外國人最想和你聊的文化話題：國畫
- 雙語介紹
- 關(guān)鍵詞句
Realize Traditional Chinese Painting 認識國畫
1 國畫簡介
Chinese painting is a form of Chinese art. In imperial time, painting and calligraphy were the most highly appreciated arts in court circles and were produced almost exclusively by amateurs-aristocrats and scholar-officials-who alone had the leisure to perfect the technique and sensibility necessary for great brushwork. Calligraphy was thought to be the highest and purest form of painting. The implements were the brush pen, made of animal fur, and black inks made from pine soot andanimal glue. In ancient times, writing, as well as painting, was done on silk. But after the invention of paper in the 1st century C.E., silk was gradually replaced by the new and cheaper material. Original writings by famous calligraphers have been greatly valued throughout China's history and are mounted on scrolls and hung on walls in the same way that paintings are.
Though Chinese painting has much in common with western painting from an aesthetic point of view, it still possesses its unique character. Chinese traditional painting seldom follows the convention of central focus perspective or realistic portrayal, but gives the painter freedom on artistic conception, structural composition and method of expression so as to better express his subjective feelings. Chinese painting has absorbed the best of many forms of art, like poetry, calligraphy, and seal engraving.
Since the turn of the century, China has experienced great political, economic, and cultural changes, and the art of painting is no exception. While traditional Chinese painting still occupies an important place in the life of modern Chinese, many painters now desire to express their experience of new times. By combining new modes of expression with traditional Chinese painting techniques, they are opening up a vast, new world of artistic expression.
2 國畫的種類和畫法
（1）國畫的種類
Artists from the Han (206 BC-220AC) to the Tang (618-906) dynasties mainly painted human figures. Much of what we know of early Chinese figure painting comes from burial sites, where paintings were preserved on silk banners, lacquered objects and tomb walls. Many early tomb paintings were meant to protect the dead or help their souls get to paradise. Others illustrated the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, or showed scenes of daily life.
Portraiture 肖像
Bird-and-flower compositions 花鳥畫
Landscape 山水畫
（2）國畫的畫法
It is very difficult, if not impossible, to appreciate Chinese paintings without a profound knowledge about different styles characteristic of the different historical periods.
The paintings of Song Dynasty (960-1279AD), however, favored abstract, implied meanings rather than direct expressions, painting skills matured considerably, and the realistic style was in full blossom.
Meticulous-Gong bi 工筆
Freehand-Shui mo 水墨
國畫作為我國流傳的一門藝術(shù)，它的涵義已經(jīng)不僅僅是一幅畫了，而是代表著一種民族的精神和信仰。它的空靈婉約、典雅肅穆，都已經(jīng)通過一個個不同的元素展現(xiàn)出來了，不需要言語的陪襯，它已經(jīng)向全世界訴說著那古老的故事。人類的智慧是無限的，隨著時間的推移，各種新興的事物不斷沖擊著老祖宗留下來的遺產(chǎn)，我們應(yīng)該保護自己的文化產(chǎn)物，然后再去吸收外來的文化。
Chinese paintings use ink as their dominant feature while color is peripheral.
當(dāng)色彩還不是很流行時，中國畫以墨色為主。
Blank spaces are often appeared in Chinese paintings.
在國畫中經(jīng)?？匆娪锌瞻椎牡胤健?br /> The principal forms of traditional Chinese paintings are the hanging scroll, album of paintings, sectoral paintings and long horizontal scroll.
國畫的四大基本形式是掛畫、畫冊、扇面畫和長畫條幅。
A painting is not considered to have been completed until it is mounted.
只有上裱了的國畫才算是正式完成。
Traditional Chinese painting's content and artistic creation reflect the national consciousness of the Chinese nation and the aesthetic taste.
國畫在內(nèi)容和藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作上，反映了中華民族的民族意識和審美情趣。
According to the screen, it can be divided into traditional painting and modern painting.
國畫根據(jù)畫面內(nèi)容又可以分為傳統(tǒng)繪畫和現(xiàn)代繪畫。
Picasso, Matisse, Monet and so on have studied Chinese paintings.
畢加索、馬蒂斯、莫奈等都學(xué)過中國畫。
Ladies paintings refer to the paintings which treat beauties as the main content.
