4.7 物主代詞的形式
物主代詞是表示所有關(guān)系的代詞,也可稱為代詞屬格。它分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。
1) 形容詞性物主代詞:
人稱 數(shù) 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)
第一人稱 我的 my 我們的 our
第二人稱 你的 your 你們的 your
第三人稱 他的 his 她的 her 它的 its 他們的 their
2) 名詞性物主代詞:
人稱 數(shù) 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)
第一人稱 我的 mine 我們的 ours
第二人稱 你的 yours 你們的 yours
第三人稱 他的 his 她的 hers 它的 its 他們的 theirs
4.8 物主代詞的含義
物主代詞即是人稱代詞屬格,表示“所有”。與人稱代詞一樣,也分第一人稱、第二人稱和第三人稱,每個人稱分單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù),第三人稱單數(shù)還分陽性、陰性和中性。物主代詞有形容詞性和名詞性兩種。
形容詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,置于名詞之前。它們的人稱、數(shù)和性取決于它們所指代的名詞或代詞。如:
(1)Lanny still had his meal in the hotel dining room. 蘭尼還在旅館的餐廳里用膳。
(2)Kathy has cut her finger. 凱西把手指劃破了。
(3)Dear Jack, thank you for your congratulations. 親愛的杰克,謝謝你的祝賀。
名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,不能用于名詞之前,說話時要加重語氣。它們的形式取決于它們所指代的名詞或代詞。如:
(4)That isn’t my own car; mine is being repaired. 那不是我自己的車,我的車正在修理。
(5)Their house is larger than ours. 他們的房子比我們的大。
(6)We’ll have to separate his from yours. 我們得把他的東西同你的分開。
名詞性物主代詞its在現(xiàn)代英語中極其罕見。
4.9 形容詞性物主代詞的功用
形容詞性物主代詞在句中只能用作定語,并可與形容詞own連用表示強調(diào)。
1)用作定語。如:
(1)Everybody must do his work well. 人人都應(yīng)該把自己的工作做好。
(2)She turned away her eyes. 她把她的目光移開。
(3)Their ideals had changed. 他們的理想變了。
注意下面句中須用表身體所有的或隨身攜帶的物主代詞,不可省去,這與漢語不同:
(4)Steyne rose up, grinding his teeth, pale, and with fury in his looks. 斯坦站起身來,咬牙切齒,臉色蒼白,滿臉怒氣。
(5)He raised his hat as the lady approached. 當(dāng)那位婦人走近時,他舉帽致意。
2)與own連用表示強調(diào)。如:
(6)I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我親眼看見的。
(7)Every cook praises his own broth. 每個廚師都夸自己的湯好。
(8)Mind your own business! 不管你的事!
如進一步強調(diào)則可加very。如:
(9)I’d love to have my very own room. 我喜歡有一個完全屬于我自己的房間。
(10)I have nothing of my own. 我自己一無所有。
這種結(jié)構(gòu)還可以與of連用。如:
(11)The Pollaks had no children of their own. 波拉克夫婦自己沒有孩子。
3)有時可由定冠詞the代替。如:
(12)He received a blow on the head. 他頭上挨了一擊。( the=his )
(13)A bee stung her on the nose. 一只蜜蜂在她鼻子上螫了一下。( the=her )
(14)How’s the family? 你家里人好嗎?
4.10 形容詞性物主代詞的特殊意義
形容詞性物主代詞有時并不表示“所有”。而表示其它意義。如:
(1)I was invited to my first tea party at his home. 我第一次被邀請參加他家的茶會。(my=我所赴的)
(2)He taught them their trades well. 他教他們手藝教得很好。(their=他們應(yīng)掌握的)
(3)—What are you waiting for? 你在等什么?
