走進(jìn)哈佛大學(xué)：清教徒和哈佛

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清教徒和哈佛

Puritans played a very important role in Harvard history as well as in American history.

清教徒不僅在美國(guó)歷史中扮演過(guò)重要角色，同樣在哈佛大學(xué)的歷史中也起到了重 要作用。

In the 16th and 17th century, a series of religious reforms took place in England Finally, the Church of England was established as the Established Church. People did not have religious freedom. Those people who did not agree with the Church of England were regarded as Separatists and were persecuted. To escape religious persecution, many people fled from England to other countries. Many Puritans chose to go to the New World.

在16和17世紀(jì)的英國(guó)發(fā)生了一系列宗教改革，最終圣公會(huì)被定為英國(guó)國(guó)教。人 們沒(méi)有宗教自由。那些不同意英國(guó)國(guó)教觀點(diǎn)的人被視為宗教分裂者，并遭到迫害。為 了逃脫宗教迫害，許多人逃離英國(guó)，前往其他國(guó)家。很多清教徒選擇移民到新大陸。

In 1620, a ship named Mayflower left England. It transported the English Separatists, better known as Pilgrims, from Plymouth, England to Plymouth, Massachusetts, the United States. There were 102 passengers, more than one third of whom were Puritans. During the following decade, the number of Puritans grew. Then in 1628 these Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

1620年，一艘名為“五月花號(hào)”的船離開(kāi)了英國(guó)，它載著英國(guó)宗教分離派——更 熟悉的稱(chēng)號(hào)是“清教徒前輩移民”，離開(kāi)了英國(guó)的普利茅斯前往美國(guó)馬薩諸塞州的普 利茅斯。船上有102名乘客，其中1/3多的人是清教徒。在接下來(lái)的10年中，清教徒 隊(duì)伍逐漸壯大起來(lái)，并于1628年建立了馬薩諸塞灣殖民地。

Many Puritans had received classic style of higher education in Oxford University and Cambridge University in England. They wanted to pass on to their descendants this kind of education. Besides, these colonists saw colleges as an effective way to disperse religious belief. Therefore, in 1636 the first and oldest institution of higher learning in the United States was established by vote of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony, 140 years earlier than the foundation of the United States.

許多清教徒都曾在英國(guó)的牛津和劍橋大學(xué) 接受過(guò)古典式的高等教育，他們想把這種教育 傳給子孫后代。此外，這些殖民者把大學(xué)看做 是傳播宗教信仰的有效途徑。所以，1636年馬 薩諸塞灣殖民地法院投票通過(guò)并建立了美國(guó)第 一所也是最古老的一所高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)，比美國(guó)建國(guó)早了140年。

The institution was initially named “New College” or “the College at New Towne"(or “Cambridge College”). The town where the college located was named Cambridge, because many Puritans had studied in Cambridge University. The name of the town demonstrated that many people still cherished their memory of life in England. Although they had been persecuted in England, many people still saw England as their motherland. The college followed the style of English universities as well. Then in 1639 the college was renamed Harvard College after a benefactor called John Harvard who was a clergyman. Therefore, in a sense, Harvard University was the product of religious activities.

這所機(jī)構(gòu)最初被命名為“新學(xué)院”或“新市民學(xué)院”(又名“劍橋?qū)W院”)。因?yàn)?許多清教徒都出身于劍橋大學(xué)，所以學(xué)院所在鎮(zhèn)被命名為“劍橋”(現(xiàn)稱(chēng)“坎布里奇”)。 小鎮(zhèn)的名字表明了許多人仍然懷念在英國(guó)的生活。雖然在那里受到了壓迫，但這時(shí)許 多人還把英國(guó)看做自己的祖國(guó)，學(xué)院的模式也是延續(xù)了英國(guó)那些大學(xué)的模式。1639年 學(xué)院以一位名叫約翰哈佛的捐贈(zèng)者重新命名，改名為哈佛學(xué)院，而約翰哈佛本人是 個(gè)牧師。所以，從某種意義上講，哈佛大學(xué)是宗教活動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物。