如何營(yíng)造英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境

①口語(yǔ)教材中的情景對(duì)話

各種訓(xùn)練口語(yǔ)的書籍中，都有了一些使用頻率較高的情景對(duì)話素材。

可以組織幾個(gè)同學(xué)，分別扮演對(duì)話中某個(gè)角色，輪流朗讀各自的臺(tái)詞。

然后再朗讀第二遍，這時(shí)，同學(xué)之間需要輪換不同的角色，分別朗讀新的臺(tái)詞。

朗讀幾遍之后，能夠背誦的同學(xué)，可以不再看書，通過(guò)背誦臺(tái)詞來(lái)扮演角色，去假想角色的所處的情景，去感受角色內(nèi)心的情緒，去揣摩角色使用的語(yǔ)氣。

到最后，最好所有參與者都能通過(guò)背誦臺(tái)詞來(lái)扮演角色。

這種角色扮演的方法，是比較常用的口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練方法。不過(guò)，這種方法在執(zhí)行的過(guò)程中，有可能會(huì)遇到一些問(wèn)題，從而讓學(xué)習(xí)無(wú)法開始，或者很難堅(jiān)持。

常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題1：很難組織到恰好幾個(gè)有學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力又能互相配合的同學(xué)。

有些同學(xué)可能因?yàn)樾愿駜?nèi)向而不愿開口，有些同學(xué)個(gè)性怪異不愿配合，有些同學(xué)自恃優(yōu)秀不愿再練習(xí)低級(jí)簡(jiǎn)單的口語(yǔ)。

常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題2：每個(gè)同學(xué)的背誦能力不同。

有些同學(xué)誦讀一兩次后，就能背誦，有些誦讀五六次后，朗讀起來(lái)仍是結(jié)結(jié)巴巴。能背誦的同學(xué)要做到不驕傲不歧視，不能背誦的同學(xué)要做到不自卑不氣餒，都是非常困難的事情。

常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題3：代入角色很難。

比如在機(jī)場(chǎng)過(guò)安檢，日常生活中必然會(huì)遇到，但對(duì)有些學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，仍屬于很小眾的機(jī)會(huì)，兩三年才有一兩次，要在教室里把自己的思維代入進(jìn)對(duì)話角色，會(huì)感覺(jué)很困難，很枯燥，沒(méi)什么樂(lè)趣。

常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題4：練習(xí)效果難以保證。

學(xué)生在練習(xí)中常常會(huì)有這樣的感覺(jué)：即使背誦了對(duì)話，到了現(xiàn)實(shí)的場(chǎng)景中，仍然可能會(huì)口舌無(wú)措。因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)中的情況千變?nèi)f化，非常靈活，而背下的臺(tái)詞卻是死的，缺少變化。

其實(shí)，如果能夠保證在背誦了幾篇或十幾篇的對(duì)話之后，就可以解決口語(yǔ)交流中的各種問(wèn)題，恐怕大多數(shù)人都會(huì)一咬牙，強(qiáng)迫自己背下來(lái)。

但事實(shí)上，口語(yǔ)教材版本極多，每本上的對(duì)話都不重樣。當(dāng)你背下來(lái)這十來(lái)篇以后，仍然會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，后面可能還有更多的教材、更多的場(chǎng)景、更多的對(duì)話，都需要背誦。

我們很難去鼓勵(lì)一個(gè)內(nèi)向之人愛(ài)上開口，也很難強(qiáng)迫一個(gè)背誦困難者去背誦對(duì)話，更何況背誦之路又難又長(zhǎng)，背誦之后還不一定有效果呢！

所以，雖然口語(yǔ)教材到處都是，角色扮演的方法人人皆知，但無(wú)論是最初的開始，還是過(guò)程中的長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)持，都并不容易。

②自己設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)話

除了各種情景的對(duì)話素材以外，在學(xué)習(xí)中，我們還可以根據(jù)課文的內(nèi)容，把自己代入某個(gè)角色，來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)出對(duì)話。

以《新概念二》中的第一篇課文為例，這篇課文的內(nèi)容如下：

A private conversation

Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. ‘I can't hear a word!’ I said angrily.

‘It's none of your business,’ the young man said rudely. ‘This is a private conversation!’

作者在觀看演出，后排兩位觀眾不停地講話，作者轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)頭去，抱怨什么都聽(tīng)不到，而后排觀眾則回答說(shuō)他們是私人談話。

我們可以把自己代入作者，假想這樣的場(chǎng)景：作者氣沖沖地走進(jìn)洗手間，這時(shí)候，一個(gè)朋友打來(lái)電話，詢問(wèn)作者在干什么。我們可以由此而設(shè)計(jì)出兩個(gè)人的對(duì)話：

A: What are you doing, Jim?

B: I am watching a play in the theatre.

A: Have I bothered you now?

B: No, It’s OK. I am just going out to have a break.

A: Is the play very interesting?

B: Yes, It is. But I don’t enjoy it.

A: Why?

B: Because a man and a woman sitting behind me talked loudly.

A: Oh！You should tell them not to talk any more.

B: Yes, I did. I complained to them that I couldn’t hear a word.

A: So, did they stop their talking?

B: No, the man replied that their talking was a private conversation and it was none of my business!

A: Oh! Haha!

B: You are laughing at me!

A: I’m sorry! I can’t help laughing! I think you should directly tell them not to talk in the theatre.

B: Yes, I should be more directly. I will try this once more. I will go back now. See you!

A: Bye!

同樣，我們可以假設(shè)：后排的觀眾第二天和朋友聊天，聊到看演出的經(jīng)歷，然后設(shè)計(jì)出相關(guān)的談話：

A: What did you do last night, Tom?

B: I went to the theatre with my girlfriend Mary to watch a play.

A: Was the play very interesting?

B: I didn’t know. I paid little attention to the play. I was very exciting to be with Mary.

A: So, everything was perfect, I guess.

B: No, when we were talking, the man sitting in front of us turned back and said that he couldn’t hear a word!

A: How rudely this man was! What did you reply?

B: I told him angrily that this was a private conversation!

A: And then?

B: The man said again that he couldn’t hear the actors and people should keep in silence in the theatre!

A: Aha!

B: I said sorry to him and didn’t talk with Mary any more. But when we walked out of the theatre, Mary and I couldn’t help bursting into laughter.

可以看到：對(duì)課文內(nèi)容稍微作一點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)單的引申和加工，就能自己設(shè)計(jì)出各式各樣的對(duì)話內(nèi)容來(lái)，用這樣的對(duì)話來(lái)進(jìn)行角色扮演，比直接去背誦口語(yǔ)書籍中的素材，更有趣味性，更有代入感。

并且，這樣的練習(xí)，并不像其他口語(yǔ)練習(xí)那樣，一篇接一篇地翻來(lái)覆去地練習(xí)口語(yǔ)，而是間插在課文的其他學(xué)習(xí)方式中進(jìn)行的。因?yàn)槭孪纫呀?jīng)通過(guò)其他學(xué)習(xí)方式熟悉了課文的內(nèi)容，所以再進(jìn)一步加工而得出對(duì)話，并不太困難。

利用課文來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)話，除了難度較小以外，可選課文的數(shù)目極多，例如，僅僅新概念二上就有96篇，完全不用擔(dān)心找不到談話的主題和內(nèi)容，并且隨著課文的難度由易到難，設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)話的難度也會(huì)逐漸增加。