并列結(jié)構(gòu)長(zhǎng)難句分類解析

并列結(jié)構(gòu)長(zhǎng)難句分類解析

1. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.

【翻譯演練】 　__________________________________

【參考譯文】 　有人支持把電腦引進(jìn)課堂是為了學(xué)生的就業(yè)前景，還有些人支持把電腦引進(jìn)課堂是出于根本性的教育改革這些更寬泛的原因，在這兩種人中間有一條無形的界限。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　An invisible border divides those (arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects) and those (arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform).此句話的結(jié)構(gòu)主干是：An invisible border divides those...and those...；兩個(gè)those后面的arguing皆是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。

【詞匯精記】 　invisible 看不見的；border 邊界，界限；argue for 主張（argue against 反對(duì)）；on the behalf of 代表，為了；career 事業(yè)；prospect 前景，前途；broad 廣泛的；radical 根本的，激進(jìn)的。

2. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________________

【參考譯文】 　它同樣適用于傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家和社會(huì)科學(xué)歷史學(xué)家，前者把歷史僅僅視作是對(duì)史料來源的內(nèi)部和外部的評(píng)論，而后者則把歷史研究活動(dòng)等同于具體方法的研究。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　It applies equally to traditional historians (who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources), and to social science historians (who equate their activity with specific techniques).句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：It applies equally to..., and to...; traditional historians who view history as...和social science historians who equate...with...是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，指兩種歷史學(xué)家，各有定語(yǔ)從句修飾。

【詞匯精記】 　apply (to) 適用于；equally 相等地，相同地；traditional historians 傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家；view...as 把……看作是；source 源泉，史料；social science historians 社會(huì)科學(xué)歷史學(xué)家；equate...with 把……等同于；specific 具體的；technique 技術(shù)（方法）；external 外部的；internal 內(nèi)部的；criticism 批評(píng)，評(píng)論。

3. Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　Whorf逐漸相信某種類似語(yǔ)言決定論的觀點(diǎn)，其極端說法是：語(yǔ)言禁錮思維，語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)能對(duì)一個(gè)社會(huì)的文化產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism//(which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind , and that the grammatical patterns (in a language) can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society ) .第一段是主句：主語(yǔ)是Whorf，謂語(yǔ)是came to believe in，賓語(yǔ)是a sort of linguistic determinism；第二段是which引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：which...states that...and that...；從句中兩個(gè)逗號(hào)中間的in its strongest form是插入語(yǔ)（分隔了從句主語(yǔ)which和從句謂語(yǔ)states——即“主謂分裂”），兩個(gè)that從句是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞states的兩個(gè)并列賓語(yǔ)從句；第一個(gè)that賓語(yǔ)從句較簡(jiǎn)單，第二個(gè)that賓語(yǔ)從句須重點(diǎn)關(guān)注：主語(yǔ)是the grammatical patterns，其后面的in a language是介詞短語(yǔ)作其后置定語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是can produce，賓語(yǔ)是far-reaching consequences，句末介詞短語(yǔ)for...是從句的范圍狀語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞can produce，表示其范圍。

【詞匯精記】 　come to do 逐漸……；believe in 相信；a sort of 某種；linguistic 語(yǔ)言的，語(yǔ)言學(xué)的；determinism 決定論；in its strongest form 其最強(qiáng)烈／極端形式；imprison the mind 禁錮大腦；grammatical pattern 語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)／模式；produce far-reaching consequences 帶來深遠(yuǎn)的影響（后果）。

4. Morocco and California are bits of the Earth in very similar latitudes, both on the west coasts of continents with similar climates, and probably with rather similar natural resources.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________________

【參考譯文】 　摩洛哥和加利福尼亞是地球上緯度極為接近的兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)，都位于大陸的西海岸，有著相似的氣候，并且很可能還擁有著極為相似的自然資源。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Morocco and California are bits (of the Earth) (in very similar latitudes),//both on the west coasts of continents with similar climates, and probably with rather similar natural resources.此句逗號(hào)前面第一段是句子主干，of the Earth和in very similar latitudes作bits的后置定語(yǔ)；第二段的成分是代詞加介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，作伴隨狀語(yǔ)：both on...with...and probably with...，三個(gè)介詞彼此間是并列的關(guān)系。

【詞匯精記】 　Morocco 摩洛哥（瀕臨地中海的北非國(guó)家）；California 加利福尼亞（即美國(guó)加州）；bits of the Earth 地球上的（地）點(diǎn)；latitude 緯度；continent 大陸；climate 氣候；natural resources 自然資源。

5. There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.

【翻譯演練】 　__________________________

【參考譯文】 　屆時(shí)，將出現(xiàn)由機(jī)器人主持的電視談話節(jié)目以及裝有污染監(jiān)控器的汽車，一旦這些汽車違規(guī)，監(jiān)控器就會(huì)使其停駛。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　There will be television chat shows (hosted by robots), and cars (with pollution monitors) (that will disable them when they offend).句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是帶并列主語(yǔ)的There be結(jié)構(gòu)：There will be television chat shows ...and cars ...；兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)都帶有后置定語(yǔ)：第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)television chat shows的后置定語(yǔ)是過去分詞短語(yǔ)hosted by robots，第二個(gè)主語(yǔ)cars的后置定語(yǔ)是介詞短語(yǔ)with pollution monitors；定語(yǔ)從句that will disable them when they offended修飾的先行詞是pollution monitors。

【詞匯精記】 　chat 聊天；television chat shows 電視談話節(jié)目；host (n.) 東道主，（vt.）主持；robot 機(jī)器人；pollution monitor 污染監(jiān)控器；disable 使殘疾，使喪失能力；offend 違規(guī)，冒犯。

6. Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　兒童將與裝有人性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，經(jīng)過人性化設(shè)置的計(jì)算機(jī)將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具，人們休息時(shí)不但可以看到電視畫面，還能嗅到它們的味道，屆時(shí)數(shù)字化時(shí)代就來到了。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Children will play with dolls (equipped with personality chips),//computers (with in-built personalities) will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,//relaxation will be in front of smell-television,// and digital age will have arrived.本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是四個(gè)并列的簡(jiǎn)單句：Children will play with dolls..., computers...will be regarded as..., relaxation will be in front of..., and digital age will have arrived；分句一中的賓語(yǔ)dolls帶有過去分詞短語(yǔ)equipped with personality chips作定語(yǔ)；分句二中的主語(yǔ)computers后面是介詞短語(yǔ)with in-built personalities作其后置定語(yǔ)； 此處的personalities根據(jù)上下文應(yīng)理解為personality chips。

【詞匯精記】 　play with 玩耍；doll 玩具娃娃；be equipped with 裝備有；personality 人，人的存在；chip 芯片；in-built personalities 內(nèi)置的人性化設(shè)置；rather than 而不是；relaxation 休閑、放松；smell-television 能給人嗅覺感受的電視機(jī)；digital age 數(shù)字化時(shí)代。

7. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

【翻譯演練】 　______________________________

【參考譯文】 　人們之所以更加關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，更多的是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)家內(nèi)部自身的意見不一，而不是因?yàn)橥饨鐚?duì)歷史學(xué)科正確性的質(zhì)疑。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Interest (in historical methods) has arisen less through external challenge (to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline) and more from internal quarrels (among historians themselves).句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句：Interest...has arisen less through...and more from...；并列狀語(yǔ)less through...and more from的理解是關(guān)鍵，through和from意思完全相同，均表示原因；challenge后面的不定式短語(yǔ)to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline是它的后置定語(yǔ)；internal quarrels后面的介詞短語(yǔ)among historians themselves作quarrels的后置定語(yǔ)。

【詞匯精記】 　interest in 對(duì)……的關(guān)注（興趣）；historical methods 歷史研究方法；arise from 來自于，產(chǎn)生于；a challenge (to) 質(zhì)疑，挑戰(zhàn)；validity 真實(shí)性，有效性；intellectual (n.) 知識(shí)分子，（a.）知識(shí)的；discipline 紀(jì)律，學(xué)科；an intellectual discipline 一門學(xué)科；internal 內(nèi)部的；quarrel 分歧，爭(zhēng)吵。

8. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　最重要的事實(shí)是風(fēng)俗在經(jīng)驗(yàn)和信仰方面所起的決定性作用以及它所表現(xiàn)出來的極其豐富性。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The fact (of first-rate importance) is the predominant role (that custom plays in experience and in belief), and the very great varieties (it may manifest).本句的主干是The fact...is the role....and the varieties...，即主語(yǔ)是The fact，謂語(yǔ)是系動(dòng)詞is，表語(yǔ)是兩個(gè)并列的名詞the role和the varieties；此句的復(fù)雜性在于主語(yǔ)和兩個(gè)并列的表語(yǔ)后面皆有后置定語(yǔ)：of first-rate importance是主語(yǔ)the fact的后置定語(yǔ)，that custom plays in experience and in belief是表語(yǔ)role的定語(yǔ)從句（ 兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)in experience和in belief亦是并列關(guān)系，都作play的范圍狀語(yǔ)）；it may manifest則是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞varieties。

【詞匯精記】 　first-rate 一流的；predominant 主導(dǎo)的；role 角色，作用；play the predominant role in 在……方面起主導(dǎo)作用；custom 風(fēng)俗；belief 信仰；variety 多樣性；manifest 表現(xiàn)出，展現(xiàn)出。

9. The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　行為科學(xué)之所以一直發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The behavioral sciences have been slow to change// partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.句子的主干是：主句加兩個(gè)并列的原因狀語(yǔ)從句“之所以……，部分是因?yàn)椤?，部分是因?yàn)椤薄?

【詞匯精記】 　behavioral science（專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)）行為科學(xué)；explanatory 解釋性的，用于解釋的；item 要素，項(xiàng)目；the explanatory items 用以解釋的依據(jù)（內(nèi)容）；observe 觀察，觀測(cè)。

10. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.

【翻譯演練】 　________________________

【參考譯文】 　自然選擇在進(jìn)化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個(gè)體行為時(shí)的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認(rèn)識(shí)和研究。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The role (of natural selection) (in evolution) was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,// and the selective role (of the environment) (in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual) is only beginning to be recognized and studied.句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個(gè)并列句，在第一段中：主語(yǔ)是The role，謂語(yǔ)是was formulated，only a little...age是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，主語(yǔ)The role后面兩個(gè)括號(hào)中的介詞短語(yǔ)是其后置定語(yǔ)；第二段中，分句主語(yǔ)是the selective role，后面兩個(gè)括號(hào)中的介詞短語(yǔ)是其后置定語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)是is only beginning to be recognized and studied。

【詞匯精記】 　role 角色，作用；evolution 進(jìn)化；formulate 闡述，表述，論證；selective 選擇性的；shape 形成，塑造；maintain 保持，保養(yǎng)；individual 個(gè)人，個(gè)體；recognize 認(rèn)可，承認(rèn)。

11. They are the possessions of the autonomous man of traditional theory, and they're essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　它們是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主的個(gè)人所擁有的，是要求一個(gè)人對(duì)自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績(jī)而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　They are the possessions (of the autonomous man ) (of traditional theory),// and they're essential to practices (in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements).句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是and連接的兩個(gè)并列句，第一段的分句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，兩個(gè)括號(hào)中的表達(dá)是后置定語(yǔ)，修飾各自前面的相關(guān)名詞；第二段的分句也是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，to practices是系動(dòng)詞的范圍狀語(yǔ)，后面括號(hào)中是in which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞practices；在此定語(yǔ)從句中，主語(yǔ)是a person，謂語(yǔ)是兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞is held...和given...。

【詞匯精記】 　possessions 所有物，財(cái)產(chǎn)；autonomous 自治的；hold（相當(dāng)于consider）認(rèn)為；be held responsible for 被認(rèn)為對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)；be essential to 對(duì)……是必要的；conduct 行為；credit 榮譽(yù)；be given credit for 因?yàn)椤徽J(rèn)可，被給予肯定／贊譽(yù)；achievement 成績(jī)，成就。

12. Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　再者，顯而易見的是，一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高又有賴于各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家和技術(shù)人員的努力。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Furthermore it is obvious// that the strength (of a country's economy) is directly bound up with the efficiency (of its agriculture and industry), and that this in turn rests upon the efforts (of scientists and technologists of all kinds).第一段是句子的主干，采用主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，其中it是形式主語(yǔ)，指代兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句（真正的主語(yǔ)），此句正常的語(yǔ)序是That...and that...is obvious；在第一個(gè)that從句中，主語(yǔ)是the strength，其后的介詞短語(yǔ)of...是其后置定語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)是固定搭配is directly bound up with，賓語(yǔ)是the efficiency，緊隨后面的of...是其后置定語(yǔ)；在第二個(gè)that從句中，主語(yǔ)是this（指代前面的賓語(yǔ)中心詞efficiency），謂語(yǔ)是rests upon，賓語(yǔ)是the efforts，其后面的括號(hào)部分是賓語(yǔ)的后置定語(yǔ)。

【詞匯精記】 　furthermore 再者，此外；strength 力氣，實(shí)力；be directly bound up with 與……直接（密切）相關(guān)；efficiency 效率；agriculture and industry 工農(nóng)業(yè)；in turn 按順序，反過來；rest upon 有賴于，取決于；technologist 技術(shù)人員。

13. We cannot think outside the particular patterns that our brains are conditioned to, or, to be more accurate, we can think only a very little way outside, and then only if we are very original.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　我們不能脫離我們大腦所習(xí)慣的模式去思考問題，更確切地講，我們只能偏離這種模式一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，即使這樣也需要我們有獨(dú)創(chuàng)的思維。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　We cannot think outside the particular patterns (that our brains are conditioned to),// or , to be more accurate , we can think only a very little way outside , and then only if we are very original .句子的主干是連詞or連接的兩個(gè)并列分句，第一個(gè)分句中，畫線的outside...短語(yǔ)是方式狀語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞think，括號(hào)中是that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞patterns；第二個(gè)分句中，兩個(gè)逗號(hào)中間斜體的to be more accurate 是插入語(yǔ)，畫線的only...短語(yǔ)是方式狀語(yǔ)，后面畫線的only if...則是與前面方式狀語(yǔ)并列的條件狀語(yǔ)，共同修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞think。

【詞匯精記】 　particular 具體的，特別的；pattern 模式；be conditioned to 適應(yīng)，變得習(xí)慣；to be more accurate 更確切地講；original 最初的，獨(dú)創(chuàng)的，新穎的。

14. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

【翻譯演練】 　 ________________________________

【參考譯文】 　它從一開始就將討論引向兩個(gè)極端，使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)這樣對(duì)待動(dòng)物：要么像對(duì)人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset://it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration (humans extend to other humans), or with no consideration at all. 第一段是句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)：It是主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是leads，賓語(yǔ)是the discussion，to extremes是程度狀語(yǔ)，修飾leads，at the outset則表示謂語(yǔ)的發(fā)生時(shí)間（即時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）；第二段是冒號(hào)后面部分，對(duì)前面信息作進(jìn)一步解釋，其中it是主語(yǔ)，invites是謂語(yǔ)，you是賓語(yǔ)，to think that...則是不定式作賓補(bǔ)，后面畫線部分是that引導(dǎo)的名詞從句作think的賓語(yǔ)（即賓語(yǔ)從句）；在此賓語(yǔ)從句中，either...or...連接并列的介詞短語(yǔ)，是表示選擇的方式狀語(yǔ)，共同修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞be treated；最后要關(guān)注此從句中的括號(hào)部分humans extend to other humans，它是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the consideration。

【詞匯精記】 　lead...to extremes 把……引向極端；at the outset 從一開始；invite sb. to do 邀請(qǐng)某人做某事；consideration 考慮，體貼；extend (to) 給予，表達(dá)。

15. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________________

【參考譯文】 　許多美國(guó)人隨意的友好態(tài)度不應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是虛偽和做作的，而應(yīng)被視作是文化傳統(tǒng)的歷史傳承。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The casual friendliness (of many Americans) should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result (of a historically developed cultural tradition).此句的neither A nor B but C，實(shí)質(zhì)上是not...but...的靈活用法，彼此間都是并列的關(guān)系；故此處是neither...nor...but...連接的三個(gè)as短語(yǔ)，作并列的主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；本句括號(hào)中的部分皆是各自前面相關(guān)名詞的后置定語(yǔ)。

【詞匯精記】 　casual 隨意的，休閑的；friendliness 友好；interpret 詮釋，解讀，口譯；superficial 膚淺的；artificial 人為的，假的；interpret...as... 將……解讀／理解為……。

16. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________

【參考譯文】 　依賴性最初表現(xiàn)為耐受力的增強(qiáng)，需要越來越多的藥品才能達(dá)到理想的效果，而一旦停止服用該藥品，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)不舒服的脫癮癥狀。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect , and (is marked此處被省略） then by the appearance (of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms) when the substance is discontinued.此句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Dependence is marked first by...and then by...；兩個(gè)逗號(hào)中間的斜體部分是with sth. done構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞is marked的伴隨狀語(yǔ)；后面括號(hào)中的of...是介詞短語(yǔ)作the appearance的后置定語(yǔ)；句末部分則是when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞is marked。

【詞匯精記】 　dependence 依賴性，依靠；be marked by 以……為標(biāo)記；tolerance 忍耐力；the desired effect 渴望的／理想的效果；unpleasant 不舒服的；withdrawal 撤退；symptom 癥狀；withdrawal symptom 脫癮癥狀；discontinue 中止；substance 物質(zhì)（此處指藥物）。

17. Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.