仕女畫是指以美女為主要內(nèi)容的畫。
Mr. Qi Baishi was a skillful poet, calligrapher and seal-cutter.
齊白石是一個有名的詩人、書法家，篆刻家。
Chinese painting is a combination in the same picture of poetry, calligraphy, painting and seal engraving. They were indispensable elements, which supply and enrich each other in contributing to the beauty of the whole picture.
中國畫中集結(jié)了各種藝術(shù)，包括詩詞、書法、繪畫、篆刻，這些都是獨立的元素，但都為國畫的優(yōu)雅增添了一分色彩。
At the beginning of the 20th century, some painters from Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Beijing started to challenge the old tradition of Chinese painting by introducing new art concepts from the West and establishing in art school to train artists.
20世紀初，一些來自上海、杭州、南京、廣州和北京等的畫家通過引進西方新的藝術(shù)概念來沖擊國畫這一傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)，并且在藝術(shù)學(xué)校被接受，用以訓(xùn)練藝術(shù)家。
Mr. Qi Baishi's favorite subjects included flowers, insects, birds, landscapes and human figures.
齊白石最喜歡畫花蟲鳥、山水和人物。
There are something different between Chinese paintings and oil paintings.
中國畫和油畫有很多不同。
Traditional Chinese ink painting is one of the brilliant Chinese culture creations.
國畫是古代人民智慧的結(jié)晶的一種表現(xiàn)形式。
In the early years of the People's Republic of China, artists were encouraged to turn to the socialist realism.
在共和國成立初期，國家鼓勵畫家轉(zhuǎn)向現(xiàn)實主義風(fēng)格。
The color is very simple and elegant in traditional Chinese paintings.
國畫的顏色都很素雅。
Traditional Chinese painting is a good gift to give because it can show the characteristics of China.
國畫是送人的好禮品，能展現(xiàn)中國的特色。
The painting is now generally painted on the Xuan paper.
現(xiàn)在的國畫一般都是在宣紙上畫。
Traditional Chinese painting, as China's traditional crafts, is receiving social and cultural impact.
國畫作為我國傳統(tǒng)手藝，正在接受社會文化的沖擊。
Part 3 Let's Talk！ 開始交流吧
Lily：Hi, nice to meet you. How are you?
莉莉：很高興見到你，你好嗎？
Chen Xi：Fine. Thank you.
陳曦：我很好。
Lily：Could you do me a favor?
莉莉：你能幫我個忙嗎？
Chen Xi：Sure. What is it?
陳曦：當(dāng)然可以。什么事？
Lily：I bought a piece of Chinese painting. There is a poem in the painting. I wonder if you can translate it for me.
莉莉：我買了一副中國畫。畫上有一首詩。你能把它翻譯成英語嗎？
Chen Xi：No problem. But, you know, I'm not a translator and poems are the hardest to be translated.
陳曦：沒問題。但是，你知道。我不是一個專門做翻譯的，而且詩歌是最難譯的。
Lily：I know that. Just tell me the general meaning of the poem. I'm not asking you to translate it into poem. Here is the painting.
莉莉：這我知道。你只需要告訴我大概意思就行了。你不需要把它翻譯成詩歌。這就是那幅畫。
Chen Xi：In that case, it is much easier. Oh, how beautiful it is! Let me see. The painter is Mr. Qi Baishi. He is a famous artist. Where did you buy it?
陳曦：那樣就容易多了。噢，這畫真漂亮！讓我看看，作者是齊白石，他是著名的藝術(shù)家。你從哪兒買的？
Lily：It is from a store on the Liu Li Chang Street. I don't know there is a name of the artist. I just like the pictures.
莉莉：從琉璃廠街的一個商店買的。我不知道畫上還有作者的名字。我就是喜歡這畫。
Chen Xi：If the painter is a famous ancient artist, the painting would be much more valuable. It is a custom that a painting will always have the artist's seal.
陳曦：如果是一個著名的古代畫家，他的畫會貴重得多。中國畫一般會有畫家的印章。
Lily：Thank you. I learned a lot from you.
莉莉：謝謝。我從你那兒學(xué)了不少東西。
Chen Xi：My pleasure.
陳曦：不用謝。
