非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)長難句分類解析

非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)長難句分類解析

1. This temptation to cover the distance between himself and the reader, to study his image in the sight of those who do not know him, can be his undoing: he has begun to write to please.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________

【參考譯文】 　試圖消除自己和讀者之間的距離或試圖用不了解自己的那些人的觀點來研究自己塑造的人物形象會導致自己的毀滅：因為他已經(jīng)開始為取悅別人寫作了。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　This temptation ( to cover the distance between himself and the reader ), ( to study his image in the sight of those ) (who do not know him), can be his undoing: he has begun to write to please.句子主語是This temptation，謂語動詞是can be，表語是his undoing；并列不定式短語to cover the distance...和to study his image...是主語temptation的后置定語，其中畫線的介詞短語between...是前面distance的后置定語，而畫線的介詞短語in...則是study的方式狀語；those后面是who引導的定語從句，對其進行修飾。

【詞匯精記】 　temptation 誘惑；to cover the distance between A and B 消除A和B之間的距離；image 形象；in the sight of sb. 用某人的立場或觀點來看；undoing 毀滅，毀滅的原因。

2. Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925 would have been sufficient to change the course of world history.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________

【參考譯文】 　在1925年前后，若把二三十頁的信息提交給當時任何一個列強都足以改變世界歷史的進程。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　(Twenty or thirty pages of) information ( handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925) would have been sufficient to change the course of world history .此句話的主語是information，其前后的括號表達是其前后置定語，謂語是would have been，表語是sufficient，句末畫線的不定式短語to change...是結(jié)果狀語，修飾sufficient，表示其帶來的結(jié)果。

【詞匯精記】 　twenty or thirty pages of information 二三十頁的信息；hand sth. to sb. 提交給某人某物；major world power 主要的世界強國；around 大約；be sufficient to do（相當于be enough to do） 足以做某事；course 過程，課程，（一道）菜，航向；the course of world history 世界歷史的進程。

3. The only meals regularly taken together in Britain these days are at the weekend, among rich families struggling to retain something of the old symbol of togetherness.

【翻譯演練】 　__________________

【參考譯文】 　現(xiàn)如今的英國，習慣性聚餐僅出現(xiàn)在周末的富有家庭里，他們竭盡全力想要保持住某種古老并象征著團結(jié)的東西。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The only meals ( regularly taken together in Britain these days) are at the weekend, among rich families ( struggling to retain something of the old symbol of togetherness).句子的主干是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)：The only meals...are at the weekend, among rich families...，即主語是The only meals，謂語是系動詞are，表語是介詞短語at the weekend, among rich families；第一個括號中的regularly taken together...是過去分詞短語作主語meals的后置定語，第二個括號中的struggling to...是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作families的后置定語。

【詞匯精記】 　meal 飯食；regularly 習慣地，規(guī)律地；these days 目前，眼下；struggle to do sth. 努力做某事；retain 保持?。籹ymbol 象征；togetherness 團結(jié)。

4. During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________

【參考譯文】 　在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，那些用來解釋歷史研究領(lǐng)域中新證據(jù)形式的新方法豐富了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies ( designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study ).句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是一個被動語態(tài)的簡單句：...methods were augmented by...；句首畫線部位的During this transfer是時間狀語，表示謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間；括號中是過去分詞短語designed to...作methodologies的后置定語，句末畫線的介詞短語in...是前面new forms of evidence的后置定語。

【詞匯精記】 　transfer 轉(zhuǎn)變；augment 充實，豐富；additional 額外的，附加的；methodology 研究法，方法論；designed to 被用來；interpret 闡釋，解釋，說明，口譯；new forms of evidence 新的證據(jù)形式；in the historical study 在歷史研究方面。

5. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.

【翻譯演練】 　__________________

【參考譯文】 　人們回顧五年或十年前的情景時，很可能會對只有如此少的人從事網(wǎng)絡經(jīng)濟感到奇怪。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　People ( looking back 5 or 10 years from now) may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge .句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：People...may well wonder why...，主語是People，其后面的looking back...是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作people的后置定語，may well wonder是謂語部分，畫線部分是why引導的名詞性從句作賓語（即賓語從句）。

【詞匯精記】 　look back on 回顧／回憶；may well do sth. 完全有理由做某事／很可能會做某事；plunge 倉促中跳／冒險；online 在線的；take the online plunge 從事網(wǎng)絡冒險／從事網(wǎng)絡經(jīng)濟。

6. The consumers would be able to select their view of the match on a gigantic, flat screen occupying the whole of one wall, with images of a clarity which cannot be foreseen at present.