【翻譯演練】 　__________________________

【參考譯文】 　在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要程度不同的中央控制，從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和運(yùn)籌學(xué)家等專業(yè)領(lǐng)域科學(xué)家的協(xié)助。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures (of centralized control) and hence the help (of specialized scientists) (such as economists and operational research experts).句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)帶并列賓語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句：...this requires varying measures ...and hence the help ...；兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)后面各帶有of短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)；句末的such as...是介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾其前面的specialized scientists。

【詞匯精記】 　Under modern conditions 在現(xiàn)代條件下；varying（程度）不同的；measure 措施；centralized control 中央控制，中央調(diào)控；hence 因此，從而；specialized 專門的，專業(yè)的；operational research expert 運(yùn)行研究專家，運(yùn)籌學(xué)家。

18. The test of any democratic society lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________________________

【參考譯文】 　對(duì)任何民主社會(huì)的檢驗(yàn)不在于它如何有效地控制了言論，而在于它是否在盡可能大的范圍內(nèi)給予了思想和言論的自由，無論會(huì)引起多大的爭(zhēng)議或多么令人惱火。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The test (of any democratic society) lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude ,//however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.此句的主干是第一段：The test...lies not in...but in...；括號(hào)中的of any democratic society是介詞短語(yǔ)，作主語(yǔ)The test的后置定語(yǔ)；畫線的how...和whether...都是特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞從句，作各自前面介詞in的賓語(yǔ)（即賓語(yǔ)從句）；在whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，it是主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是gives，賓語(yǔ)分別是freedom of thought and expression（間接賓語(yǔ)）和the widest possible latitude（直接賓語(yǔ)）；第二段是however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句（相當(dāng)于no matter how...），加強(qiáng)句子語(yǔ)氣。

【詞匯精記】 　democratic 民主的；test 測(cè)試，檢測(cè)；democratic 民主的；lie in 在于；freedom of thought and expression 思想和言論自由；latitude 緯度，范圍；disputable 引起爭(zhēng)議的；irritating 令人惱火的。

19. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________________

【參考譯文】 　當(dāng)你未來的雇主在與你交談時(shí)，他就在考慮你所受的教育、經(jīng)驗(yàn)及其他資歷是否值得他雇用你，而你的才華和能力也一定要用一種既恰當(dāng)有序又符合邏輯的方式展現(xiàn)出來。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding (whether your education , your experience , and other qualifications will pay him to employ you)// and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner .此句是由and連接兩個(gè)分句并列組成的并列句；第一個(gè)分句中，while引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主語(yǔ)是your could-be employer，謂語(yǔ)是is deciding，括號(hào)中是whether引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中做賓語(yǔ)（即賓語(yǔ)從句）；在賓語(yǔ)從句中須注意：從句主語(yǔ)是由三個(gè)并列的名詞表達(dá)組成的（your education , your experience , and other qualifications ）；第二個(gè)分句中，畫線的兩個(gè)并列名詞（your "wares" and abilities ）是主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)是must be displayed，句末斜體部分則是介詞in短語(yǔ)作方式狀語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞must be displayed。

【詞匯精記】 　while doing... 在做某事期間；could-be 有可能的，未來的；employer 老板；qualification 資格，資歷；ware 貨物；display 展現(xiàn)；in a...manner 通過……的方式；orderly 有序的；reasonably connected 合理連續(xù)的；pay sb. to do 付某人錢去做。

20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.

【翻譯演練】 　________________________

【參考譯文】 　通過雇用大批的專業(yè)人員，這種變化滿足了新時(shí)代技術(shù)的要求，也防止了生產(chǎn)率的下降，而后者通常會(huì)使得許多家族公司在經(jīng)過第一代精力充沛的創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后，在第二代、第三代繼承人手里破產(chǎn)。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The change met the technical requirements (of the new age) by engaging a large professional element // and prevented the decline (in efficiency) (that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders ).此句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The change met...and prevented...；第一段中的括號(hào)部分of...是the technical requirements的后置定語(yǔ)，畫線部分（by＋doing結(jié)構(gòu)）作方式狀語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞met；第二段中的兩個(gè)括號(hào)部分都是decline的后置定語(yǔ)，后者是that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，其中的畫線部分是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)修飾此從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞spoiled，表示其發(fā)生時(shí)間。

【詞匯精記】 　meet 滿足；technical requirement 技術(shù)要求；engage 雇傭；professional 專業(yè)的，職業(yè)的；a large professional element 一個(gè)巨大的專業(yè)因素，此處引申為“大量的專業(yè)人員”；decline 下降，減弱；efficiency 效率；commonly 往往，通常；spoil 破壞，寵壞；fortune 財(cái)富；family firm 家族公司；energetic 精力充沛的；founder 建立者（創(chuàng)業(yè)者）。

21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

【翻譯演練】 　________________________________

【參考譯文】 　對(duì)資本與企業(yè)的如此大規(guī)模非個(gè)人操作大大增加了持股階級(jí)的人數(shù)及其地位的重要性。國(guó)民生活的這一點(diǎn)代表了不由個(gè)人負(fù)責(zé)的財(cái)富出現(xiàn)，這種財(cái)富是與土地及土地所有者的責(zé)任相分離的，并且?guī)缀踉谕瘸潭壬弦彩呛蜕虡I(yè)管理責(zé)任相分離的。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Such large, impersonal manipulation (of capital and industry) greatly increased the numbers and importance (of shareholders) (as a class),//an element (in national life) (representing irresponsible wealth) ( detached from the land and the duties of the landowners); and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.第一段是句子的主干，主語(yǔ)是...manipulation，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是increased，賓語(yǔ)是the numbers and importance；此段中的of capital and industry是主語(yǔ)manipulation的后置定語(yǔ)，of shareholders是賓語(yǔ)numbers and importance的后置定語(yǔ)，as a class是shareholders的后置定語(yǔ)；在第二段中，an element是前面整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容的同位語(yǔ)，起概括總述的作用；其后括號(hào)中的in national life和representing irresponsible wealth是其后置定語(yǔ)，detached from the land and the duties of the landowners是wealth的后置定語(yǔ)；值得關(guān)注的是分號(hào)后面的almost equally detached from...短語(yǔ)和前面的detached from...是并列的關(guān)系，為突出強(qiáng)調(diào)用分號(hào)隔開。

