高中語法專練：vi. 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)意義

vi. 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)意義

1. 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)意義

1）一般式：不定式的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或是在其后發(fā)生。

They are learning to skate on the river. (同時(shí))

他們正在河上學(xué)滑冰。

Where can we get some money to buy a computer？ (未來)

我們能到哪里搞一些錢買一臺(tái)電腦呢？

2）進(jìn)行式：不定式的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)的，而且正在進(jìn)行。

They seem to be getting on quite well.

他們似乎相處得很好。

He happened to be crying when I went to see him this morning.

今天上午我去看他的時(shí)候他正在哭呢。

3）完成式：不定式的動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作。

a. happen, seem, be reported, be said, be likely等動(dòng)詞的復(fù)合謂語中，多使用完成式。

He happened to have gone out when I went to visit him yesterday.

it happened that he had gone out when I went to visit him yesterday.

昨天我去拜訪他的時(shí)候他碰巧外出了。

She seemed to have heard about it already.

it seemed that she had heard about it already.

她似乎已經(jīng)聽說過此事了。

She is not likely to have got your letter.

她不可能收到了你的信。

He was said to have written a new book about space.

it was said that he had written a new book about space.

據(jù)說他寫了一本有關(guān)太空的新書。

b. 在 “be +形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)后使用完成式。

I am glad to have seen your father.

很高興見到了你父親。

I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.

很抱歉給你添了這么多麻煩。

You are lucky to have got the tickets to the concert of Zhou Jielun.

你很幸運(yùn)搞到了周杰倫的音樂會(huì)的票。

He felt shamed to have been late for class again.

他又上課遲到了，覺得很沒有臉面。

c. 完成式用在某些動(dòng)詞，如pretend, intend, expect, mean, hope, wish, think, was, were, want, would like等各表示過去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、期待或計(jì)劃。

I wished to have finished the work ahead of time.

我原希望提前完成這項(xiàng)工作的。

I intended to have come to see you.

我原打算來看你的。

They were to have been married in May but had to put off the wedding till June.

他們?cè)蛩阄逶陆Y(jié)婚的，但是不得不把婚禮推遲到六月。

He pretended to have been to America many times.

他假裝去過美國(guó)很多次。

2. 不定式的語態(tài)意義

1）當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

He was glad to be invited to give a speech at the meeting.

他很高興受到邀請(qǐng)?jiān)跁?huì)議上發(fā)言。

He hates to be laughed at in public.

他討厭在公共場(chǎng)合受到嘲笑。

He wanted the letters to be typed at once.

他要求信件立刻打出來。

2）be + easy/difficult/fit/hard結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式的主動(dòng)語態(tài)表被動(dòng)意義。

English is not easy to learn well without working hard.

不下功夫英語是不容易學(xué)好的。

He is hard to get on well with.

很難與他相處好。

The food is not fit to eat .

這食物不適合吃。

3）there be結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式多用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表被動(dòng)意義，也可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)來表示。

There are a lot of work to do/to be done this afternoon.

今天下午有很多工作要做。

There is nothing to worry about/to be worried about .

沒有任何可擔(dān)心的事情。

There are many letters to write/to be written.

有很多信件需要寫。

4）當(dāng)不定式在句子中沒有邏輯主語時(shí)，不定式最好用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

I will go to Beijing tomorrow. Have you anything to be taken to your parents?

我明天要去北京，你有什么要給父母帶去的東西嗎？

—I have finished typing your letters, sir.

先生，我打完了您的信件。

—I have no more letters to be typed , thank you.

我沒有更多的信件需要打了，謝謝。

Let me show you the room to be used as reading room.

讓我領(lǐng)你看看用作閱覽室的房間吧。

5）在“be to+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果主語是不定式動(dòng)作的承受著，通常用不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

The results of the research are to be published soon.

研究結(jié)果不久將公布。

He was not to be disheartened by the failure.

他不會(huì)被失敗搞得心灰意冷的。

6）當(dāng)不定式動(dòng)詞是let（出租），blame, do等時(shí)，通常be to不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中仍用不定式的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。

A lot remains to do.

很多事情有待完成。

You are to blame for what you have done.

你應(yīng)該為你所做的受到譴責(zé)。

This house is to let.

這座房子要出租。

專項(xiàng)練習(xí)

1. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _______ everything.

A. to tell

B. to be told

C. to be telling

D. to have been told

2. Robert is said _______ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in.

A. to have studied

B. to study

C. to be studying

D. to have been studying

3. One of the salesman in this shop is _______.

A. saying to have been fired

B. said to have been fired

C. saying to have fired

D. said do have fired

4. Mr. Brown is said _______ for Italy last week.

A. to have left

B. to have

C. to be leaving

D. to have been left

5. He claimed _______ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.

A. being badly treated

B. to be treated badly

C. treating badly

D. to have been treated

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