【翻譯演練】 　________________________

【參考譯文】 　消費者將能夠在一巨大的平板電視屏幕上選擇自己想欣賞的任何比賽，這種電視屏幕完全占據(jù)了一面墻，且圖像的清晰度也是目前無法想象的。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The consumers would be able to select their view of the match on a gigantic, flat screen ( occupying the whole of one wall), (with images of a clarity) (which cannot be foreseen at present).句子的主語是The consumers，謂語是would be able to select，賓語是their view of the match，畫線的介詞短語on...是地點狀語，表示謂語動詞發(fā)生的地點；第一個括號中的occupying...是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語，修飾其前面的screen，第二個括號中的with...是介詞短語作后置定語，亦修飾前面的screen，而句末括號中的表達則是which引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞clarity。

【詞匯精記】 　consumer 消費者；select 選擇；gigantic 巨大的；flat screen 平板電視屏幕；occupy 占據(jù)；image 圖像，形象；clarity 清晰度；foresee 預見；at present 目前。

7. Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________

【參考譯文】 　天體物理學家使用南極陸基探測器及球載儀器正越來越近地觀測這些云系，也許不久會報告他們的觀測結(jié)果。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Astrophysicists ( working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments ) are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Astrophysicists...are closing in on...and may report...；即主語是Astrophysicists，并列謂語是are closing in on和may report，它們的賓語分別是such structures和their findings；括號中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語working with...是主語的后置定語，在此部分斜體表達...detectors和...instruments是并列的關(guān)系，都作其前面介詞with的賓語。

【詞匯精記】 　astrophysicist 天體物理學家；work with 使用；detect 探查，查明；ground-based detector 陸基探測器；the South Pole 南極；balloon 氣球；bear 承載；instrument 儀器；balloon-borne instruments 球載儀器；close in on 正在逼近，包圍；structures 結(jié)構(gòu)，此處指代云系；findings （重大）發(fā)現(xiàn)。

8. Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________

【參考譯文】 　在這些原因中，有些完全是來自社會需求的合理結(jié)果，另一些則是由于科學在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.//Others are reasonable consequences ( of particular advances) ( in science) ( being to some extent self-accelerating).主干結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個對比句Some...are...reasonable results of...//Others are reasonable consequences of...；第二個句子中，consequences后面有連環(huán)定語：(of particular advances) (in science) (being to some extent self-accelerating)，這里面of...修飾consequences，in...修飾advances，being...是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語，修飾science。

【詞匯精記】 　cause 起因；to some extent 在某種程度上；self-accelerating 自我加速；reasonable 合理的；consequence 后果；particular 具體的，特定的；advance 進步。

9. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.

【翻譯演練】 　__________________

【參考譯文】 　以幫助學生獲取某種工作為目的的教育是職業(yè)教育，它所依據(jù)的理由和法律與普遍要求的義務教育所依據(jù)的理由是完全不同的。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　An education (that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job) is a technical education, ( justified for reasons) (radically different from why education is universally required by law ).主干結(jié)構(gòu)是An education...is a technical education...；句子的主語是An education，謂語是系動詞is，表語是a technical education；主語后面的表達that aims at...是主語education的定語從句，其中that是從句的主語，aims at是從句謂語，動名詞短語getting...是從句的賓語，此外getting采用接雙賓語的形式get sb. sth.，即a student是getting的間接賓語，a certain kind of job是其直接賓語；句末括號表達justified for reasons是過去分詞短語作非限制性定語，對前面的a technical education起補充說明的作用，相當于非限制性定語從句which is justified...的省略；radically different from...則是形容詞短語作其前面reasons的后置定語，翻譯時要做較大的調(diào)整，不可譯為定語；在此還應關(guān)注畫線部位why education...，是特殊疑問詞why引導的名詞性從句，作介詞from的賓語（即賓語從句）。

