蓋茨：機(jī)器人也應(yīng)繳所得稅

Robots have at least one unfair advantage over human workers: they do not pay income tax.

與人類(lèi)勞動(dòng)者相比，機(jī)器人至少有一個(gè)不公平的優(yōu)勢(shì)：不用繳所得稅。

Bill Gates, co-founder of Microsoft and the world’s richest man, thinks that should change. It is an idea that until now has been associated more with European socialists than tech industry leaders, and puts him in the unusual position of explicitly arguing for taxes to slow the adoption of new technology.

微軟(Microsoft)聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人、世界首富比爾•蓋茨(Bill Gates)認(rèn)為，這一點(diǎn)應(yīng)該改變。到目前為止，支持這種想法的更多是歐洲的社會(huì)主義者，而不是科技行業(yè)的領(lǐng)袖。這也體現(xiàn)了蓋茨不同尋常的立場(chǎng)：明確支持通過(guò)征稅來(lái)延緩新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。

Mr Gates made his fortune from the spread of PCs, which helped to erase whole categories of workers, from typists to travel agents. But, speaking in an interview with Quartz, he argued that it may be time to deliberately slow the advance of the next job-killing technologies.

蓋茨從個(gè)人電腦(PC)的普及中發(fā)家，電腦普及是導(dǎo)致從打字員到旅行代理商等許多行業(yè)消失的因素之一。但他在接受Quartz采訪時(shí)提出，當(dāng)前或許應(yīng)該有意地延緩下一批奪走工作崗位的技術(shù)的進(jìn)步。

“It is really bad if people overall have more fear about what innovation is going to do than they have enthusiasm,” he said. “That means they won’t shape it for the positive things it can do. And, you know, taxation is certainly a better way to handle it than just banning some elements of it.”

“如果人們對(duì)創(chuàng)新所帶來(lái)的結(jié)果的恐懼總體上超過(guò)了他們對(duì)創(chuàng)新的熱情，這真的很糟糕，”他說(shuō)，“這意味著他們不會(huì)從積極的方面去塑造創(chuàng)新。而且，你知道，跟禁止創(chuàng)新的某些方面相比，征稅當(dāng)然是解決問(wèn)題的更好辦法。”

The idea of using taxes to support people put out of work by automation has been catching on in the tech world, but Mr Gates went further, pushing for a direct levy on robots that would match what human workers pay.

利用稅收來(lái)支持因自動(dòng)化普及而失業(yè)的人們的想法，在科技界變得越來(lái)越流行，但蓋茨更進(jìn)一步，呼吁對(duì)機(jī)器人直接征收與人類(lèi)工人水平相當(dāng)?shù)亩惤稹?/p>

“Right now, the human worker who does, say, $50,000 worth of work in a factory, that income is taxed and you get income tax, social security tax, all those things,” he said. “If a robot comes in to do the same thing, you’d think that we’d tax the robot at a similar level.”

“現(xiàn)在，人類(lèi)工人在工廠里工作，他創(chuàng)造了比如說(shuō)5萬(wàn)美元的價(jià)值，這筆收入會(huì)被征稅，要繳所得稅、社會(huì)保障稅等等，”他說(shuō)，“如果一個(gè)機(jī)器人來(lái)做同樣的工作，你會(huì)認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該對(duì)機(jī)器人征收同樣水平的稅金。”

The extra money should be used to retrain people the robots have replaced, Mr Gates said, with “communities where this has a particularly big impact” first in line for support.

蓋茨表示，針對(duì)機(jī)器人征收的稅款應(yīng)該用于對(duì)被機(jī)器人取代的人進(jìn)行再培訓(xùn)，“受到特別大影響的群體”應(yīng)該首先獲得支持。

Some politicans have also joined the fray. Benoît Hamon, France’s Socialist candidate in this year’s presidential elections, has called for a tax on robots to fund a minimum income for all.

一些政治家也加入了這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論。今年法國(guó)總統(tǒng)選舉的社會(huì)黨候選人伯努瓦•阿蒙(Benoît Hamon)呼吁對(duì)機(jī)器人征稅，以便為所有人提供最低收入。

Some tech leaders have hinted that the tech companies’ customers — rather than the industry itself — should foot a higher tax bill. In a recent interview with the Financial Times, Satya Nadella, Microsoft’s current chief executive, said: “Whenever somebody cuts cost, that means, hopefully, a surplus is getting created. You can always tax surplus.”

一些科技企業(yè)領(lǐng)袖暗示，科技公司的客戶(hù)——而不是行業(yè)本身——應(yīng)該支付更高的稅金。最近，微軟首席執(zhí)行官薩蒂亞•納德拉(Satya Nadella)在接受《金融時(shí)報(bào)》采訪時(shí)表示：“每當(dāng)有人削減成本，就意味著有希望創(chuàng)造盈余。你總可以對(duì)盈余征稅。”

Mr Gates echoed that suggestion, though he also struck a more radical stance with his levy on the machines’ producers. “I don’t think the robot companies are going to be outraged that there might be a tax,” he said. “It’s OK.”

蓋茨呼應(yīng)了這一說(shuō)法，而且提出了對(duì)機(jī)器人制造商征稅的更激進(jìn)立場(chǎng)。“我認(rèn)為，機(jī)器人公司不會(huì)對(duì)可能被征稅感到憤怒，”他說(shuō)，“這沒(méi)什么。”