【詞匯精記】 　impersonal 非個(gè)人的；manipulation 操作；capital 資本；shareholder 股東；element 因素，元素；represent 代表；irresponsible 不負(fù)責(zé)任的；be detached from 和……相分離的；landowner 土地?fù)碛姓?；equally 同樣地；management 管理，管理方。

22. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________________

【參考譯文】 　像Bournemouth和Eastbourne這樣的城鎮(zhèn)紛紛涌現(xiàn)，居住著龐大的享受階層。他們退休后拿著薪水，除領(lǐng)取紅利和偶爾參加股東大會(huì)對(duì)管理做出決策外他們與社區(qū)沒有聯(lián)系。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Towns (like Bournemouth and Eastbourne) sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes//( who had retired on their incomes), and ( who had no relation to the rest of the community except that) (of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management).第一段是句子的主干：主語(yǔ)是Towns，后面括號(hào)中的like短語(yǔ)是towns的后置定語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)是sprang up，不定式to house...是目的狀語(yǔ)；第二段是由兩個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的并列定語(yǔ)從句，共同修飾先行詞classes；句末括號(hào)部分是介詞of短語(yǔ)修飾前面的that，在此部分里，drawing...和attending...也是并列關(guān)系。

【詞匯精記】 　spring up 涌現(xiàn)；house (vt.) 提供房屋；“comfortable”classes 安逸階層；retire on one's incomes 靠自己的收入過著退休生活；have no relation to 和……無關(guān)；the rest of... 剩余的；community 社區(qū)；draw dividends 領(lǐng)取紅利；occasionally 偶爾；attend a shareholders' meeting 出席股東會(huì)議；dictate 口授；management 管理，管理方。

23. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________________

【參考譯文】 　拿薪水的公司執(zhí)行經(jīng)理與員工和員工的需求有著更直接的關(guān)系，但就對(duì)員工的私人熟悉程度而言，即使是他們也幾乎不能和當(dāng)今逐漸消失的世襲制舊家族企業(yè)的老板相提并論。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The paid manager (acting for the company) was in more direct relation with the men and their demands,// but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge (of the workmen) (which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system) (of the old family business ) (now passsing away ).本句整體結(jié)構(gòu)是but連接兩個(gè)分句組成的并列句，在第一段中，主語(yǔ)是The paid manager，謂語(yǔ)是was in more direct relation with，賓語(yǔ)是men and their demands, acting for the company是主語(yǔ)manager的后置定語(yǔ)；第二段中，主語(yǔ)是he，謂語(yǔ)是had seldom，賓語(yǔ)是that familiar personal knowledge, of the workmen和which...定語(yǔ)從句共同修飾knowledge；句末兩個(gè)括號(hào)中的of the old family business 和now passing away 共同作system的后置定語(yǔ)。

【詞匯精記】 　the paid manager 拿薪水的經(jīng)理；act for the company 為公司效勞；be in more direct relation with 和……有著更直接的關(guān)系；demand 要求，需求；familiar personal knowledge of 對(duì)……個(gè)人的熟知；patriarchal 家長(zhǎng)的，世襲的；the old family business 舊家族企業(yè)；pass away 逝去。

24. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

【翻譯演練】 　______________________________

【參考譯文】 　一些家庭搬離了穩(wěn)定的社區(qū)，離開了多年的朋友以及家庭關(guān)系網(wǎng)，日常信息的交流就會(huì)中斷，隨著日常信息交流的中斷，人們相信在需要的時(shí)候?qū)⒖傻玫娇尚趴煽康男畔⑦@一信心也會(huì)中斷。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　As families move away from their stable community , their friends (of many years), their extended family relationships , the informal flow (of information) is cut off,// and with it the confidence (that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable).此句是由and連接兩個(gè)分句組成的并列句。在第一個(gè)分句中，主語(yǔ)是the informal flow，謂語(yǔ)是is cut off，of information是介詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)flow的后置定語(yǔ)；句首As引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞is cut off發(fā)生的時(shí)間；在此從句里：主語(yǔ)是families，謂語(yǔ)是move away，from...是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，但最需要關(guān)注的是三個(gè)畫線的名詞community，friends和relationships，它們是并列的關(guān)系，共同作介詞from的賓語(yǔ)；難點(diǎn)在第二段，主語(yǔ)是the confidence，其后的that從句是其同位語(yǔ)從句（里面兩個(gè)will be是該從句的并列謂語(yǔ)，when needed是第一個(gè)will be的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)），這一個(gè)分句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為避免和第一個(gè)分句重復(fù)（也是is cut off），被省略掉了；with it則是伴隨狀語(yǔ)，意為“隨著”（it指代前面第一個(gè)主句內(nèi)容）。

【詞匯精記】 　move away from 搬離；stable 穩(wěn)定的；community 社區(qū)；friends of many years 多年的朋友；extend 延伸；family relationships 家庭關(guān)系網(wǎng)；informal 非正式的，日常的；flow 流動(dòng)；cut off 切斷；confidence 信心；available 可得到的；trustworthy 可信的；reliable 可靠的。

25. The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________________

【參考譯文】 　只有在特定的初步建議被接受以后，對(duì)風(fēng)俗的研究才會(huì)是有益的，但是這些建議中有一些卻一直遭到激烈的反對(duì)。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted ,// and some of these propositions have been violently opposed.此句是由and連接兩個(gè)分句組成的一個(gè)并列句。在第一段中，主干結(jié)構(gòu)是簡(jiǎn)單的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，only after...則是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞will be，表示其發(fā)生的時(shí)間；第二段是and連接的并列分句，但要注意：此處的分句究竟和前面哪部分并列？是和整個(gè)第一段復(fù)合句并列，還是和第一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句并列？這需要從意義邏輯角度進(jìn)行分析判斷。

【詞匯精記】 　and此處表示“轉(zhuǎn)折”；the study of custom 對(duì)風(fēng)俗的研究；profitable 有利潤(rùn)的，有益的；certain 特定的；preliminary 初步的；proposition 建議，定理；violently 強(qiáng)烈地，狂暴地；oppose 反對(duì)。

