞是man,whom在口語中一般可略去)
(3)You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. 你是惟一可能使他聽從勸告的人。(關系代詞whose在從句中作定語,先行詞為one)
(4)The film which I saw last night is about a young teacher. 我昨晚看的那部電影是關于一個年輕教師的事。(關系代詞which在從句中作定語,先行詞為film)
(5)This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon. 這是下午要飛往東京的那架飛機。(關系代詞that在從句中作主語,先行詞為plane)
(6)He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others. 他從不對提出對別人有益的批評而猶豫。(關系代詞as在從句中作主語,先行詞為criticisms)
4.35 縮合連接代詞的形式和功用
縮合連接代詞(condensed conjunctive pronoun)由于其形式和功用與關系代詞相似,所以歸入關系代詞的范疇??s合連接代詞主要有先行詞與關系代詞縮合而成,多用以引導名詞性從句。這種代詞主要有what(=that which),who(=anyone or the person who),that(=he or the man who),whatever(=anything that),whoever(=any person who),whichever(anyone who or which)等。帶-ever的詞往往有any的含義,語氣較強。
現(xiàn)將上述縮合連接代詞的用法舉例說明如下:
what
(1)What I want is water. 我所要的是水。(what I want用作主語,后接單形動詞is)
(2)What I want are apples. 我所要的是蘋果。(what I want用作主語,后接單形動詞are)
(3)I eat what I like. 我吃我所喜愛的東西。(what I like用作賓語)
(4)That is what I have to say. 這就是我所要說的話。(what I have to say用作表語)
(5)I gave him what help I could. 我盡我所能幫助了他。(what help I could用作直接賓語,what在此=any)
who
(6)Who breaks pays. 損害須賠償。(who breaks用作主語,who的這種用法現(xiàn)已不多見)
(7)Tom may marry who(whom)he likes. 湯姆可以與任何他所喜歡的人結婚。(who(whom)he likes用作賓語,注意這種從句只可用like,choose,please,want,wish等動詞)
(8)You are not who I thought you were. 你已不是我過去所想像的人。(who引導一表語從句)
that
(9)Handsome is that handsome does. 做的漂亮才是真的漂亮。(that引導表語從句)
(10)It was you that said so. 是你這樣說的。(that引導主語從句,it是一引詞)
which
(11)You can take which you like. 你喜歡拿哪一個就可以拿哪一個。(which引導一賓語從句)
whatever
(12)I’ll do whatever I can do. 我將做我所能做的事。(whatever引導一賓語從句)
whoever
(13)Whoever is top form wins the game when two matched players meet. 兩強相爭勇者勝。(whoever引導一主語從句)
whichever
(14)You can take whichever you like. 你愛拿哪個就拿哪個吧。(whichever引導一賓語從句,其語氣較which強)
帶-ever的縮合連接代詞有時有“不論”的含義,可引導讓步狀語從句。如:
(15)I’ll stand by you whatever happens. 不論發(fā)生什么事,我都和你站在一起。(whatever=no matter what)
(16)The final between the teams, whatever the result, is splendid. 兩隊之間的決賽,不論結果如何,總是精彩的。(注意whatever the result后省去it is)
(17)Whoever says so, it’s not true. 不管是誰說的,這話不真實。(whoever=no matter who)
(18)Her sister—or her friend—whichever it was—was an uncommonly pretty girl. 她的妹妹,或者是她的朋友,不管是哪一個,真是美麗出眾。(whichever=no matter which)
九、不定代詞
4.36不定代詞的含義和種類
不指明代替任何特定名詞或形容詞的代詞叫不定代詞。不定代詞表示各種程度和各種類型的不定意義。它們在邏輯意義上是數(shù)量詞,具有整體或局部的意義。
不定代詞可分為:
1)普通不定代詞:
a) some, any, no
b) somebody, anybody, nobody, someone, anyone, no one(不連寫), something, anything, nothing
c) one, none
2)個體代詞