—Only for my orders, sir. 就等給我的命令,先生。(my=我要接受的)
(4)He would have preferred to put her idea aside together, if he had known how. 如果他已經(jīng)知道情況,他寧愿把她一古腦兒拋到一邊。(her idea=對她的思念)
(5)They may have informed you of the terrible calamities that have fallen on our family. 他們或許已經(jīng)把我們家發(fā)生的可怕的災(zāi)難告訴你了。(our=my)
4.11 名詞性物主代詞的功用
名詞性物主代詞在句中可用作主語、動詞賓語、介詞賓語和表語等。
1)用作主語(多用于正式文體)。如:
(1)This is your pen. Mine is in the box. 這是你的筆。我的在盒子里。
(2)Hers is a pretty colorless life. 她的生活是一種相當(dāng)平淡的生活。
(3)He realized his was not merely medical work, but also a serous political task. 他認識到他的工作不僅僅是醫(yī)療工作,而且還是一項嚴肅的政治任務(wù)。
2)用作動詞賓語。如:
(4)I have broken my pencil. Please give me yours. 我把我的鉛筆弄斷了,請把你的給我。
(5)He cooks his own meals and she hers. 他做他自己的飯,而她也做她自己的飯。
(6)They lost all their money, so we gave them ours. 他們把錢全丟了,所以我們把我們的給了他們。
3)用作介詞賓語。如:
(7)Her daughter is rather stupid, but both of yours are very clever. 她的女兒有點笨,你的兩個女兒倒很聰明。
(8)About Wesley and Whitefield, no movement in English history compares with theirs. 談到衛(wèi)斯理和懷特菲爾德,英國歷史上沒有一次運動比得他們的運動。
(9)She would shut herself up in her room, Julio in his. 她常把自己關(guān)在房間里,而朱利奧也是一樣。
4)用作表語。如:
(10)This garden is ours. 這個花園是我們的。
(11)—Whose book is this? 這是誰的書?
—It’s mine. 是我的。
(12)He knew that the house was hers. 他知道那房子是她的。
5)用作禮貌用語。如:
(13)A Happy New Year to you and yours from me and mine. 我和我全家祝你和你的全家新年快樂。
(14)Yours sincerely (truly, faithfully) 您的忠誠的(忠實的,可以依賴的)(書信落款的英國用法,美國多將yours放在sincerely等之后)
4.12 “of+名詞性物主代詞”的用法
名詞性物主代詞有時亦可與of連用,構(gòu)成雙重屬格。
1)表部分概念。如:
(1)He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一個朋友。
(2)Is he a neighbor of yours? 他是你的一個鄰居嗎?
2)有感情色彩。如:
(3)Look at that big nose of his! 看他那大鼻子!(有貶意)
(4)This dog of ours never bites. 我們的這條狗從不咬人。(有褒意)
四、反身代詞
4.13 反身代詞的形式
反身代詞是一種表示反射或強調(diào)的代詞。它由第一人稱、第二人稱形容詞性物主代詞和第三人稱人稱代詞賓格,加詞尾self或selves而成:
人稱 數(shù) 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)
第一人稱 我自己 myself 我們自己 ourselves
第二人稱 你自己 yourself 你們自己 yourselves
第三人稱 他自己 himself
她自己 herself
它自己 itself 他們自己 themselves
4.14 反身代詞的含義
反身代詞的基本含義是:通過反身代詞指代主語,使施動者把動作形式上反射到施動者自己。因此,反身代詞與它所指代的名詞或代詞形成互指關(guān)系,在人稱、性、數(shù)上保持一致。如:
(1)He saw himself in the mirror. 他在鏡子里看見了自己。
反身代詞himself顯然與主語he是指同一個人。如果把反身代詞換為其它人稱代詞賓格,如:
(2)He saw in the mirror. 他在鏡子里看見他。
這里him則無疑是指另一個人。
反身代詞與動詞連用時(一般都是及物動詞,中有behave除外),有以下三種情況:
1) 有少數(shù)動詞必須與反身代詞連用。如:
(3)Why did you absent yourself from school yesterday?你昨天為什么沒有上學(xué)?
