2．殷墟遺物現(xiàn)輝煌

2．殷墟遺物現(xiàn)輝煌

2. Glory of Yin Ruins

商朝滅亡后，殷都被焚毀，一直被棄用，漸漸地變成了一座廢墟，這就是所說的殷墟。在歷代的史書中也有大量的記載，但殷墟的具體位置人們并不清楚，歷史上曾經(jīng)成為難解之謎，直到19世紀末期甲骨文的發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們才重新找到了殷墟。

As is mentioned, Yin was reduced to ruins in fires at the Shang dynasty's collapse. Descriptions of Yin ruins can be found in lots of historical records, but its exact location remained a mystery until the discovery of the oracle-bone inscriptions at the end of 19th century.

1899年，金石學(xué)家王懿榮等在龍骨上發(fā)現(xiàn)了甲骨文，并確定了甲骨文的真正出土地--安陽小屯，最終確定安陽小屯一帶便是殷墟的具體所在地。

In 1899, Wang Yirong, an expert dedicated to the study of ancient inscriptions, accidentally discovered some animal's breastbones engraved with characters in Xiaotun Village of Anyang. Further examination and study revealed Xiaotun is exactly where the Yin Ruins used to be.

已經(jīng)發(fā)掘的殷墟大體上分為宮殿區(qū)、居住區(qū)、手工業(yè)作坊區(qū)和墓葬區(qū)等。通過對這些不同功能區(qū)的發(fā)掘，出土了大量的珍貴文物，這些文物對研究商代的社會生活、人文風(fēng)氣以及社會生產(chǎn)等都有重要的參考價值。

Excavated Yin ruins could be divided into four areas: the royal palace area, the civilian residential area, the handicraft workshop area and the burial area. A lot of ancient treasures were unearthed, which contribute to the research of the social life and economic productions here three millennia ago.

位于洹水南岸的小屯和花園莊一帶是宮殿區(qū)，為殷墟的中心區(qū)，這一帶地勢較高，地形平坦開闊，兩面臨河。20世紀30年代考古學(xué)家對這里進行了多次發(fā)掘，發(fā)現(xiàn)建筑遺址50多處，窖穴近300個，其范圍達到了35000多平方米。這里的基址布局整齊，錯落有序，自南向北依次排列，兩兩對稱。在洹水轉(zhuǎn)彎處的基址共有15座，但規(guī)模較小。在這一區(qū)域南邊的基址規(guī)模較大，有相對豪華的墓葬，葬坑中的陪葬品有人、獸、車、馬等，還有一些密集分布的小葬坑，可以推斷出這一帶是商朝的宗廟。第三處基址在宗廟的西南部，在這里發(fā)現(xiàn)了火燒過的黑土和羊骨灰，可以斷定這里是商代的祭壇。

Xiaotun and Huayuan Villages on the south bank of Huanshui River used to be where the royal palaces were and is the center of Yin ruins. In the 1930s, excavations of the ruins brought to light more than fifty house foundations and almost three hundred caves, which cover over 35,000 square meters. All the house foundations discovered here are arranged orderly in pairs from south to north. Another fifteen smaller house foundations have been found at the turn of the Huanshui River. In the south, there are larger foundations with luxurious tombs, inside which men, animals, carts and horse were buried. This part is probably where the ancestral shrines of the Shang dynasty were. To the southwest of the ancestral shrines, burned earth and ashes of sheep bones have been found. Thus it can be estimated this part is where altar was.

20世紀80年代，中國社科院在這里又發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個大型的宮殿基址群，使宮殿宗廟區(qū)的范圍進一步擴大。在中心區(qū)以西約200米的地方，還發(fā)現(xiàn)了可以用來排泄洪水用的人工防御性設(shè)施。這些設(shè)施規(guī)模龐大，南北長約1100米，東西長約650米，并且恰好環(huán)繞在宮殿宗廟區(qū)的西、南兩側(cè)，與東、北兩面的洹水構(gòu)成一個外環(huán)整體。

In the 1980s, another large group of sites of palaces was excavated by Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. This discovery further expands the area of royal palaces and ancestral shrines. Also discovered were man-made facilities for flood discharge in the west around two hundred meters away from the ruin's center. About 1100 meters from north to south and 650 meters from east to west, the facilities were large enough to surround the west and the east sides of the area of royal palaces and ancestral temples and to form a circle with the Huanshui River which went around the palaces and temples in the east and north.