a) all, every, each, other, another, either, neither, both, half
b) everybody, everyone, everything
3)數(shù)量代詞
many, much, few, little, a few, a little, a lot of, lots of, a great deal, a great many
4.37 some的用法
不定代詞some具有名詞和形容詞的性質,既可指人,亦可指物。
1)通常用于表示不定數(shù)或不定量,修飾復形可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞,意謂“幾個”、“一些”。如:
(1)He asked me some questions. 他問了我?guī)讉€問題。(修飾復形可數(shù)名詞)
(2)There are some children outside. 外面有幾個孩子。(修飾復形可數(shù)名詞)
(3)Give me some water, please. 請給我一些水。(修飾不可數(shù)名詞)
(4)There is some milk in the fridge. 冰箱里有一些牛奶。(修飾不可數(shù)名詞)
2)用于修飾單形可數(shù)名詞,意謂“某個”。如:
(5)Some boy had written a Latin word on the blackboard. 某個男孩在黑板上寫了一個拉丁詞。(修飾單形可數(shù)名詞)
(6)He’s living at some place in East Asia. 他住在東亞的某個地方。(修飾單形可數(shù)名詞)
3)用于表示對比,須重讀。如:
(7)I enjoy some music, but not much of it. 我喜歡一些音樂,但不多。
(8)Some of us agree with the statement, some disagree. 對這項聲明,我們有些人同意,有些人不同意。
4)相當于形容詞時,在句中作定語(例句見前);用作名詞時,在句中作主語和賓語。如:
(9)Some are wise and some are otherwise. 有些人聰明,有些人愚笨。
(10)Some (of the bread) had been eaten. (面包)已經(jīng)吃了一些。
(11)I hadn’ t any cigarettes, so I went out to buy some. 我沒有香煙了,所以出去買了一些。
(12)If you have no money I will lend you some. 如果你沒有錢,我愿借給你一些。
相當于名詞時,還可后跟of短語。of的賓語用復形可數(shù)名詞,表示復數(shù);of的賓語用不可數(shù)名詞,表示單數(shù)。如:
(13)Some of his opinions were hard to accept. 他的一些觀點難于接受。(of的賓語為復形可數(shù)名詞)
(14)Some of the food was packed in water proof bags. 一些食品包在防水袋中。(of的賓語為不可數(shù)名詞)
of的賓語如用單形可數(shù)名詞,則表示“部分”。如:
(15)Some of the loaf has been eaten. 一條面包已吃了一些。(=part of the loaf)
5)一般用于肯定句。如:
(16)Some people are early risers. 有些人起得很早。
(17)The mother is doing some washing now. 媽媽正在洗衣服。
如果句中包含some的部分具有肯定意義,那么也可用于否定句或疑問句。在否定句中,some表示“一些”、“部分”。如:
(18)I could not answer some of his questions. 我不能回答他的某問題。
(19)I haven’t yet spoken about it to some of the first-year students. 我還沒有給某些一年級學生講這件事。
含有some的疑問句大多表示“請求”或“建議”,希望回答yes(同意)。如:
(20)Will you get me some matches? 給我?guī)赘鸩窈脝?
(21)Did you see some of his poems published in the magazine? 你見過他發(fā)表在雜志的一些詩嗎?
有時表示反問。如:
(22)Didn’t he give you some money? 難道他沒有給你一些錢?
6)用于修飾數(shù)詞,表示“大約”。如:
(23)It happened some twenty years ago. 這事發(fā)生在大約20年前。
(24)The population numbers some thirty million. 人口約計三千萬。
4.38 any的用法
不定代詞any具有名詞和形容詞的性質,既可指人,亦可指物。
1)與some 一樣,any也表示不定數(shù)或不定量,修飾復形可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞,意謂“一些”、“什么”。常用于疑問句。如:
(1)Are there any stamps in the drawer? 抽屜里有郵票嗎?(修飾復形可數(shù)名詞)
(2)Haven’t you any work to do? 你沒有工作做嗎?(修飾不可數(shù)名詞)
有時可修飾單形可數(shù)名詞。如:
(3)Do you know any gook doctor? 你認識什么好的大夫嗎?