2)有些動詞可以與反身代詞連用,也可以不與反身代詞連用,其意義不變,它們可稱
為半反身動詞。如:
(4)He has to shave(himself) twice a day. 他必須一天修兩次面。
3)有許多普通動詞都可以用于反身代詞,發(fā)表示動作的反射。如:
(5)She supports herself. 她自己養(yǎng)活自己。
此外,反身代詞還可以用于名詞或代詞之后或句末,表示強調(diào)。如:
(6)I myself saw it. 那是我親眼看見的。(也可以說I saw it myself. )
4.15 反身代詞的功用
反身代詞在句中可用作動詞賓語、介詞賓語、表語和同位語等。
1)用作動詞賓語。如:
(1)You’ll hurt yourself if you play with the scissors. 你如果玩剪刀會把自己割傷的。
(2)I don’t mean to praise myself. I have my faults. 我不想夸自己,我人我的缺點。
(3)Little Albert is only four, but he can feed himself, wash himself and dress himself. 小艾伯特才四歲,但是他已經(jīng)能夠自己吃飯、洗臉和穿衣服了。
(4)She allowed herself a rest. 她讓自己休息一會兒。
(5)We gave ourselves up. 我們對自己不抱希望。
2)用作介詞賓語。如:
(6)We did not know what to do with ourselves. 我們不知道我們自己怎么辦。
(7)The information I am giving you is confidential, so keep it to yourself. 我給你的這個信息是機密的,所以你要保密。
(8)The enemy will not perish of itself. 敵人不會自行消滅。
在一些表位置的介詞之后,反身代詞常代之以人稱代詞賓格。如:
(9)I looked about me. 我環(huán)顧四周。
(10)He closed the door after him. 他隨手關(guān)上了門。
(11)The mother drew the children towards her. 母親將孩子們拉向身邊。
在一些介詞之后,用反身代詞或人稱代詞賓格均可。如:
(12)There are seven in the family besides me/myself. 家里除我以外還有七口人。
(13)Except for us/ourselves, the whole village was asleep. 除我們以外,整個村莊都熟睡了。
(14)Sandra’s sister is even taller than her/herself. 桑德拉的妹妹甚至比她還高。
3)用作表語。如:
(15)That poor boy was myself. 那可憐的孩子就是我。
(16)Bob is not quite himself today. 鮑勃今天感到不適。
4)用作同位語。反身代詞用作同位語時,往往是用來加強名詞或代詞的語氣,應(yīng)重讀;在句中常置于名詞、代詞之后或句子末尾。如:
(17)The novel itself has glaring faults. 這部小說本身有明顯的缺點。
(18)He was himself inclined to agree with them. 他自己傾向于同意他們的意見。
(19)You’ll have to do it yourself. 你得自己去干。
5)偶而用作主語。這種獨立使用的反身代詞語氣較強。如:
(20)My wife and myself were invited to the party. 我妻子和我自己應(yīng)邀參加聚會。
(21)Who suffers by his whims? Himself always. 為他的狂想吃苦頭的是誰呢?總是他自己。
(22)Every New-year’s Day, myself and friends will drink his health. 每逢元旦,我自己和朋友們都為他的健康祝酒。
6)用于固定習(xí)語。如:
(23)Between ourselves, I think Mr. Holmes has not quite got over his illness yet. 請勿與外人道,福爾摩斯先生還沒有康復(fù)呢?