【詞匯精記】 　aim at 以……為目標；a certain 某一，某種；get a student a certain kind of job 幫助學生得到某份工作（get sb. sth.）；technical 技術(shù)的；justify 證明……的合理性；be justified for 因為……所以合理；radically 根本地，激進地；be radically different from 與……迥然不同；universally 普遍地；require 要求。

10. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________

【參考譯文】 　在美國經(jīng)濟中，私人財產(chǎn)的概念不僅僅包括生產(chǎn)資料所有權(quán)，還包括決定產(chǎn)品的價位和與其他私人個體簽訂協(xié)議等特定的權(quán)利。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　In the American economy , the concept (of private property) embraces not only the ownership (of productive resources) but also certain rights, ( including the right) ( to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual).句子主干是the concept...embraces not only...but also...，即主語是the concept，謂語是embraces，賓語是not only...but also...連接的兩個并列名詞表達the ownership...和certain rights, In the American economy是句子的地點狀語，括號中的表達是各自前面相關(guān)名詞的后置定語； 現(xiàn)在分詞短語including...是非限制性定語（相當于非限制性定語從句which includes...的省略），對前面的certain rights起補充說明的作用，最后括號中是兩個并列的不定式短語to determine...or to make...作其前面the right的后置定語。

【詞匯精記】 　concept 概念；private property 私人財產(chǎn)；embrace 包括，擁抱；ownership 擁有權(quán)；productive 生產(chǎn)性的；resource 資源；productive resource 生產(chǎn)資料；determine 決定，決心；contract 合同；make a free contract with 和……自由簽訂合同；private individual 私人個體。

11. The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________

【參考譯文】 　巨大的宇宙云的存在，實際上是使二十世紀二十年代首創(chuàng)的大爆炸理論得以保持其宇宙起源理論主導地位所必不可少的。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The existence (of the giant clouds) was virtually required for the Big Bang, (first put forward in the 1920s), to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：The existence...was virtually required for..., to maintain...，即主語是The existence，謂語是was virtually required，介詞短語for...是范圍狀語，句末的不定式短語是目的狀語，兩個狀語都修飾謂語動詞was required，分別表示其發(fā)生的范圍和目的；第一個括號中的介詞短語of...是主語The existence的后置定語，第二個括號中的first put forward in the 1920s則是過去分詞短語作前面the Big Bang的非限制性定語，對前面名詞起補充說明的作用。

【詞匯精記】 　giant 巨人，巨大的；the giant cloud 巨大的（宇宙）云；virtually 事實上；the Big Bang 大爆炸理論；put forward 提出；in the 1920s 在二十世紀二十年代；maintain 保持；reign 統(tǒng)治，主權(quán)，朝代。

12. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning."

【翻譯演練】 　____________________

【參考譯文】 　五月十七日的會議討論了這些建議，在對這些建議起草的前言中，Shapiro暗示說專家組成員已達成了廣泛的一致，即認為“用成人核克隆技術(shù)生育嬰兒是有悖于道德的”。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　In a draft preface (to the recommendations), ( discussed at the 17 May meeting),//Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus (that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning .")本句主干為：In a..., Shapiro suggested that...，即主語是Shapiro，謂語是suggested，賓語是that引導的名詞從句（即賓語從句），句首的介詞短語In...是地點狀語，表示謂語動作suggested發(fā)生的地點，其中括號里的to the recommendations是介詞短語作前面preface的后置定語，而緊隨其后括號里的discussed...則是過去分詞短語作附加成分，相當于非限制性定語對前面的the recommendations進行補充說明；后面that引導的賓語從句在此句中是一個典型的主謂賓簡單句結(jié)構(gòu)：the pane是主語，had found是謂語，a broad consensus是賓語；賓語consensus后面的括號表達則是that引導的又一個名詞從句，作consensus的同位語（即同位語從句），對consensus進行解釋說明；在此同位語從句中，it是形式主語，不定式短語to attempt...（相當于名詞）才是其代替內(nèi)容，是從句真正的主語。

【詞匯精記】 　draft 草稿；preface (to) 前言；panel 專家小組；a broad consensus 廣泛的一致；morally 道德地；unacceptable 難以接受的；nuclear 核的，（尤指）原子核的；clone 克??；adult nuclear cloning 成人核克隆技術(shù)。

13. Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________

【參考譯文】 　這類人持極端看法，認為人與動物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對待動物無須考慮道德問題。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　 Arguing from the view (that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect ), extremists (of this kind) think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice .本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Arguing from...，主語＋謂語＋賓語從句，即主語是extremists，謂語是think，賓語是畫線部分that引導的名詞從句（即賓語從句）；句首Arguing from...是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作原因狀語，表示謂語動詞think發(fā)生的原因，其中the view后面的從句是that引導的名詞性從句，作view的同位語（即同位語從句），解釋view的內(nèi)容；此外，此從句中的斜體部分in every...是從句的范圍狀語。

【詞匯精記】 　Arguing from the view that... 從……觀點來看；relevant 相關(guān)的；respect 方面；in every relevant respect 在各相關(guān)方面；extremist 極端主義者；lie 位于，躺；outside the area of 不在……范圍；moral choice 道德（選擇）問題。

14. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　把電腦引進學校是出于教育的原因還是職業(yè)的考慮，并不清楚。基于這樣的一種混亂，電腦教育倡導者往往更加強調(diào)畢業(yè)生的就業(yè)前景，而不是他們的學業(yè)成績。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　 Banking on the confusion (between educational and vocational reasons) (for bringing computers into schools), computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.句子的主干是Banking on..., advocates often emphasize A over B; Banking on...是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作原因狀語，表示謂語動詞emphasize發(fā)生的原因；第一個括號中的介詞短語between...作其前面confusion的后置定語，第二個括號中的介詞短語for...又作其前面reasons的后置定語。

【詞匯精記】 　bank on（相當于be based on） 基于，以……為基礎(chǔ)；the confusion between A and B 把A和B混淆；vocational 職業(yè)的；bring computers into schools 把電腦引進學校；advocate 提倡者；computered advocates 電腦教育倡導者；emphasize A over B 強調(diào)A勝過B；prospect 前途，前景；educational achievement 學業(yè)成績。

15. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　他的同事Michael Beer說，太多的公司機械地應用了工程重組，雖然削減了成本但卻沒有考慮到長期的盈利。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion , chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability .句子主干是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)：His colleague...says that...；雙逗號中間的Michael Beer是主語his colleague的同位語；that引導名詞性從句，作謂語動詞says的賓語（即賓語從句）；此從句中：主語是far too many companies，謂語是have applied，賓語是re-engineering，斜體in a mechanistic fashion是從句謂語動詞have applied的方式狀語，緊隨其后的chopping out costs...是結(jié)果狀語，表示謂語動詞帶來的結(jié)果，而句末斜體的介詞短語without giving...則是作chopping out...的伴隨狀語。

【詞匯精記】 　colleague 同事；apply (to) 應用；engineer 工程師；re-engineering 工程重組；mechanistic 機械的；in a...fashion （通過）以……方式；chop 砍，削；chop out cost 削減成本；give thought to 考慮；sufficient 足夠的；long-term 長期的；profitability 盈利性。

16. Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

【翻譯演練】 　__________________________

【參考譯文】 　Whorf由于對語言與思維的關(guān)系很感興趣，因而逐漸形成了這樣的觀點：在一個社會中，語言的結(jié)構(gòu)決定習慣思維的結(jié)構(gòu)。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是： being interested in..., Whorf developed the idea that...；即主語是Whorf，謂語是developed，賓語是the idea，其后面的that引導的名詞性從句是the idea的同位語（即同位語從句），對賓語內(nèi)容進行解釋；句首的Being...是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作原因狀語，表示謂語動詞developed發(fā)生的原因。

【詞匯精記】 　be interested in　對……感興趣；develop the idea 形成這樣的觀點；habitual thought 習慣思維；determine 決定。

17. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　而且，人類還有能力改變自己的生存環(huán)境，從而使所有其他形態(tài)的生命服從人類自己獨特的想法和想象。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Furthermore, humans have the ability (to modify the environment) (in which they live), thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies .句子的主干為：humans have the ability..., thus subjecting ...；即主語是humans，謂語是have，賓語是the ability；賓語后面括號中是不定式短語to modify...作the ability的后置定語，緊隨其后括號中是in which引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞the environment；句末則是現(xiàn)在分詞短語subjecting...作結(jié)果狀語，表示謂語動詞have帶來的結(jié)果。