2)常用于否定句或從名中,常與never,without,seldom,hardly等連用。如:
(4)There are not any books. 沒有書。
(5)There isn’t any water. 沒有一點水。
(6)He never had any luck. 他從來都不幸運。
(7)He went away without saying good-bye to any of us. 他不有跟我們任何人告別就離開了。
(8)Now that he llived in the country he seldom had any visitors. 現(xiàn)在他住在鄉(xiāng)下,很少有客人。
(9)The Dutch man spoke French with hardly any accent. 這個荷蘭人說法語幾乎不帶任何口音。
(10)No one is under any obligation to you. 沒有一個人受惠于你。
(11)I don’t think any of us ought to wish the results to be different. 我不認為我們中有人會希望有不同的結果。
3)用于由if或whether引導的賓語從句。如:
(12)Let me know if you hear any news. 我想知道你聽到什么消息沒有。
(13)I wonder if you have met any of these people before. 我不知道你以前是否見過這些人。
用于條件從句。如:
(14)If you have any news, call me up right away. 你如有什么消息,立刻打電話給我。
(15)If there any new magazines in the library, take some for me. 圖書館如果來了新雜志,替我借幾本。
4)亦用于肯定句,意謂“任何”。通常重讀,修飾單形可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。如:
(16)Come any day you like. 你哪一天來都行。
(17)Any time you want me, just send for me. 什么時候需要我,就給我個信兒。
(18)She kissed and welcomed her brother, but was afraid to ask any question. 她吻她兄弟歡迎他,但是不敢提任何問題。
有時修飾復形可數(shù)名詞。如:
(19)We had no idea that any serious losses had been inflicted on the company. 我們不知道公司受到什么嚴重損失。
5)用作形容詞,在句中作定語(例句見前)。用作名詞時,在句中作主語和賓語,可表示單數(shù)或復數(shù)。如:
(20)Is (Are) there any? 沒有一個(些)?
(21)—Which newspaper do you want me to buy? 你要我買哪種報紙?
—Any will do. 哪種都行。
(22)Did she give you any? 她給了你一些沒有?
(23)Get me some if you find any. 如果你找到,就給我一些。
6)用作名詞時,還可后跟of短語,of之后用復形可數(shù)名詞或代詞。如:
(24)I don’t think that any of my friends have seen them. 我認為我的朋友中沒有一個人見過他們。
(25)I don’t expect to see any of them at the concert. 我不期望在音樂會見到他們中的任何人。
7)用于表示“程度”,意謂“些微”,用作狀語。如:
(26)Is the sick man any better? 病人好些了嗎?
(27)He was too tired to walk any further. 他太累了,不能再往前走了。
8)用于固定習語。如:
(28)I have any number of plants in my garden. 我的花園里有許多植物。
(29)At any rate, we decided to follow Brum’s suggestion. 不管怎樣,我們決定照布倫的意見去做。
4.39 no的用法
不定代詞no只有形容詞性質,在句中作定語。no表示否定,意謂“沒有”、“不是”,可修飾單形、復形可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
1)用于there is(are),have,have got之后,等于not any。如:
(1)There are no letters for you today. 今天沒有你的信。
(2)He has no dignity; he is always behaving foolishly. 他沒有尊嚴,經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)愚蠢。
(3)I’ve got no home. 我沒有家。
2)用于連系動詞之后,等于not a,但語氣很強。如:
(4)The girl was no beauty. 這姑娘才不漂亮哩。
(5)He is no friend of mine. 他才不是我的朋友哩。
(6)Between you and me, it’s no bad thing. 就你我知道,這并不是件壞事。
3)用于其它動詞之后。如:
(7)The boat made no headway against the tide. 這條船在逆潮中行進不了了。
(8)He could expect no sympathy from Lester. 他不指望能得到萊斯斯特的同情。
(9)I took no part in these negotiations. 我沒有參加這些談判。
4)用于修飾其它句子成分。如:
(10)No boy at the school had ever seen the sea. 在學校沒有一個孩子曾見過大海。
(11)I am in no mood for jokes. 我沒有情緒開玩笑。
5)用于警告、命令等標識。如:
(12)No smoking! 不許吸煙!
(13)No parking! 禁止停車!
