芬蘭：無(wú)論工作與否每人每月發(fā)560歐保障金

Finland has started a radical experiment: It's giving 2,000 citizens a guaranteed income, with funds that keep flowing whether participants work or not.

近期，芬蘭開(kāi)始實(shí)行一項(xiàng)激進(jìn)改革試驗(yàn)：為2000名公民提供年保障收入，且無(wú)論這2000名公民工作與否，保障資金都將照常支付。

The program, which kicks off this month, is one of the first efforts to test a "universal basic income." Participants will receive €560 ($587) a month -- money that is guaranteed regardless of income, wealth or employment status.

該項(xiàng)目于本月啟動(dòng)，首次嘗試采用“通用最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。無(wú)論該項(xiàng)目的保障對(duì)象是否工作、財(cái)務(wù)與收入狀況如何，每月都將收到560歐元(587美元)的保障金。

The idea is that a universal income offers workers greater security, especially as technological advances reduce the need for human labor. It will also allow unemployed people to pick up odd jobs without losing their benefits.

該項(xiàng)目旨在為勞動(dòng)者提供更大的安全保障，尤其是在科技進(jìn)步不斷降低社會(huì)對(duì)人類勞動(dòng)需求的情況下。同時(shí)，失業(yè)人群可以去做一些零工而不用擔(dān)心因此而失去補(bǔ)助金。

The initial program will run for a period of two years. Participants were randomly selected, but had to be receiving unemployment benefits or an income subsidy. The money they are paid through the program will not be taxed.

項(xiàng)目的初期將持續(xù)兩年。雖然項(xiàng)目的保障對(duì)象是隨機(jī)挑選的，但必須是領(lǐng)失業(yè)補(bǔ)助或收入補(bǔ)貼的人。他們通過(guò)該項(xiàng)目獲得的保障金將不會(huì)被征稅。

If the program is successful, it could be expanded to include all adult Finns.

如果項(xiàng)目初期效果良好，可能會(huì)將所有芬蘭成年公民納為保障對(duì)象。

The Finnish government thinks the initiative could save money in the long run. The country's welfare system is complex and expensive to run, and simplifying it could reduce costly bureaucracy.

芬蘭政府認(rèn)為，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)角度看，該項(xiàng)目將節(jié)省國(guó)家資金。芬蘭的福利體系復(fù)雜、運(yùn)行開(kāi)銷大，該項(xiàng)目可簡(jiǎn)化福利官僚體制，節(jié)省開(kāi)支。

The change could also encourage more jobless people to look for work, because they won't have to worry about losing unemployment benefits. Some unemployed workers currently avoid part time jobs because even a small income boost could result in their unemployment benefits being canceled.

通過(guò)該項(xiàng)改革，失業(yè)者不必?fù)?dān)心再就業(yè)后失去失業(yè)補(bǔ)助，因而將鼓勵(lì)更多失業(yè)者積極尋找工作。當(dāng)下，一些失業(yè)人士擔(dān)心微薄的收入將導(dǎo)致失業(yè)補(bǔ)助資格被取消，不敢找臨時(shí)兼職。

"Incidental earnings do not reduce the basic income, so working and ... self-employment are worthwhile no matter what," said Marjukka Turunen, the head of the legal unit at Kela, Finland's social insurance agency.

“意外收入不會(huì)減少最低收入保障，所以就業(yè)和......自主創(chuàng)業(yè)無(wú)論如何都值得嘗試。”芬蘭社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)Kela的法務(wù)部主任瑪居卡•圖魯寧說(shuō)道。

The idea is not unique to Finland.

不過(guò)，這一做法并非芬蘭獨(dú)有。

Advocates point to the Italian city of Livorno, which started a guaranteed basic income for the city's 100 poorest families in June. The scheme was extended to further 100 families starting Sunday. They are receiving €500 ($525) per month.

支持者提到意大利西部港市里窩那，6月，該城市為100個(gè)最貧困的家庭提供最低收入保障，并于上周日開(kāi)始將資助家庭增加為200個(gè)，被資助對(duì)象每月可收到500歐元(525美元)的保障金。

Pilot programs are also being discussed in Canada, Iceland, Uganda and Brazil.

加拿大、冰島、烏干達(dá)和巴西也在積極討論此類試點(diǎn)計(jì)劃。

Switzerland last year considered giving every adult citizen a guaranteed income of $2,500 a month, but the plan was rejected in a referendum. More than 75% of voters were against the measure.

去年，瑞士曾提議為所有成年公民每月提供2500美元保障金，但最終在全民公投中被否決，75%以上的選民反對(duì)該舉措。

The best example of a guaranteed income program might actually be in the US. Alaska has been giving out annual cash payments to all residents since the 1980s, a dividend from the state's oil revenue.

而最低保障收入項(xiàng)目的最佳典范則為美國(guó)。自20世紀(jì)80年代開(kāi)始，阿拉斯加州就開(kāi)始為本州所有居民發(fā)放年度現(xiàn)金補(bǔ)助，而這筆費(fèi)用來(lái)源于該州的石油收入。

BIEN, a group that campaigns for universal income, describes it as the first "genuine universal basic income system."

為“通用最低收入”做宣傳的BIEN組織評(píng)價(jià)芬蘭這一項(xiàng)目為首個(gè)“真正的通用最低收入系統(tǒng)”。