雙語詩歌翻譯|諸葛亮·《前出師表》

《前出師表》是三國時期蜀漢丞相諸葛亮在北伐中原之前給后主劉禪上書的表文，闡述了北伐的必要性以及對后主劉禪治國寄予的期望，言辭懇切，寫出了諸葛亮的一片忠誠之心。這篇表文以議論為主，兼用記敘和抒情。

諸葛亮 《前出師表》

臣亮言：先帝創(chuàng)業(yè)未半，而中道崩殂。今天下三分，益州疲敝，此誠危急存亡之秋也。然侍衛(wèi)之臣不懈于內(nèi)；忠志之士忘身于外者，蓋追先帝之殊遇，欲報(bào)之于陛下也。誠宜開張圣聽，以光先帝遺德，恢弘志士之氣；不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失義，以塞忠諫之路也。

宮中府中，俱為一體；陟罰臧否，不宜異同：若有作奸犯科及為忠善者，宜付有司論其刑賞，以昭陛下平明之治；不宜偏私，使內(nèi)外異法也。侍中、侍郎郭攸之、費(fèi)依、董允等，此皆良實(shí)，志慮忠純，是以先帝簡拔以遺陛下。愚以為宮中之事，事無大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必能裨補(bǔ)闕漏，有所廣益。將軍向?qū)?，性行淑均，曉暢軍事，試用于昔日，先帝稱之曰“能”，是以眾議舉寵為督。愚以為營中之事，事無大小，悉以咨之，必能使行陣和睦，優(yōu)劣得所也。親賢臣，遠(yuǎn)小人，此先漢所以興隆也；親小人，遠(yuǎn)賢臣，此后漢所以傾頹也。先帝在時，每與臣論此事，未嘗不嘆息痛恨于桓、靈也！侍中、尚書、長史、參軍，此悉貞亮死節(jié)之臣，愿陛下親之信之，則漢室之隆，可計(jì)日而待也。

臣本布衣，躬耕于南陽，茍全性命于亂世，不求聞達(dá)于諸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顧臣于草廬之中，諮臣以當(dāng)世之事，由是感激，遂許先帝以驅(qū)馳。后值傾覆，受任于敗軍之際，奉命于危難之間，爾來二十有一年矣。先帝知臣謹(jǐn)慎，故臨崩寄臣以大事也。受命以來，夙夜憂嘆，恐付托不效，以傷先帝之明。故五月渡瀘，深入不毛。今南方已定，甲兵已足，當(dāng)獎帥三軍，北定中原，庶竭駑鈍，攘除奸兇，興復(fù)漢室，還于舊都。此臣所以報(bào)先帝而忠陛下之職分也。至于斟酌損益，進(jìn)盡忠言，則攸之、祎、允等之任也。愿陛下托臣以討賊興復(fù)之效，不效，則治臣之罪，以告先帝之靈；若無興德之言，則責(zé)攸之、祎、允等之咎，以彰其慢。陛下亦宜自謀，以咨諏善道，察納雅言，深追先帝遺詔。臣不勝受恩感激！

今當(dāng)遠(yuǎn)離，臨表涕泣，不知所云。

Chu-Ko Kung-ming's Second Memorial to the Throne on his Expedition

I, your humblesubject Zhuge Liang, have this to say: The late Emperor had by far not yetattained his objective of restoring the Han Dynasty before he deceased halfwayin his career. Now the country is divided into three camps, and Yizhou hasexhausted it resources. It is indeed a critical moment when survival is atstake. However, the royal guards keep vigilant at court while the loyalsoldiers with high aim fight selflessly on the battlefield, because they bearin mind the late Emperor’s special grace, wishing to repay it to Your Majesty.It would be most judicious that you give more open-minded hearing to yourcounselors, so as to aggrandize his legacy of noble virtues and heighten thearmymen’s morale. In the meantime, it would be inadvisable to strain yourmodesty or make inapt remarks, thus blocking faithful remonstrances.

The court andthe chancellery are one entity. No difference should be made between them inrespect of promoting and commending the good or punishing and criticizing theevil. Those who are guilty of misconduct or creditable for devotion and noblecharacter should be referred to the authorities to be penalized or awarded ontheir merits, so as to manifest Your Majesty’s justice and perspicacity. Itwould be inappropriate to show partiality and make distinction betweenregulations inside and outside the court.

Ministers suchas Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi and Dong Yun, having integrity and probity as well asfaith in our cause and purity of mind, were selected by the late Emperor to beused by Your Majesty. I think that they should be consulted on all courtaffairs, be they great or small, before they are put into execution. This willcertainly be conducive to making up for loopholes and defects in our work andto effecting greater successes. General Xiang Chong, a man of good nature, wellversed in tactics, formerly used on probation and considered by the lateEmperor as capable, has been recommended by all to be the MilitarySuperintendent. In my humble opinion, he should be consulted on all mattersconcerning the army, be they great or small. This will surely contribute to theharmony in the army and to putting both the superior and the indifferent peoplein their proper places.

To be close tovirtuous courtiers and alien to knavish ones was what made the Earlier HanDynasty strong and prosperous, while to be close to knavish courtiers and aliento virtuous ones was what made the Latter Han Dynasty collapse. When the lateEmperor was still alive, he did not fail to sign with regret and bear a bittergrudge against Emperors Huan and Ling every time he discussed this history withme. Ministers such as Chen Zhen, Zhang Yi and Jiang Wan are all constant andloyal subjects. It is hoped that Your Majesty will hold them dear and trustthem. In that case, the revival of the Han Dynasty can be expected in the nearestfuture.

I was originallya commoner, tilling my land in Nanyang, trying merely to survive in thetroublous times, not seeking to be known to the nobility. The late Emperor,disregarding my humble birth and low position, condescended to pay me three visitsin my thatched cottage, consulting me on contemporary issues. I was thereforevery grateful to him and promised him my whole-hearted service. Later our armysuffered a disastrous defeat, I was appointed as envoy to Wu at the time of thedebacle, and was installed in office at a moment of great peril andtribulation. Since then twenty one years have elapsed. Knowing my prudence, thelate Emperor entrusted me with that task of great consequence upon his demise.Being thus committed, I have often worried at night, fearing lest I should failto live up to the trust, reflecting discredit upon His Majesty’s sagacity.Consequently, I led the troops to cross the River Lu in the fifth month,penetrating into the depth of the barren land. Now that the southern territoryis stabilized and armaments are sufficient, it is high time to reward the army,so as to march north and recover the central part of the country. I wish that Imight exhaust my mediocre ability in extirpating the treacherous malefactorsand restoring the Han Dynasty with a triumphant re-entry into the lost capital.This is what I should do to repay the kindness of the late Emperor and toperform my duty to Your Majesty. As for handling matters with discretion andweighing advantages and disadvantages as well as making faithful remonstrances,they are the concern of Guo, Fei and Dong. I beg Your Majesty to enjoin upon methe success of the expedition and the revival of the Han Dynasty. Should Ifail, then call me to task and have me duly punished, so as to solace the soulof the late Emperor. In the absence of outspoken suggestions regarding theadvancement of virtues and morality, Guo, Fei and Dong are to be corrected andto have their fault of remissness made known to everybody.

It would be wisethat Your Majesty also give more consideration to State affairs, soliciting thegood opinions on conducting the government and accepting with discernment otherpeople’s views, so as to realize the late Emperor’s wish as expressed in histestament. I shall be most grateful to you for your kindness. Upon my departureto a remote region, I cannot help shedding tears while writing this memorial,not quite clear myself on what I have herein related.