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《中庸》中英文版 第二十八章

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  《中庸》中英文版

  第二十八章 明辯--無征不信,不信民弗從

  “王天下有三重焉,其寡過矣乎!上焉者雖善無征,無征不信,不信民弗從;下焉者雖善不尊,不尊不信,不信民弗從。故君子之道,本諸身,征諸庶民,考諸三王而不繆,建諸天地而不悖,質(zhì)諸鬼神而無疑,百世以俟圣人而不惑。質(zhì)諸鬼神而無疑,知天也;百世以俟圣人而不惑,知人也。是故君子動而世為天下道,行而世為天下法,言而世為天下則。遠之則有望,近之則不厭?!对姟吩唬?lsquo;在彼無惡,在此無射,庶幾夙夜,以永終譽!’君子未有不如此而早有譽于天下者也。”

  He who attains to the sovereignty of the kingdom, having those three important things, shall be able to effect that there shall be few errors under his government.

  However excellent may have been the regulations of those of former times, they cannot be attested. Not being attested, they cannot command credence, and not being credited, the people would not follow them. However excellent might be the regulations made by one in an inferior situation, he is not in a position to be honored. Unhonored, he cannot command credence, and not being credited, the people would not follow his rules.

  Therefore the institutions of the Ruler are rooted in his own character and conduct, and sufficient attestation of them is given by the masses of the people. He examines them by comparison with those of the three kings, and finds them without mistake. He sets them up before Heaven and Earth, and finds nothing in them contrary to their mode of operation. He presents himself with them before spiritual beings, and no doubts about them arise. He is prepared to wait for the rise of a sage a hundred ages after, and has no misgivings.

  His presenting himself with his institutions before spiritual beings, without any doubts arising about them, shows that he knows Heaven. His being prepared, without any misgivings, to wait for the rise of a sage a hundred ages after, shows that he knows men.

  Such being the case, the movements of such a ruler, illustrating his institutions, constitute an example to the world for ages. His acts are for ages a law to the kingdom. His words are for ages a lesson to the kingdom. Those who are far from him look longingly for him; and those who are near him are never wearied with him.來源:www.examda.com

  It is said in the Book of Poetry,-"Not disliked there, not tired of here, from day to day and night tonight, will they perpetuate their praise." Never has there been a ruler, who did not realize this description, that obtained an early renown throughout the kingdom.

  【原文】

  天下有三重蔫(1)其寡過矣乎!上焉者(2),雖善無征,無征不信,不信民弗從。下蔫者(3),雖善不尊,不尊不信,不信民弗從。

  故君子之道,本諸身,征諸庶民,考諸三王而不繆(4),建諸天地而不悖(5),質(zhì)諸鬼神而無疑(6),百世以俟圣人而不丁惑(7)質(zhì)諸鬼神而無疑,知天也;百世以俟圣人而下惑,知人也。是故君子動而世為天下道(8),行而世為天下法,言而世為天下則。遠之則有望(9),近之則不厭。

  《詩》日:“在彼無惡,在此無射。庶幾夙夜,以永終譽(10)。”君子未有不如此而蚤(11)有譽于天下者也。

  【注釋】

  (1)王天下有三重蔫:王(Wang),作動詞用,王天下即在天下做王的意思,也就是統(tǒng)治天下。三重,指上一章所說的三件重要的事:儀禮、制度、考文。(2)上焉者:指在上位的人,即君王。(3)下焉者:指在下位的人,即臣下。(4)三王:指夏、商、周三代君王。(5)建,立。(6)質(zhì):質(zhì)詢,詢問,(7)俟:待。(8)道:通“導(dǎo)”,先導(dǎo)。(9)望:威望。(10)”《詩》曰”句:引自《詩經(jīng)•周頌•振鷺》。。射(yi),《詩經(jīng)》本作“斁”,厭棄的意思。庶幾(ji),幾乎。夙(sU)夜:早晚,夙,早。(11)蚤:即“早”。

  【譯文】

  治理天下能夠做好議訂禮儀,制訂法度,考訂文字規(guī)范這三件重要的事,也就沒有什么大的過失了吧!在上位的人,雖然行為很好,但如果沒有驗證的活,就不能使人信服,不能使人信服,老百姓就不會聽從。在下位的人,雖然行為很好,但由于沒有尊貴的地位,也不能使人信服,不能使人信服,老百姓就不會聽從。

  所以君子治理天下應(yīng)該以自身的德行為根本,并從老百姓那里得到驗證??疾橄摹⑸?、周三代先王的做法而沒有背謬,立于天地之間而沒有悖亂,質(zhì)詢于鬼神而沒有疑問,百世以后侍到圣人出現(xiàn)也沒有什么不理解的地方。質(zhì)詢于鬼神而沒有疑問,這是知道天理;百世以后侍到圣人出現(xiàn)也沒有什么不理解的地方,這是知道人意。所以君于的舉止能世世代代成為天下的先導(dǎo),行為能世世代代成為天下的法度,語言能世世代代成為天下準則。在遠處有威望,在近處也不使人厭惡。

  《詩經(jīng)》說,“在那里沒有人憎惡,在這里沒有人厭煩,日日夜夜操勞啊,為了保持美好的名望。”君于沒有不這樣做而能夠早早在天下獲得名望的。

  【讀解】

  這一章承接“居上下驕”的意思而發(fā)揮。要求當政者身體力行,不僅要有好的德行修養(yǎng),而且要有行為實踐的驗證,才能取信于民,使人聽從,這就好比我們今天要求政府為老百姓辦實事一樣。不管你把自己的德行吹上天,也不管你的規(guī)劃有多宏偉,做一兩件實事,拿一點政績出來給我們看看:你修的路在哪里?你建的房在哪里?你辦的學校在哪里?市場是否繁榮?物價是否上漲?如此等等,不一而足。只有這樣,才能做到“遠之則有望,近之則不厭”,成為老百姓的公仆。

  提高到理論上來說,這一章所強調(diào)的,依然是重實踐的觀點。“本諸身,征諸庶民”,以自身的德行為根本,并從老百姓那里得到驗證。這是主客觀的結(jié)合,理論與實踐的統(tǒng)一,用客觀實踐來檢驗自己的主觀意圖、見解、理論是否符合老百姓的利益與愿望。從而使自己的舉止能世世代代成為天下的先導(dǎo),行為能世世代代成為天下的法度,語言能世世代代成為天下的準則。

  這里當然還是蘊含著儒者對偉大與崇高的向往和對不朽的渴望,也就是中國古代知識分子崇奉的立德、立功、立言三不朽追求。


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