26. This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________________

【參考譯文】 　對(duì)某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無關(guān)但將來可能意義重大的研究給予支持，似乎通常能有效地解決這一點(diǎn)。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research ( not related to immediate goals) ( but of possible consequence in the future).本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是This seems mostly effectively done by...，介詞短語(yǔ)by...是句子的方式狀語(yǔ)，表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的方式；research后面的短語(yǔ)related to...和介詞短語(yǔ)of...，由not...but...結(jié)構(gòu)連接，是并列的關(guān)系，共同作research的后置定語(yǔ)。

【詞匯精記】 　mostly 主要地，大概，通常；effectively 有效的；a certain 某些；amount 數(shù)量；be related to 與……相關(guān)；immediate 當(dāng)前的，附近的；goal 目標(biāo)；consequence 后果，重要性。

27. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　這些預(yù)言在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適當(dāng)性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness (of the information) (used) and on the skill and wisdom (with which it is interpreted).句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：How引導(dǎo)名詞從句作主語(yǔ)（即主語(yǔ)從句），句子謂語(yǔ)是depends upon...and on...，斜體部分the amount，reliability，and appropriateness 是upon的三個(gè)并列賓語(yǔ)，其后面兩個(gè)括號(hào)中的部分是各自前面相關(guān)名詞的后置定語(yǔ)；the skill and wisdom則是on的賓語(yǔ)，其后面的with which it is interpreted是定語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾； 從句中代詞it指代the information。

【詞匯精記】 　prediction 預(yù)言；performance 表演，表現(xiàn)；validate 使有法律效力，使有效；be validated by 為……所證實(shí)；depend upon 取決于；reliability 可靠性；appropriateness 適當(dāng)性；wisdom 智慧；interpret 解釋，詮釋，口譯。

28. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________________

【參考譯文】 　你們都已多次聽說過，科學(xué)工作者是用歸納和演繹的方法來工作的；借助于這些方法，他們?cè)谀撤N意義上設(shè)法從自然界中提煉出了特定的規(guī)律；然后依據(jù)這些規(guī)律，通過自己某種專門的技能，他們建立了自己的理論。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　You have all heard it repeated// that men (of science) work by means of induction and deduction ,// that by the help of these operations , they, in a sort of sense , manage to extract (from Nature) certain natural laws,// and that out of these , by some special skill of their own , they build up their theories.此句的主干是You have all heard it repeated that..., that..., and that...；it是形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的賓語(yǔ)是三個(gè)并列的that從句；repeated是it的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；第二段中的畫線部分（by means of...）是work的方式狀語(yǔ)；第三段中兩個(gè)畫線部分分別是方式狀語(yǔ)和插入語(yǔ)；最后一段的兩個(gè)畫線部分都是方式狀語(yǔ)； 在第二段中，extract和其賓語(yǔ)certain natural laws被狀語(yǔ)from Nature分隔（因賓語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，被后置）。

【詞匯精記】 　man of science 科學(xué)工作者；by means of 通過……（方式）；induction 歸納法；deduction 演繹法；by/with the help of 在……的幫助下；operation 操作，實(shí)踐；in a sort of sense 在某種意義上；manage to do 設(shè)法做某事；extract 拔出；extract sth. from 從……中提煉出；certain 特定的；natural laws 自然規(guī)律；out of these 基于這些，根據(jù)這些；by some special skill of their own 通過自己的某種專門技能；build up one's theories 建立自己的理論。

29. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

【翻譯演練】 　________________________

【參考譯文】 　整體而言，可以比較有把握地得出這樣一個(gè)結(jié)論；但須滿足兩個(gè)條件：第一，可以假定該孩子和與之相比的孩子對(duì)待測(cè)試有著一樣的態(tài)度；第二，他不會(huì)因?yàn)槿狈ζ渌⒆铀鶕碛械南嚓P(guān)信息而受到責(zé)備。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence ,// but only if the child can be assumed to have the same attitude towards the test as the others (with whom he is being compared),// and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information (which they possessed).此句是由并列連詞but連接的一個(gè)并列句，為避免重復(fù)，but后省略了與前面相同的主謂形式（即省略了such a conclusion can be drawn...）；第一段中On the whole是評(píng)論性狀語(yǔ)，with a certain degree...是程度狀語(yǔ)；第二段和第三段是并列的兩個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句：其中第二段里的比較結(jié)構(gòu)the same...as...和with whom引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句值得關(guān)注（之所以用with，是因?yàn)橛泄潭ù钆鋌e compared with）；第三段中畫線的by...短語(yǔ)是原因狀語(yǔ)，括號(hào)里是which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞information。

【詞匯精記】 　on the whole 整體而言；draw a conclusion 得出一個(gè)結(jié)論；a certain 特定的；with a certain degree of confidence 有一定的信心；assume 假設(shè)，認(rèn)為；attitude towards 對(duì)待……的態(tài)度；be compared with 與……相比較；lack 缺乏；relevant 相關(guān)的；possess 擁有。

30. Notices forbidding the open-air drying of clothes, or the use of water points for car washing, or those inviting our camping friends to a dance or a boat trip are printed not only in French or Italian or Spanish, but also in English, German and Dutch.

【翻譯演練】 　____________________________

【參考譯文】 　禁止露天晾曬衣物以及使用水源沖洗汽車的布告，和邀請(qǐng)露營(yíng)朋友參加舞會(huì)、乘船觀光的招貼不僅印成了法語(yǔ)、意大利語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)，而且也印成了英語(yǔ)、德語(yǔ)和荷蘭語(yǔ)。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　 Notices (forbidding the open-air drying (of clothes), or the use (of water points) (for car washing), or those (inviting our camping friends to a dance or a boat trip ) are printed not only in French or Italian or Spanish, but also in English, German and Dutch.此句的整體結(jié)構(gòu)是：Notices...or those...are printed not only in...but also in...，Notices 和those是or連接的并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是are printed，not only in...but also in是并列的方式狀語(yǔ)，表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞printed的方式；Notices和those后各接了一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)：在forbidding短語(yǔ)里，畫線的the open-air drying和the use由or連接，作forbidding的并列賓語(yǔ)，它們后面的成分是介詞短語(yǔ)of...作它們的后置定語(yǔ)；在inviting短語(yǔ)里，a dance和a boat trip也是并列關(guān)系，作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)。

【詞匯精記】 　notice 告示；forbid 禁止；open-air 露天的；dry (adj. ) 干的，（vt.）烘干；the open-air drying of clothes 露天晾曬衣物；water point 取水處，水源地；car washing 洗車；camping 野營(yíng)，露營(yíng)；a boat trip 乘船觀光；Spanish 西班牙語(yǔ)；Dutch 荷蘭語(yǔ)。

31. But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________

【參考譯文】 　近來，基于對(duì)哭泣行為、哭泣與疾病的關(guān)系以及淚水的化學(xué)成分所進(jìn)行的研究，人們得出結(jié)論認(rèn)為：那兩種對(duì)淚水的反應(yīng)往往都是不恰當(dāng)?shù)?，甚至有可能帶來副作用?