殷墟的墓葬區(qū)分為洹水北岸的殷王陵和洹水南北兩岸的貴族平民墓葬區(qū)。殷王陵位于洹水北岸的高地上，這里地勢平坦，易于排水。20世紀30年代就開始對這里進行了大規(guī)模的發(fā)掘，發(fā)掘出大墓10座，未完成的大墓1座，祭祀坑和小墓1000多座。后來又發(fā)掘出了一些大墓和祭祀坑，對研究商代的墓葬有重要的參考價值。

The burial area of Yin ruins was divided into parts: the royal tomb area on the northern bank of Huanshui River and tomb area for nobles and civilians on either banks of Huanshui River. The royal tombs were built on the highland on the northern bank in order to ensure successful drainage. Decades of large scale excavations since 1930s in the area made known 10 mausoleums, one unfinished, and over 1000 small tombs. All these, together with other mausoleums and sacrifice holes discovered later, are of great value for the study of graves of the Shang dynasty.

●殷墟遺址墓葬分布圖

Despite various shapes, Yin tombs were all orderly arranged. Large amounts of bronze, jade and pottery artifacts were still unearthed after years of tomb raids，indicating the abundance of the funeral objects that were buried.

規(guī)模宏大的殷王陵造型不一，但布局卻十分規(guī)范整齊。這些墓葬盡管大多都遭受到了不同程度的盜掘，但仍然出土了大量的青銅器、玉石器、綠松石飾等精美的殉葬品，由此可以看出當(dāng)年下葬時陪葬物品的豐富。

●Vessel, bronze ware made in the Shang dynasty

在1004號墓出土的巨大精美的牛方鼎和鹿方鼎，引起了人們的廣泛注意。這兩個巨鼎造型龐大，上面刻的圖案細致精美，是不可多得的藝術(shù)精品。墓中還出土了100多個銅頭盔，近400把銅戈，300多個銅矛頭，這些武器裝備的出土，有力地說明了安陽曾是商代的軍事中心。

The Rectangular Ox-head Ding (a bronze ceremonial instrument) and the Rectangular Deer-head Ding (also a bronze ceremonial instrument), unearthed from Tomb No. 1004, have attracted wide attention for both big size and delicate carvings. The discovery of a lot of weapons including more than 100 bronze helmets and 300 bronze spear-heads, and almost 400 dagger-axes also proved Anyang the military center in the Shang dynasty.

殷墟王陵是目前中國所知道的最早的王陵，對研究商代各方面的情況和古代王陵的建造有重要的作用。

The royal tomb area in Yin ruins which is the earliest royal tomb area known in China will contribute to the study of the Shang dynasty in all aspects and the construction of the ancient royal tombs.

●商代青銅器司母戊方鼎

●Xiaozun, owl-shaped drinking-cup, bronze ware made in the late Shang dynasty (left)

殷墟貴族平民墓葬分布廣泛，有單純的墓葬區(qū)，也有的分布于居住點的外圍。有些貴族墓葬規(guī)模很大，陪葬品也極為精美豐富，比較出名的就是婦好墓。

Drinking-cup decorated with gold tiger and ivory handles, bronze ware made in the Shang dynasty (right)

婦好墓在1976年被發(fā)掘，婦好是商王的妻子，地位顯赫，所以在墓中出土了大量的珍貴文物，其中玉器就有700多件，還有精心雕刻的玉人、龍、鳳等，顯示了商代晚期極高的雕琢藝術(shù)。

Civilian tombs and tombs of nobles at Yin ruins are widely scattered with independent tombs and those located around houses. Some tombs of nobles are quite large with numerous burial objects, among which Tomb of Fu Hao is most frequently referred to.

●商代玉龍

Excavated in 1976, Tomb of Fu Hao was built for Fu Hao, the wife of the 23rd King of the Shang dynasty. Standing at so high a position, the woman had abundant treasures sleeping by her side, including over 700 jade artifacts as well as delicate jade beings, jade phoenixes, and jade dragons, all of which are a mirror to the high carving skills in the late Shang dynasty.

除了青銅藝術(shù)品外，從殷墟中還出土了大量的青銅農(nóng)具，有鏟、鋤、刀等，這一方面說明商代手工業(yè)的發(fā)達，另一方面說明農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)工具的進步和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展程度。

Besides, unearthed bronze agricultural tools such as bronze shovels, hoes, and knives also give a glimpse of the advancement of the handicraft industry and the agricultural industry.