6)用于表示程度,=not any,用作狀語,修飾形容詞原級、比較級和副詞比較級。如:
(14)But this is no unimportant question, my dear Holmes. 不過這可不是個無足輕重的問題,我親愛的福爾摩斯。
(15)She was no older than Zilla. 她不比齊拉年紀大。
(16)He went no further. 他不再往前走了。
7)用于固定習語。如:
(17)Men are no longer at the mercy of nature. 人類已不再任憑大自然擺布了。
(18)There’s no such thing as ghosts. 沒有鬼這樣的東西。
8)not與no的比較:not可用于否定動詞,no則沒有這種功能。no是具有形容詞性質的不定代詞,只能與名詞或相當于名詞的詞連用,如no time(沒有時間),no telephone(沒有電話),“No spitting”(不許隨地吐痰)。no等于not any,因此不能用于a,the ,all,both,every等詞之前;在這些詞之前必須用not,如not a chance(毫無機會),not the least(一點都不),not all of us(不是我們全體),not everyone(不是每一個人),not enough(不夠)。其次,no也不與姓名、副詞、介詞等連用。但not可與這些詞連用,如me,not George(是我,不是喬治),not wisely(不聰明地),not on Sundays(不在星期天)。
4.40 復合不定代詞的用法
不定代詞some,any,no與-one,-body,-thing可組成九個復合代詞:somebody, anybody, nobody, someone, anyone, no one(不連寫或no-one), something, anything, nothing
這些復合代詞均只有名詞性質。
1)第二部分為-one,-body的復合代詞只用于指人。它們形式上是單數(shù),但可用復形代詞they或them指代。如:
(1)There is someone in his office. Do you hear them talking? 他辦公室里有人,你聽見他說話嗎?(them指代someone)
(2)Is there anyone at home? 家里有人嗎?
(3)No one was kinder to me at that time than Rose Waterford. 那時,沒有一個人比羅斯•沃特福德對我更好。
(4)Somebody must have been using my books. They’ve got all misplaced on the shelf. 一定有人用過我的書了。書全都被亂放在書架上。
(5)Did you meet anybody on your way home? 你在回家的路上遇見什么人?
(6)Nobody can help him under the circumstances. 在這種情況下沒有人能幫助他。
2)第二部分為-one和-body的復合代詞可有’s屬格形式。如:
(7)There’s somebody’s glove on the floor. 誰的手套在地板上。
(8)It is anybody’s guess how long the strike will last. 誰想得到這次罷工會延續(xù)多久。
(9)Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 事關大家無人管。
第二部分為-one和-body的復合代詞如后跟else,’s屬格則移至else之后。如:
(10)My car has broken down. Can I borrow someone else’s? 我的車壞了,我能借哪一個人的嗎?
(11)His hair is longer than anyone else’s. 他的頭發(fā)比誰都長。
3)第二部分為-one和-body的復合代詞如有形容詞修飾,形容詞須后置。如:
(12)Somebody important has arrived, I’m sure. 我確信有一個重要人物到了。
(13)I want someone reliable to do this work. 我需要一個可靠的人來做這件工作。
4)一般認為,第二部分為-one的復合代詞與第二部分為-body的復合代詞的功能和意義完全相同,可以互換,只是前者較后者文雅些。但也有人認為,前者側重指個體,后者側重指集體。如:
(14)Somebody is sure to get interested in the job. 肯定有人對這工作感興趣。(=some people,one or more persons)
(15)This is a letter from someone interested in the job. 這是一封某個對這工作感興趣的人的信。(=some person,one person)
(16)Nobody knew about her arrival. 沒有人知道她的到來。(=no people)
(17)No one had come to meet her. 沒有一個人來接她。(=not a person)
因此,第二部分為-body的復合代詞不后接of短語,而第二部分為-one的復合代詞則有時可后跟of短語。如:
(18)Does anyone of you correspond with her family? 你們中有誰跟她家通信嗎?
5)第二部分為-think的復合代詞只用于指物,沒有屬格。如:
(19)There is something wrong with him. 他出了點問題。
(20)Why don’t you say something? 你為什么不說點什么?
(21)He looked at me and didn’t say something? 他看著我,什么也沒說。
(22)I’ll do anything for you. 我愿意為你做任何事。
(23)“Is there anything in the paper?” he said, as we approached the end of our silent meal. 當我們默默地用餐快結束時,他說:“報上有什么新聞嗎?”
(24)Mangan has nothing else. 曼根沒有別的東西。
(25)Nothing could remove his disappointment. 沒有什么能消除他的失望情緒。
6)第二部分為-think的復合代詞和第二部分為-one或-body的復合代詞一樣,其形容詞亦須后置。如:
(26)Is it something important? 事情重要嗎?
(27)I think I’d come and see if they had anything new. 我想我會來看看他們不沒有什么新的東西。