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　But judging from recent studies (of crying behavior , links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears ),//both those responses (to tears) are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.此句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是Judging from recent studies of A, B and C, both those responses...are...and may even be...；此句的主語(yǔ)是both those responses，謂語(yǔ)是并列的系動(dòng)詞are和may even be，表語(yǔ)分別是inappropriate和counterproductive；句首的Judging from...是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的省略形式，因其動(dòng)作發(fā)出者是不言自明的“人們（people）”，故被省略掉；此句最值得關(guān)注的是第一段里括號(hào)中的crying behavior，links...and...chemical composition...的并列，很多同學(xué)會(huì)把并列對(duì)象搞錯(cuò)，所以要注意從邏輯和句式結(jié)構(gòu)雙重角度進(jìn)行分析判斷。

【詞匯精記】 　judge from 根據(jù)……判斷；links between A and B AB之間的聯(lián)系；the chemical composition 化學(xué)成分；response to 對(duì)……的反應(yīng)；inappropriate 不恰當(dāng)?shù)?；counterproductive 反作用的，副作用的。

32. Very few people, no matter how intelligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　一項(xiàng)政策或行動(dòng)帶來的許多潛在可能、結(jié)果、負(fù)面影響和可怕后果，幾乎沒有人能在幾秒鐘之內(nèi)完全考慮到，無論他是多么聰明和有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　Very few people, no matter how intelligent or experienced , can take inventory of the many branching possibilities , possible outcomes , side effects, and undesired consequences (of a policy or a course of action) in a matter of seconds .此句的主語(yǔ)是Very few people，謂語(yǔ)是can take inventory of，賓語(yǔ)是并列的possibilities、outcomes、effects和consequences，它們后面的介詞短語(yǔ)of...是其后置定語(yǔ)；句末畫線部分in a matter of seconds是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞can take...發(fā)生的時(shí)間，而句中畫線部分則是no matter引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，加強(qiáng)句子語(yǔ)氣，被置于句中分隔了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系。

【詞匯精記】 　intelligent 聰明的；experienced 有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的；take inventory of 編制……的清單，引申為“完全考慮到”；branching possibilities 各種潛在的可能；outcome 結(jié)果；side effect 負(fù)面影響；undesired consequence 不理想的后果；policy 政策；a course of action 一項(xiàng)行動(dòng)；in a matter of seconds 在數(shù)秒之內(nèi)。

33. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

【翻譯演練】 　_________________________

【參考譯文】 　所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域使用的研究手段，人們對(duì)此意見不一。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　There is no agreement//whether methodology refers to the concepts (peculiar to historical work in general) or to the research techniques (appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry).句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是第一段的There be結(jié)構(gòu)：There is no agreement；whether methodology refers to...or to...是there be結(jié)構(gòu)的范圍狀語(yǔ)，其前面省略了as to“關(guān)于”；其中，the concepts后面是形容詞短語(yǔ)peculiar to...作其后置定語(yǔ)；the research techniques后面同樣是形容詞短語(yǔ)appropriate to...作其后置定語(yǔ)。

【詞匯精記】 　agreement 一致；concept 概念；peculiar to 為……所特有的；in general 一般而言；the research techniques 研究技巧；appropriate to 適用于，適合于；various 各個(gè)的；branch 樹枝，分支，領(lǐng)域；inquiry 問詢，調(diào)查；historical inquiry 歷史探究。

34. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.

【翻譯演練】 　_______________________________

【參考譯文】 　一般來講，當(dāng)所要測(cè)定的特征能很精確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試最為有效；而當(dāng)所要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試的效果則最差。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities (to be measured) can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined .本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：The tests work most effectively when...and least effectively when...；畫線的部分是兩個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示不同的兩種情況；第一個(gè)when從句中，括號(hào)里的to be measured是從句主語(yǔ)the qualities的后置定語(yǔ)；第二個(gè)when從句中，斜體表達(dá)what is to be measured or predicted 是名詞性從句，作該從句的主語(yǔ)（即主語(yǔ)從句）。

【詞匯精記】 　In general 一般來講；test 測(cè)試，測(cè)驗(yàn)；work 起作用；effectively 有效地；precisely 精確地；define 下定義，界定；measure 測(cè)量。

35. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.

【翻譯演練】 　________________________

【參考譯文】 　讀書足以怡情，足以博采，足以長(zhǎng)才。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　這是一個(gè)并列型省略句，省略了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞serve。補(bǔ)全后應(yīng)是Studies serve for delight, ( serve ) for ornament, and ( serve ) for ability；句子主語(yǔ)是Studies，并列的介詞短語(yǔ)for delight, for ornament, and for ability是目的狀語(yǔ)。

【詞匯精記】 　study 讀書，學(xué)習(xí)；delight 快樂；ornament 裝飾。

36. Some books are to be read in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.

【翻譯演練】 　__________________________

【參考譯文】 　有些書只可讀其部分；有些書不須細(xì)讀；有些書則要通讀，且須專注用心。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　這是一個(gè)并列型省略句，主要省略了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞are，還有其他省略，補(bǔ)全后應(yīng)是Some books are to be read in parts; others ( are ) to be read, but ( are ) not ( to be ) curiously; and some few ( are ) to be read wholly, and ( are to be read ) with diligence and attention; in parts, not curiously和with diligence and attention均作謂語(yǔ)read的狀語(yǔ)。