(24)He announced that he would go out for a short walk by himself. 他說他要獨自出去散一會兒步。
(25)He is not bad in himself but he’s so weak-minded. 他本質(zhì)并不壞,只是很優(yōu)柔寡斷。
五、相互代詞
4.16 相互代詞的形式
相互代詞是表示相互關(guān)系的代詞。它們的形式如下:
賓格 屬格
相互 each other 相互的 each other’s
相互 one another 相互的 one another’s
4.17 相互代詞的含義
相互代詞表示相互關(guān)系,寬所指代的名詞或代詞必須是復(fù)形或二個以上。如:
(1)Mr. and Mrs. Smith buy expensive presents for each other. 史密斯夫婦相互給對方買了貴重的禮物。
(2)They looked at one another. 他們相互對望。
相互代詞與反身代詞相似,都與主語形成互指關(guān)系,但其意義卻存在重大差別。如:
(3)Bill and Helen blamed themselves. 比爾和海倫責(zé)怪他們自己。
(4)Bill and Helen blamed each other. 比爾和海倫彼此責(zé)怪對方。
在當(dāng)代英語中,each other和one another在用法上沒有什么區(qū)別。雖然按照傳統(tǒng)語法指二者時用each other,指二者以上時用one another,但是在語言的實際運用時卻很少有這種界線。一般認為,它們在文體上卻存在一些差別:each other多用于非正式文體,而one another則多用于較正式文體。
普通動詞在表示相互關(guān)系時要求用相互代詞。如:
(5)I think we have misunderstood each other. 我認為我們彼此誤解了。
有此動詞本身就含有相互的意義,它們可以用相互代詞,也可以不用。如:
(6)Anna and Bob met(each other) in Cairo. 安娜和鮑勃在開羅(彼此)見面了。
4.18 相互代詞的功用
相互代詞在句中可用作賓語、定語等。
1)相互代詞賓格用作賓語。如:
(1)You and I understand each other perfectly. 你我彼此很了解。
(2)They have been separated from one another a long time. 他們分手很久了。
有時each other和one another用在同一句中,以避免重復(fù)。如:
(3)It seems so pathetic that, if you saw one another in the street, you wouldn’t recognize each other. 境況是如此悲慘,你們?nèi)缭诮稚媳舜讼胍姡矔舜瞬幌嗾J的。
2)相互代詞屬格用作定語。如:
(4)We have always maintained that countries should respect each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. 我們一貫主張各國之間應(yīng)當(dāng)互相尊重主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土的完整。
(5)They looked into each other’s eyes for a silent moment. 他們彼此一時相對無言。
有時亦可用each other’(與each other’s無區(qū)別),如:
(6)Last year we visited each other’ capitals. 去年,我們互訪了對方的首都。
3)each和other可分開使用。如:
(7)Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home. 兩人彼此都勸說對方留在家里。(each在此當(dāng)然是主格,other則仍是賓格)
(8)Each of the twins wanted to know what the other was doing. 這對孿生兄弟都想知道對方在干什么。
六、指示代詞
4.19 指示代詞的形式
指示代詞是用來指示或標識人或事物的代詞。它們主要有:
單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)
近指 這個 this(student) 這些 these(students)
遠指 那個 that(student) 那些 those(students)
其它還有:such這樣的,same同樣的,so這樣,it(指人用)等。
4.20指示代詞的含義
指示代詞與定冠詞和人稱代詞一樣,都具有指定的含義。它們所指的對象取決于說話者和聽話者共同熟悉的語境。如:
(1)I liked this movie today better than that concert last night. 我喜歡今天的這個電影,勝過昨晚的那個音樂會。
指示代詞與物主代詞相似,具有名詞和形容詞的性質(zhì)。在句中相當(dāng)于名詞(作主語、賓語、補語),又相當(dāng)于形容詞(作定語)。如:
(2)I don’t like this. 我不喜歡這個。(相當(dāng)于名詞)
(3)Do you know these people? 你認識這些人嗎?(當(dāng)于形容詞)
指示代詞在句中相當(dāng)于名詞時一般常用以指物而不指人。如:
(4)I found this wallet. I found this. 我找到了這個皮夾子。我找到了這個。
如下面一句中的that man 不可代這之以that,否則有輕蔑之意:
(5)Is she going to marry that man? 她打算跟那人結(jié)婚嗎?
