雙語詩歌翻譯|韓愈·《師說》

《師說》是唐朝著名文學(xué)家韓愈的名作,這篇文章是韓愈寫給他的學(xué)生李蟠的?！稁熣f》是一篇說明教師的重要作用、從師學(xué)習(xí)的必要性以及擇師的原則的論說文。此文抨擊當(dāng)時“士大夫之族”恥于從師的錯誤觀念，倡導(dǎo)從師而學(xué)的風(fēng)氣，同時，也是對那些誹謗者的一個公開答復(fù)和嚴(yán)正的駁斥。作者表明任何人都可以作自己的老師，不應(yīng)因地位貴賤或年齡差別，就不肯虛心學(xué)習(xí)。文末以孔子言行作證，申明求師重道是自古已然的做法，時人實不應(yīng)背棄古道。

韓愈 《師說》

古之學(xué)者必有師。師者，所以傳道受業(yè)解惑也。人非生而知之者，孰能無惑？惑而不從師，其為惑也，終不解矣。生乎吾前，其聞道也，固先乎吾，吾從而師之；生乎吾后，其聞道也，亦先乎吾，吾從而師之。吾師道也，夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎？是故無貴無賤，無長無少，道之所存，師之所存也。

嗟乎！師 道之不傳也久矣，欲人之無惑也難矣。古之圣人，其出人也遠矣，猶且從師而問焉；今之眾人，其下圣人也亦遠矣，而恥學(xué)于師。是故圣益圣，愚益愚。圣人之所以為圣，愚人之所以為愚，其皆出于此乎？愛其子，擇師而教之；于其身也，則恥師焉，惑矣。彼童子之師，授之書而習(xí)其句讀者，非吾所謂傳其道、解其惑者也。句 讀之不知，惑之不解，或師焉，或不焉，小學(xué)而大遺，吾未見其明也。巫醫(yī)、樂師、百工之人，不恥相師。士大夫之族，曰“師”曰“弟子”云者，則群聚而笑之。 問之，則曰：彼與彼年相若也，道相似也， 位卑則足羞，官盛則近諛。嗚呼！師道之不復(fù)，可知矣。 巫醫(yī)、樂師、百工之人，君子不齒，今其智乃反不能及，其 可怪也歟！

圣人無常師?？鬃訋熪白?、萇弘、師襄、老聃。郯子之徒，其賢不及孔子。孔子曰“三人行，則必有我?guī)??！笔枪实茏硬槐夭蝗鐜?，師不必賢于弟子。聞道有先后，術(shù)業(yè)有專攻，如是而已。

李氏子蟠，年十七，好古文，六藝經(jīng)傳皆通習(xí)之，不拘于時，學(xué)于余。余嘉其能行古道，作《師說》以貽之。

On Teachers
Hah Yu

Ancient scholars certainly had teachers. A teacher is one whopasses on the truth, imparts knowledge and solves puzzles. Man is not born withknowledge. Who can deny that he has puzzles? These would remain unsolved,should one refuse to be instructed by teachers.

The men born before me surely know the truth before me, so Irespect them as teachers, whereas those born after me may also know the truthbefore me, I likewise respect them as teachers. It is the truth that Iendeavour to learn. Must I know beforehand whether my teacher was born earlieror later than I? Therefore, no distinction should be made between the noble andthe humble or between the young and the old. Where lies the truth, there is ateacher.

Alas, it is a long time since the admirable tone ofrespecting teachers ceased to pass on! How hard it would be to expect a man tobe free of puzzle! Sages in olden times outstripped by far the ordinary people.Nevertheless, they had teachers and asked them questions. Nowadays themultitude, though much inferior to sages, are ashamed of being instructed byteachers. As a consequence, sages become more sage, and ignoramuses moreignorant. The wisdom of the former and the stupidity of the latter — are theynot all caused by this?

Loving parents may select teachers to instruct theirchildren. But when it comes to themselves, they feel it a disgrace to be taughtby them. How wrong they must be! The teachers of their children only show themhow to read a book sentence by sentence, not to be mentioned in the same breathas those whom I refer to as passing on the truth and solving puzzles. For lackof reading skills, one seeks the help of teachers, while for unsolved puzzles,one acts contrariwise. It is indeed learning the lesser but giving up thegreater. I do not see its wisdom.

Physicians, musicians and multifarious artisans are notashamed of learning from each other. But among the gentlefolk the talk aboutthe teachers and pupils would invite laughter from a gathered company. Whenasked about the reason, they would say, "The one is equal to the other inage and knowledge." To be instructed by a man of low social standing isregarded as a disgrace, and by a man of high official rank as a flattery. Alas,it is only conceivable that the noble tone of respecting teachers is lost andhardly retrievable! Physicians, musicians and artisans are refused to betreated as equals by gentlefolks, yet these turn out to be less intelligentthan those. Is it not strange?

Sages have had no constant teachers. Confucius once learnedfrom Tan Zi as well as from Chang Hong, Shi Xiang and Laozi, though Tan Zi andhis like are not on a parity with him in wisdom. Confucius says: "Out ofmy two fellow-travellers one must be qualified to be my teacher." Hencepupils are not necessarily inferior to teachers, and teachers need not alwaysbe superior to pupils. Some may know the truth earlier or later than others andeach has his own professional specialty — that is all!

Li Pan, aged seventeen, is fond of ancient classical writingsand have studied all the six arts and their commentaries. Not restrained by thecurrent practice, he has learned from me. As I commend him for his being ableto follow the old ways, I am writing this essay "On Teachers" forhim.