【詞匯精記】 　curiously 極其細(xì)致地；wholly 完整地；diligence 勤奮。

37. It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.

【翻譯演練】 　_____________________

【參考譯文】 　據(jù)說死亡在英國(guó)是迫在眉睫的，在加拿大是不可避免的，而在加利福尼亞卻是可以選擇的。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　這是一個(gè)并列型省略句，省略了主語(yǔ)death和謂語(yǔ)is，補(bǔ)全后應(yīng)是It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada ( death is ) inevitable and in California ( death is ) optional；句子的主語(yǔ)指代后面的that從句，從句的主語(yǔ)是death，謂語(yǔ)是is，表語(yǔ)分別是pressing, inevitable, optional，介詞短語(yǔ)in England, in Canada, in California分別作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。

【詞匯精記】 　It is said that... 據(jù)說……；pressing 迫在眉睫的；inevitable 不可避免的；optional 可選擇的。

38. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.

【翻譯演練】 　________________________

【參考譯文】 　作為一個(gè)民族，我們?cè)趯で鬅o效的治療方法上花錢太多，而在改善人們生活質(zhì)量的普通治療方面花錢又太少。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　這是一個(gè)由while連接的并列句，while之后的分句省略了主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞（為了避免和前面分句表達(dá)上的重復(fù)），補(bǔ)全后應(yīng)是：...while ( we may be ) underfunding research (on humbler therapies) (that could improve people's lives)；第一個(gè)并列分句中，As a nation是范圍狀語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)是we，謂語(yǔ)是may be overfunding，賓語(yǔ)是the quest，介詞短語(yǔ)for unlikely cures是quest的后置定語(yǔ)，其中的unlikely是形容詞；第二個(gè)并列分句中，主語(yǔ)也是we，謂語(yǔ)是may be underfunding，賓語(yǔ)是research，介詞短語(yǔ)on humbler therapies是research的后置定語(yǔ)，之后的that從句則是therapies的定語(yǔ)從句。

【詞匯精記】 　overfund 投資過多；quest 要求；unlikely 不可能的；cure 治療術(shù)；underfund 投資不足；humbler（源自humble）更低級(jí)的，更普通的；therapy 治療術(shù)。

39. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators; and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________________

【參考譯文】 　但是，問題的關(guān)鍵不是運(yùn)動(dòng)員的行為，而是觀眾的態(tài)度，以及觀眾身后各個(gè)國(guó)家的態(tài)度，這些國(guó)家對(duì)于這些荒唐的比賽惱火不已。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　這個(gè)句子在and之后出現(xiàn)了省略現(xiàn)象，補(bǔ)全后應(yīng)是：But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators; and , behind the spectators, ( the attitude ) of the nations (who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests)；此句的主語(yǔ)是the significant thing，謂語(yǔ)是is，表語(yǔ)是not...but...and...連接的三個(gè)并列名詞短語(yǔ)，即not the behaviour...but the attitude...and (the attitude)...；兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間的介詞短語(yǔ)behind the spectators是插入語(yǔ)，the nations之后的who從句是其定語(yǔ)從句；該定語(yǔ)從句中，主語(yǔ)是關(guān)系代詞who，謂語(yǔ)是work，賓語(yǔ)是themselves，介詞短語(yǔ)into furies是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，而介詞短語(yǔ)over these absurd contests則是范圍狀語(yǔ)（表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞work的發(fā)生范圍）。

【詞匯精記】 　significant 重要的，關(guān)鍵的；spectator 觀眾；fury (over) （對(duì)……）暴怒；work oneself into... 使自己進(jìn)入……狀態(tài)；absurd 荒唐的；contest 比賽，競(jìng)賽。

40. In their hearts, women think it is men's business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during their husband's life, but, at any rate, after his death.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________

【參考譯文】 　女人們從內(nèi)心里認(rèn)為掙錢是男人的事，她們只管花——如果可能的話，丈夫在世時(shí)花；不行的話，丈夫去世后再花。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　這個(gè)句子多處出現(xiàn)省略，補(bǔ)全后應(yīng)是：In their hearts, women think it is men's business to earn money and ( it is ) theirs to spend it —//if ( it is ) possible ( they will spend it ) during their husband's life, but, at any rate, ( they will spend it ) after his death；破折號(hào)之前的第一段是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，主句的主語(yǔ)是women，謂語(yǔ)是think，畫線表達(dá)是賓語(yǔ)，它是并列連詞and連接的兩個(gè)并列名詞從句（省略了連接詞that）；第一個(gè)并列從句的主語(yǔ)it指代后面的不定式to earn money，第二個(gè)并列從句的主語(yǔ)it指代后面的不定式to spend it；破折號(hào)之后的第二段也是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，if從句的主語(yǔ)it指代后面主句內(nèi)容，主句是由but連接的兩個(gè)并列句，主體是兩個(gè)括號(hào)中的黑體內(nèi)容，表示兩種完全不同的情況；兩個(gè)逗號(hào)中間的部分at any rate是插入語(yǔ)，表示語(yǔ)氣的強(qiáng)調(diào)。

【詞匯精記】 　In their hearts 在他們心中；business 事情；earn money 賺錢；at any rate 無論如何。

41. Teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort.

【翻譯演練】 　___________________

【參考譯文】 　教師靠出售知識(shí)謀生，哲學(xué)家靠出售智慧謀生，而牧師靠出售精神安慰謀生。

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 　這是一個(gè)并列型省略句，省略了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞live，補(bǔ)全后應(yīng)是：Teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers ( live ) by selling wisdom and priests ( live ) by selling spiritual comfort；三個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)by selling knowledge, by selling wisdom和by selling spiritual comfort均作謂語(yǔ)live的方式狀語(yǔ)。

【詞匯精記】 　live by... 靠……生存；philosopher 哲學(xué)家；wisdom 智慧；priest 牧師；spiritual 精神的；comfort 安慰。