【詞匯精記】 　modify 改變；life form 生命形態(tài)；subject...to... 使……屈服于……；peculiar (to) 特有的，獨特的；fancy 想象。

18. I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________________

【參考譯文】 　從精神的角度說，我并不懼怕死亡，我所懼怕的是如何死亡，因為我曾目睹到人們在醫(yī)院里垂死的情景：他們撕扯著氧氣罩，掙扎著呼吸著氧氣。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view , //but what I was afraid of was how I'd go , because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks .句子主干是but連接的并列句，在第一個分句中：主語是I，謂語是am not afraid of，賓語是動名詞dying，斜體表達from...是范圍狀語，表示謂語動詞發(fā)生的地點范圍；第二個分句較復雜：what I was afraid of是名詞從句作主語（即主語從句），謂語是系動詞was, how I'd go是名詞性從句作表語（即表語從句）；后面斜體部分是because引導的原因狀語從句修飾動詞was，在此原因狀語從句中：主語是I，謂語是've watched，賓語是people，其后的die是賓語people的補足語（即賓語補足語），最后面的三個畫線表達in the hospital、fighting...和clawing...分別作die的地點狀語和伴隨狀語。

【詞匯精記】 　spiritual 精神的；point of view 視角，觀點；from a spiritual point of view 從精神的視角來看；how I'd go中的go是die的意思；fight for 為……奮斗／拼搏／掙扎；claw at 抓向；mask 面罩，面具；oxygen 氧氣。

19. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open.

【翻譯演練】 　________________________________

【參考譯文】 　越來越多的這種信用卡能被自動識讀，從而使得在分散的地方存取錢成為可能，無論當?shù)氐姆中惺欠耖_門營業(yè)。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　More and more of these credit cards can be read (automatically), ( making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations), (whether or not the local branch bank is open).本句實際上是帶多重狀語的簡單句，主語是More and more of these credit cards，謂語是can be read, automatically是方式狀語，表示謂語動詞can be read發(fā)生的方式；making it possible...是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語，表示謂語can be read帶來的結(jié)果，其中it是形式賓語，指代后面的不定式短語to withdraw...（相當于名詞）；但句末的whether or not...則是讓步狀語從句，修飾making，來加強其語氣，表示強調(diào)。

【詞匯精記】 　credit 信譽，信用；credit card 信用卡；automatically 自動地；withdraw 撤退，領(lǐng)取；deposit 沉淀，放置，存放；scattered 被分散了的；location 地點；local 當?shù)氐?，地方的；branch bank 分／支行。

20. The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　機械工坐在杠桿、螺絲、楔子、轱轆等東西中間時，就應該像詩人坐在字母表的字母里一樣，把它們視作是自己思想的展示，在此過程中每一個新的排列組合即可傳遞一種新的思想。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet (among the letters of the alphabet), considering them as an exhibition (of his thoughts), (in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea).此句的主語是The mechanic，謂語是should sit down，后面有三個狀語成分（畫線部分）對謂語動作進行修飾：介詞短語among...為地點狀語，介詞短語like...是方式狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞短語considering...作伴隨狀語，它們分別表示sit down這一動作發(fā)生的地點、方式和伴隨狀況；句末括號中是in which引導的非限制性定語從句，對前面句子內(nèi)容進行補充說明；此外，該句中其他的括號表達皆是后置定語，修飾前面的相關(guān)名詞。

【詞匯精記】 　mechanic 機械工；letter 字母，信件；alphabet 字母表；consider...as... 把……視作；transmit 傳遞，表達；arrangement 安排，擺放；lever 杠桿；screw 螺絲；wedge 楔子；wheel 轱轆，輪子。

21. In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　在思考記憶的進化及其相關(guān)方面時，對記憶力不衰退將會帶來什么樣的影響進行思考是有益的。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　In thinking about the evolution of memory (together with all its possible aspects), it is helpful to consider (what would happen if memories failed to fade ).主干為In doing..., it is helpful to...，即It是句子的形式主語，真正的主語是不定式短語to consider...（相當于名詞），謂語是系動詞is，表語是helpful，句首表達In thinking about...是句子的時間狀語，表示謂語動詞is發(fā)生的時間，其中的thinking about...是動名詞短語作介詞in的賓語；最后，值得注意的是，在不定式短語中，to consider后面是特殊疑問詞what引導的名詞性從句（括號表達），作consider的賓語（即賓語從句），此賓語從句是一個復合句，前面是主干，后面斜體部分是條件狀語從句，修飾前面的謂語動詞would happen，表示其發(fā)生的條件。