但如果在句中作主語,則指人指物均可。如:
(6)What are these? 那些是什么?
(7)This is Bill. Is that George? 我是比爾,你是喬治嗎?(電話用語)
這種指示代詞如果在句中用作先行詞,后跟從句,指人時只能用復(fù)數(shù),即those who結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(8)Those who do not wish to go need not go. 不愿去的人不需要去。
(9)Those who were present at the meeting were all celebrities. 出席會議的都是名流。(who were也可以省去不用)
單數(shù)則需改用anyone who或the person who結(jié)構(gòu)。指物的that which 結(jié)構(gòu)是一種正式用法,一般由其意義等于that which的what 所代替。如:
(10)I have that which you gave me. 我有你給我的那個。
(11)What upsets me most is his manner. 最使我煩惱的是他的態(tài)度。
當(dāng)所指的事物已確定時,后面的指示代詞須用it或they替代。如:
(12)Are those yours? Yes, they are. 那些是你的嗎?是的,它們是我的。
(13)This (suit) is expensive, isn’t it? 這套(衣服)很昂貴,不是嗎?
當(dāng)指的是人時,則須用he或she替代。如:
(14)This is Mrs/Mr. Jenkins. She’s/He’s my teacher. 這是詹金斯夫人/先生。她/他是我的老師。
指示代詞在句中相當(dāng)于形容詞時,其單數(shù)形式既可用于可數(shù)名詞,亦可用于不可數(shù)名詞,如:
(15)That room is too cold. 那個房間太冷。(用于可數(shù)名詞)
(16)This milk has gone sour. 這牛奶發(fā)酸了。(用于不可數(shù)名詞)
4.22 指示代詞的功用
指示代詞在句中可用作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語等。
1)用作主語。如:
(1)These aren’t my books. 這些不是我的書。
(2)Who’s that speaking. 你是誰呀?(電話用語)
2)用作賓語。如:
(3)She will do that. 她愿做那件事。
(4)How do you like these? 你喜歡這些嗎?
3)用作表語。如:
(5)My point is this. 我的意思是這個。
(6)Oh, it’s not that. 噢,問題不在那兒。
4)用作定語。如:
(7)This book is about Chinese traditional medicine. 這本書是講中醫(yī)的。
(8)I like those flowers. 我喜歡那些花。
[注]This(that)one與these(those)ones中的one(s)可以省去而意義不變。
5)this 和that有時可用作狀語,表程度,意謂“這么”和“那么”。如:
(9)The book is about this thick. 那本書大約有這么厚。
(10)I don’t want that much. 我不要那么多。
(11)We can’t make our plans on that remote a possibility. 我們不能基于如些渺茫的可能性制定計劃。(that=so)
4.22 this(these)與that(those)的用法
this(these)指近的事物,that(those) )指遠的事物。
1) 指空間的遠近。如:
(1)This building was built last year; that(one) was built many years ago. 這座建筑物是去年建的,那座是很多年前建的。
(2)This is a map of China. That is a map of the World. 這是一張中國地圖。那是一張世界地圖。
(3)This way, please! 這邊走,請!
