雙語詩歌翻譯|諸葛亮·《后出師表》

《后出師表》是三國時期著名文學(xué)家、政治家諸葛亮的作品?！逗蟪鰩煴怼纷饔诘谝淮伪狈ナ≈?，大臣們對再次北出征伐頗有異議。諸葛亮立論于漢賊不兩立和敵強我弱的嚴峻事實，向后主闡明北伐不僅是為實現(xiàn)先帝的遺愿，也是為了蜀漢的生死存亡，不能因“議者”的不同看法而有所動搖。正因為本表涉及軍事態(tài)勢的分析，事關(guān)蜀漢的安危，其忠貞壯烈之氣，似又超過前表。表中“鞠躬盡力，死而后已”之句，正是作者在當時形勢下所表露的堅貞誓言，令人讀來肅然起敬。

諸葛亮 《后出師表》

先帝慮漢、賊不兩立，王業(yè)不偏安，故托臣以討賊也。以先帝之明，量臣之才，故知臣伐賊，才弱敵強也。然不伐賊，王業(yè)亦亡。惟坐而待亡，孰與伐之？是故托臣而弗疑也。

臣受命之日，寢不安席，食不甘味。思惟北征，宜先入南。故五月渡瀘，深入不毛，并日而食；臣非不自惜也，顧王業(yè)不可偏安于蜀都，故冒危難，以奉先帝之遺意，而議者謂為非計。今賊適疲于西，又務(wù)于東，兵法乘勞，此進趨之時也。謹陳其事如左：

高帝明并日月，謀臣淵深，然涉險被創(chuàng)，危然后安。今陛下未及高帝，謀臣不如良、平，而欲以長策取勝，坐定天下，此臣之未解一也。

劉繇、王朗，各據(jù)州郡，論安言計，動引圣人，群疑滿腹，眾難塞胸；今歲不戰(zhàn)，明年不征，使孫策坐大，遂并江東，此臣之未解二也。

曹操智計，殊絕于人，其用兵也，仿怫孫、吳，然困于南陽，險于烏巢，危于祁連，逼于黎陽，幾敗北山，殆死潼關(guān)，然后偽定一時耳。況臣才弱，而欲以不危而定之，此臣之未解三也。

曹操五攻昌霸不下，四越巢湖不成，任用李服而李服圖之，委任夏侯而夏侯敗亡，先帝每稱操為能，猶有此失；況臣弩下，何能必勝？此臣之未解四也。

自臣到漢中，中間期年耳，然喪趙云、陽群、馬玉、閻芝、丁立、白壽、劉合、鄧銅等，及驅(qū)長屯將七十余人，突將、無前、叢叟、青羌、散騎、武騎一千余人。此皆數(shù)十年之內(nèi)，所糾合四方之精銳，非一州之所有；若復(fù)數(shù)年，則損三分之二也，當何以圖敵？此臣之未解五也。

今民窮兵疲，而事不可息；事不可息，則住與行勞費正等；而不及今圖之，欲以一州之地，與賊持久，此臣之未解六也。

夫難平者，事也。昔先帝敗軍于楚，當此時，曹操拊手，謂天下已定。然后先帝東連吳、越，西取巴蜀，舉兵北征，夏侯授首：此操之失計，而漢事將成也。然后吳更違盟，關(guān)羽毀敗，秭歸蹉跌，曹丕稱帝。凡事如是，難可逆見。

臣鞠躬盡瘁，死而后已；至于成敗利鈍，非臣之明所能逆睹也。

Chu-Ko Kung-ming's Second Memorial to the Throne on his Expedition

Having considered the fact that the House of Han could not allow theinsurgents to live under the same heaven and that its imperial activity oughtnot be contented with the enjoying of one-sided peace and tranquility, the lateemperor instructed your servant to have the insurgents suppressed. His Majesty,though fully aware of your servant's inability to carry out this instruction,trusted him without hesitation; for the trend of events is that should therebels not be quelled the imperial destiny would be bound to go to rack, so itwould seem far much better to fight against them than succumb to them withoutresistance.