【詞匯精記】 　in doing... 在做……期間／方面；evolution 進化；together with 和，以及；aspect 方面；fail to do sth. 沒能夠做某事；fade 衰退，減弱。

22. In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, "United we stand, divided we fall"

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________________

【參考譯文】 　在應對如此規(guī)模的挑戰(zhàn)時，可以毫不夸張地說：“合則立，分則廢”。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　In dealing with a challenge (on such a scale), it is no exaggeration to say , " United we stand, divided we fall". In dealing with...是介詞加動名詞短語作句子的時間狀語，其中括號中的on such a scale是介詞短語作challenge的后置定語；it是形式主語，真正的主語是不定式短語to say...（相當于名詞），其中引號部分是say的賓語；在引號的表達中：united和divided都是過去分詞短語作條件狀語，表示其后面相關(guān)動詞stand和fall發(fā)生的條件。

【詞匯精記】 　in doing... 在做……的時候，在做……方面；challenge 挑戰(zhàn)；on a...scale 在……規(guī)模上；exaggeration 夸張；It is no exaggeration to say... 毫不夸張地講；stand 站立，堅持；fall 下跌，失??；United we stand, divided we fall（名言）合則立，分則廢。

23. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________________

【參考譯文】 　抨擊的目標是錯誤的，因為在抨擊這類測試時，批評者沒有注意到測試的弊病在于使用測試的人對測試不甚了解或使用不當。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The target is wrong,//for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault (that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users).第一段是句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)，結(jié)構(gòu)是簡單的主系表形式；第二段是for引導的原因狀語從句，在此從句里：主語是critics，謂語是divert，賓語是attention，from the fault是地點狀語； 此從句開頭部分是介詞In和動名詞短語attacking...構(gòu)成的時間狀語，表示后面謂語動詞divert發(fā)生的時間；句末是that引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞the fault。

【詞匯精記】 　divert 使轉(zhuǎn)向，使轉(zhuǎn)移注意力；divert attention from 把注意力引開，沒有注意到；lie with/in 在于；ill-informed 不了解情況的；incompetent 不稱職的；fault 過錯。

24. To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.

【翻譯演練】 　__________________________

【參考譯文】 　因這樣的失敗而對其進行責備就好比因不能測量風速而對溫度計進行批評一樣（荒謬）。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　 To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity . To criticize it是不定式短語作主語，for such failure是介詞短語作criticize的原因狀語；is comparable to是固定短語，表示“可和……相提并論”，作句子的謂語部分；criticizing a thermometer...是動名詞短語作句子賓語，句末for not measuring...是介詞短語作criticizing的原因狀語。

【詞匯精記】 　criticize 批評；roughly 粗略地；be comparable to 可和……相提并論；velocity 速度，速率；themometer 溫度計；measure 測量，衡量。

25. To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________

【參考譯文】 　為了充分了解海洋生物的多樣化和豐富性，縝密的思考是有益的。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　句子主干為 To appreciate ..., it helps to think small；即it是句子的形式主語，真正主語是句末的不定式短語to think small，謂語動詞是helps，置于句首的不定式To appreciate...則是句子的目的狀語，表示謂語動詞helps發(fā)生的目的。

【詞匯精記】 　appreciate 欣賞，理解，感激；diversity 多樣性；abundance 豐富性；think small 縝密思考。

26. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　去哪里獲取專家的信息以及如何對專家的信息加以取舍是今天許多人面臨的問題。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　( Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept ) are questions ( facing many people) today.第一個括號中的表達是此句的主語，謂語是系動詞are，表語是questions；最末的括號中，現(xiàn)在分詞短語facing...作前面questions的后置定語； 句首主語是個復雜的表達：where to...和how to...是兩個并列的復合不定式短語（特殊疑問詞＋不定式相當于復合不定式，相當于名詞功能），共同作此句的主語，其中which...to...也是個復合不定式短語，作前面determine的賓語。