2)指時間的前后。如:
(4)That bright April afternoon of 1920, she took a lot of pictures. 在1920年的那個晴朗的四月的下午,她拍了許多照片。
(5)You can’t bathe at this time of the year. 你不能在這個時節(jié)游泳。
(6)Life was hard in those days . 在那些日子,生活很苦。
(7)Life is much easier (in) these days. 在那些日子,生活好過多了。
(8)I’ll come to see you one of these days. 過幾天我來看你。(one of these days指未來)
在敘述往事時,this亦可表過去的時間。如:
(9)During he whole of this time, Scrooge had acted like a man out of his wits. 在整個這段時間內(nèi),斯克魯吉像是失魂落魄似的。
3)指敘述事物的前后,that指前,this指后。如:
(10)Let’s say we meet here at three o’clock. That ought to give you time to buy everything. 我說咱們就3點在這里集合吧。你們買什么東西,時間都該夠了。
(11)She is tactful, but I couldn’t call him that. 她很機智,而他我就不能這樣說了。
(12)At our factory there are a few machines similar to those described in this magazine. 我們工廠有幾部機器和這本雜志上所講述的相似。
(13)I’ll say this for you : you’re thinking all the time. 我愿對你說這樣一點:你總是不斷地在思索。
(14)Now hear this. Meeting of all officers in the wardroom in ten minutes. 現(xiàn)在大家注意聽著,全體軍官十分鐘后在飯廳集合。
(15)Written on the placard are these words: We want peace. 牌子上寫著這樣一些字:我們要和平。
(16)Virtue and vice are before you; this leads to misery, that to peace. 善與惡都在你面前;后者導(dǎo)致不幸,前者導(dǎo)致安寧。
that可代表this,但this不可代表that。如:
(17)This a book. That is written in English. 這是一本書。它是用英語寫的。(that=it,但語氣較強)
4)this與that可并列使用。如:
(18)From that station to this is a distance of exactly thirty miles. 那一站與這一站相距整30英里。
(19)This reader or that may disagree with Mr. Boyd on this point or that. 總是有這個或那個讀者在這一點或那一點上不同意博伊德的看法。
5)用固定習(xí)語。如:
(20)Harvey had never seen her like this before. 哈維以前從未見過她是這樣的。
(21)When the old friends met they would talk about this and that. 老朋友見面總是談這談那。
(22)—I have a car outside. I’ll give you a ride home.我有輛車在外邊。我送你回家吧。
—Oh, that’s all right. It isn’t much of a walk. 啊,不用了(沒關(guān)系)。沒多少路。
(23)It was May, but for all that the rain was falling as in the heaviest autumn downpours. 現(xiàn)在是五月,盡管如此,雨卻像傾盆秋雨那樣地下。
(24)She was young and beautiful. More than that, she was happy. 她年輕漂亮,更重要的是,她還幸福。
(25)By cereals we mean wheat, oats, rye, barley, and all that. 我們說的谷類,是指小麥、燕麥、黑麥、大麥以及諸如此類的東西。
(26)I’m thinking of your future, you know. That’s why I’m giving you a piece of advice. 你知道,我考慮的是你的未來。所以我給你進一忠言。
(27)It was in the dead of the night, and a cold night at that. 那是深夜,而且是一個寒夜。
(28)So that’s that. 就是這樣。
4.23 such的用法
指示代詞such意謂“這樣”,亦具有名詞和形容詞的性質(zhì),在句中可用作主語、賓語、補語、定語等。
1)用作主語。如:
(1)Such is life. 生活就是這樣。
(2)Such often occurred in feudal society, and should not take place in a socialist country. 這種事常發(fā)生在封建社會中,而不應(yīng)該發(fā)生在一個社會主義祖國中。
2)用作賓語。如:
(3)Take from the drawer such as you need. 從抽屜里拿你所需要的東西吧。
(4)Just before Christmas they wanted help with trees and such. 正在圣誕節(jié)前,他們布置圣誕樹之類需要幫手。(and such是一種習(xí)語)
3)用作表語(常與as和that從句連用)。如:
(5)The waves were such as I never saw before. 這樣的浪,我從未見過。
(6)The book is not such that I can recommend it. 這樣的書,我是不能介紹的。
4)用作賓語補語。如:
(7)If you are a man, show yourself such. 如若你是男子漢,就顯出男子漢的氣概來。
5)用作定語。如:
(8)The foreign visitors said they had never seen such cities before. 這些外賓說他們從未見過這樣的城市。
(9)He was a silent, ambitious man. Such men usually succeed. 他是個沉默寡言而有進取心的人。這種人通常能成功。
如修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時,可與不定冠詞連用,并須置于其前。如:
(10)He is such a bore. 他是這樣一個討厭的人。
(11)If I were you I would not have said such a thing about him. 如果我是你的話,我就不會說他的這種事。
6)常與as或that連用。如:
(12)Associate with such as will improve your manners. 要和有助于你禮貌修養(yǎng)的人交往。
(13)He was in such a fury as I have never seen. 他怒氣之大,我從未見過。
(14)China has rich resources, such as oil, coal and iron. 中國有豐富的資源,如石油、煤、和鐵等。(有人將這種such as喚作解釋性介詞)
(15)Such books as these are rare. 這種書是罕見。(也可以說Books such as these are rare.)