Upon receiving His Majesty's order, your servant was quite lost inthinking, enjoying no sound sleep and having no good appetite. He was of theopinion that in order to be able to dispatch an expeditionary force to thenorth, it was essential that matters should first be settled in the south, andhe therefore ventured to cross the Lu River in the fifth moon, entering rightinto the barren region and setting a dietary limit to himself. It is not thathe did not know how to care about himself, but that the imperial dignity shouldnot tolerate the maintenance of one-sided peace in Szechuen; this is where hehas endeavored to act upon the late emperor's instructions, though at his ownrisk. Such a course of action there are, however, many who are now disposed tocriticize or deprecate.

Now the rebels are being engaged in the east and getting exhaustedin the west; this is certainly a most propitious time to start a campaign, fortaking advantage of the adversary's misfortunes is a good policy in militarytactics. Your servant begs to submit his views as follows:

With the acumen of Kao Ti — which can be likened to the brilliancyof the sun and moon — and with the counsels of his wise advisers, peace andorder was not maintained until many difficulties had been surmounted and untoldsufferings sustained. Seeing that Your majesty is not such as Kao Ti and YourMajesty's advisers are not such as Chang Liang and Chen Ping, how is itpossible to expect to win, while sitting tight and making no attempt to move?This the first point not understood by your servant.

While holding their respective counties, Liu Yu and Wang Lang alwaysquoted from the sages in discussing the situation and in laying their plans,but they were so prone to suspicion and so easily overwhelmed with fear thatthey failed to make up their mind to fight year after year, until Sun Tse beganto rise and annex the entire territory of Kiangtung. This is the second pointnot understood by your servant.

Notwithstanding the fact that his resourcefulness was almostsuperhuman and his proficiency in strategies could favorably be compared withthat of Sun Ping and Wu Chi, Ts'ao Ts'ao was once besieged at Nanyang, thenescaped narrowly from Wuchao, then suffered seriously at Chilien, and was finallyvehemently pursued at Liyang. At PeisLan he was nearly put to rout; at Tungkwanhis escape from death was by a hair-breadth. After all this, he was only ableto find himself settling down to enjoy temporary peace. Now in the case of oneof much weaker caliber such as your servant, how could settlement be expectedwithout having to go through dangers? This is the third point not understood byyour servant?

In his attacks on Changpa on five different occasions Ts'ao Ts'aowas repulsed; in his attempt to cross Lake Chao for four times he met with nosuccess. He employed Li Fu and Li Fu betrayed him; he trusted Hsia How and HisaHow was killed. He was admired by the late emperor for his ability, yet hecould not avoid such failures. Then how could one of your servant's inabilitybe sure of success? This is the fourth point not understood by your servant.

It is only a year since your servant came to Hanchung. During thistime, however, generals such as Chao Yun, Yang Chun, Ma Yu, Yen Chih, Ting Li,Pai Show, Liu Ho, Teng Tung, etc., and seventy odd majors and garrisoncommanders have been dead, together with over a thousand brave generals offoreign birth and well-disciplined cavaliers. They were among the best of theelements, not belonging to one district only, but gathered together fromvarious sources in all directions during the last tens of years. If it happensthat another few years are allowed to pass without any action being taken, theresult will be that two thirds of these elements will have been lost. Then withwhat will the enemy be attacked? This is the fifth point not understood by yourservant.

The people are now impoverished and the military strength is on thewane, yet we cannot afford to rest satisfied with the present condition ofaffairs. Under the circumstance, it would seem to involve the same amount ofenergy whether we stand still in the rear or take the offensive at the front.It is, therefore, inexplicable that while few appear to be prepared to taketime by the forelock, there are many who are content with the keeping of onedistrict to stand face to face with the rebels. This is the sixth point notunderstood by your servant.

It may be stated that it is exceedingly difficult to bring thecurrent of events to a standstill. At the time when the late emperor wassignally defeated in Hupeh, Ts'ao Ts'ao chuckled with glee at the impressionthat the situation began to be settled in his favor. But later, when HisMajesty threw in his lot with Wu and Yueh in the east acquired Szechuen in thewest, and launched a campaign in the north resulting in the killing of HsiaHow, it appeared likely that Ts'ao Ts'ao's plan was doomed to failure, whilethat of Han was going to be crowned with success. Shortly afterwards, however,Wu broke off its agreement; Kuan Yu lost the day; the late emperor got theworst of it at Tzukuei and Ts'ao Pei assumed the title of emperor. All thisgoes to show how this course of things is often too uncertain to admit offorecast.

Your servant, therefore, desires to do all he can, even to the lastdrop of his blood, but without being able to foretell the consequences.