【詞匯精記】 　turn to...for... 求助于……以得到……；expert information 專家信息；expert advice 專家建議；face 使……面對。

27. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________________

【參考譯文】 　但是，對于一小部分學生來講，專業(yè)培訓或許是可行的辦法，因為在所有其他因素一致的情況下，高超的技能或許會成為能否找到工作的關(guān)鍵。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　But, for a small group of students , professional training might be the way ( to go )//since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference (between having a job and not).第一段是句子主干：主語是professional training，謂語是might be，表語是the way，緊隨其后的不定式短語to go是the way的后置定語，位于句首的介詞短語for...是句子的范圍狀語；第二段是since引導的原因狀語從句，其中主語是well-developed skills，謂語是can be，表語是the difference，句末括號表達是介詞短語作前面the difference的后置定語；雙逗號中間的all other factors being equal是n.＋doing構(gòu)成的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，作插入成分，分隔了從句主語skills和從句謂語can be...。

【詞匯精記】 　a small group of 一小部分；professional 專業(yè)的，職業(yè)的；training 訓練；the way to go 可行的方法；well-developed skill 高超的技能；all other factors being equal 所有其他因素一致的情況下。

28. The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forest does not seem surprising, considering the huge number of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　人類已知的物種有一半被認為是生存在世界的熱帶雨林地區(qū)，這一事實似乎并不令人奇怪，因為物種的大部分是由大量的昆蟲組成的。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The fact (that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forest) does not seem surprising,// considering the huge number (of insects) (that comprise the bulk of the species).第一段是句子主干：主語是The fact，謂語是does not seem，表語是surprising；主語后面是that引導的名詞性從句，作主語The fact的同位語（即同位語從句）；第二段中，considering...是獨立主格的省略形式，作原因狀語，表示前面謂語動詞does not seem發(fā)生的原因； 此處的considering不可理解為現(xiàn)在分詞短語，因為considering的動作行為發(fā)出者并非主語The fact，而是不言自明的“人們”“大家”；此外，在此部分，介詞短語of insects是前面number的后置定語，句末括號表達則是that引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞insects。

【詞匯精記】 　species 物種；the known species 已知的生物；inhabit 居住，棲息；rain forest 熱帶雨林；considering... 考慮到，鑒于（表示原因）；comprise 組成；bulk 大部分，主體；insect 昆蟲。

29. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　由于人口猛增或大量人口流動——現(xiàn)代交通工具使大量人口流動變得相對容易——所引起的各種問題也會對社會造成新的壓力。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Additional social stresses may also occur//because of the population explosion or problems ( arising from mass migration movements)—(themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport).句子第一段是句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)，主語是Additional social stresses，謂語是may also occur；第二段畫線成分是because of引導的原因狀語；because of后面有兩個并列賓語the population explosion和problems；problems后面的括號表達是現(xiàn)在分詞短語arising...作后置定語，修飾problems；句末則是過去分詞短語made...作非限制性定語，修飾前面的mass migration movements，對其進行補充說明；此處的反身代詞themselves表示強調(diào)，后面的relatively easy則是形容詞短語作補足語，進一步補充說明。

【詞匯精記】 　additional 額外的；social stress 社會壓力；occur 出現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)生；population explosion 人口爆炸；arise from 產(chǎn)生于，來自于；mass 大規(guī)模的，大眾的；migration 遷移；movement 運動；mean 方式，手段；transport 交通（工具）。

30. In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences—most of them wildly improbable.

【翻譯演練】 　______________________________

【參考譯文】 　在十九世紀，小說家常常把一系列的巧合呈現(xiàn)在讀者面前（大多數(shù)都是極其不可能的），以此方式來結(jié)束自己的故事。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　In the nineteenth century , a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences — most (of them) wildly improbable .本句中，主語是a novelist，謂語是would bring，賓語是his story，第一個畫線部分是介詞短語in...作時間狀語，第二個畫線表達是介詞短語to...作程度狀語，第三個是介詞短語by presenting...作方式狀語；句末畫線成分是本句重點——獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：由n.（pron.）＋adj.構(gòu)成，作句子的評注性狀語，表示作者的評論。

【詞匯精記】 　novelist 小說家；bring sth. to a conclusion 結(jié)束；present sb. with sth. 呈送給某人某物；a series of 一系列的；coincidence 巧合；wildly 瘋狂地；improbable 極不可能的。

31. Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery, much of it broken.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　有一個經(jīng)過雕刻的匕首，看上去很有趣，除此以外，箱子里塞滿了陶器，大多已破碎。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger , the box was full of crockery, much (of it) broken .主干是the box was full of crockery，前面畫線部分是介詞短語Apart from...作狀語，句末是獨立主格much of it broken（本質(zhì)是n.＋done）作伴隨狀語。

【詞匯精記】 　apart from（相當于aside from、besides） 除……以外（還有）；interesting-looking 看上去有趣的；carve 雕刻；dagger 匕首；be full of 充滿；crockery 陶器；broken 碎裂的。

32. The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　當一輛大型轎車前燈亮著、喇叭鳴著沿著拱形街道呼嘯而來的時候，靜謐突然被打破了。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The silence was suddenly broken//when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring , roared down the arcade .此句第一段是主干：主語是The silence，謂語是was broken；第二段是when引導的時間狀語從句，表示謂語動作was broken發(fā)生的時間；其中，從句主語是a large car，謂語是roared，down the arcade是介詞短語作地點狀語，兩個逗號中間的with...是with＋n. ＋adv. and n. ＋doing構(gòu)成的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在時間狀語從句中插入，作伴隨狀語，修飾謂語動詞roared。

【詞匯精記】 　break the silence 打破靜謐；headlight 前燈；horn 喇叭；blare 發(fā)出響聲；roar 呼嘯而行；down the arcade 沿著拱形街道；on (adv.) 開著，亮著。

33. With so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　因為周圍有很多的人，這些狗一定要被圈養(yǎng)在特殊的圍場里。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　本句中，主語是the dogs，謂語是have to be kept，句末in a special enclosure作地點狀語；句首表達 With so many people about 則是with＋n.＋adv.構(gòu)成的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在此句中作原因狀語，表示have to be kept發(fā)生的原因。

【詞匯精記】 　about（此處是adv.） 周圍；keep 飼養(yǎng)，保持，圈養(yǎng)；enclosure 圍場，圈地；special 特別的，專門的。

34. Below, the captain realized to his horror that, with five of her sixteen water-tight compartments flooded, the Titanic was sinking rapidly!

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________________

【參考譯文】 　在下面，船長恐怖地意識到泰坦尼克號正在快速下沉，因為十六個隔水艙有五個已被淹沒。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　(Below), the captain realized (to his horror) that, with five (of her sixteen water-tight compartments) flooded , the Titanic was sinking rapidly!此句中，主語是the captain，謂語是realized，賓語是that引導的名詞從句（即賓語從句）；句首的below是副詞，作地點狀語，to his horror作結(jié)果狀語，它們共同修飾謂語動詞realize，分別表示動作發(fā)生的地點和結(jié)果；在that引導的賓語從句中，雙逗號中間的成分是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（with＋n.＋done），作從句的原因狀語，表示從句謂語was sinking發(fā)生的原因。

【詞匯精記】 　to sb's horror 令某人恐怖的是；water-tight 防水的；compartment 隔水艙；flood 淹沒；titanic 巨人的，大力神的（常用于形容事物規(guī)模之大）；the Titanic（一艘巨輪的名字）泰坦尼克號；sink 沉沒。

35. As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of what furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　至于冬天，因為大多數(shù)配給的取暖燃料要留到拂曉時使用，所以天氣往往很冷，很不方便。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　As for the winter , it is inconvenient to be cold,// with most of (what furnace fuel is allowed) saved for the dawn.本句主干中，主語是it，謂語是系動詞is，表語是inconvenient；句首表達As for the winter是句子的范圍狀語，to be cold是不定式短語作原因狀語，它們分別表示謂語動詞發(fā)生的范圍和原因；第二段中，with＋n.＋done是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，亦作原因狀語，但值得關(guān)注的是：括號中的成分是特殊疑問詞what引導的名詞從句，相當于一個名詞，作前面介詞of的賓語（即賓語從句），在本質(zhì)上相當于the furnace fuel (that is allowed)。

【詞匯精記】 　as for 至于；inconvenient 不方便的；furnace 爐子，火爐；fuel 燃料；dawn 拂曉；save 節(jié)省。