(16)He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他關(guān)窗戶用力太大,玻璃都被震破了。
注意后such后的as是關(guān)系代詞,that是連詞,試比較:
(17)Here is such a big stone that no man can lift it. 這里有一塊大石頭,沒有人舉得起它。(that從句中須有it)
(18)Here is such a big stone as no man can lift. 這里有一塊大石頭,沒有人舉得起。(as從句中不可有it)
such as后可跟不定式。如:
(19)His carelessness is such as to make it unlikely that he will pass his examination. 他這么粗心,所以他考試未必會通過。
7)可與某些不定代詞連用。如:
(20)I’ll do no such thing. 我不會干這種事。
(21)Any such request is sure to be tuned down. 任何這類要求肯定會碰壁。
(22)On every such occasion dozens of people get injured. 每逢這種場合,總有幾十人受傷。
(23)Some such story was told to me years ago. 幾年前我就聽過某個這類故事。
8)用于固定習(xí)語。如:
(24)The room is not very nice, but such as it is, you may stay there for the night. 這房間不很好,但盡管如此,你總可以在那兒過夜了。
(25)John is the captain of the team, and as such, must decide who is to bat first. 約翰是隊長;作為隊長,他必須決定誰先擊球。
4.24 same的用法
指示代詞same意謂“同樣”,亦具有名詞和形容詞的性質(zhì),常與定冠詞連用,在句中可用作主語、賓語、表語、狀語等。
1) 用作主語。如:
(1)The same is the case with me. 我的情況也是一樣。
2) 用作賓語。如:
(2)We must all say the same. 我們必須都說同樣的話。
3) 用作表語。如:
(3)It’s all the same to me. 對我都一樣。
4) 用作定語。如:
(4)He always sits in the same chair. 他總是坐在同一把椅子上。
5) 用作狀語。如:
(5)Thank you all the same. 仍然感謝你。
6) 常that與as或連用。如:
(6)Dutch is of the same origin as English. 荷蘭語與英語同出一轍。
(7)I don’t feel the same about you as I did. 我現(xiàn)在對你的看法和過去不一樣了。
(8)I live in the same district that he lives in. 我和他住在同一個區(qū)。(這里也可用as代替that,因為二者都是關(guān)系代詞。但that如用作關(guān)系副詞則不可代之以as,如I live in the same district that he lives.中的不可代之a(chǎn)s)
7) 用于固定習(xí)語。如:
(9)I don’t think he’ll wish to see me. But I’ll come all the same. 我不認為他愿見我,但我仍會來的。
(10)—How is he today? 今天怎么樣?
—Much the same. 基本還是那樣。
4.25 so的用法
指示代詞so常用作賓語和表語。如:
(1)—I will write today. 我今天就寫。
—Do so. 就寫吧。(用作賓語)
(2)Be it so. 這樣就行。(用作表語)
指示代詞so常用在省略句中,如:
(3)—I don’t like him. 我不喜歡他。
—Why so? 為什么不喜歡?(=Why is that so?)
指示代詞so常置于句首,如:
(4)—Oh! I’ ve finished. 啊!我做完了。
—So have I . 我也做完了。
4.26 it的用法
指示代詞it常用以指人,如:
(1)Go and see who it is. 去看看是誰。
(2)Who is that?—It’s the postman. 那是誰?—是郵資員。
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