走進(jìn)劍橋大學(xué) 第2期:城市與大學(xué)
城市與大學(xué)
Unlike the universities in China, Cambridge University has no fence or gate at all, but with its colleges scattering around the Cambridge city. There is nothing to feel surprised about if you get to know how the medieval universities came into existence.
與中國的大學(xué)不同，劍橋大學(xué)既沒有圍墻，也沒有大門，它的各個(gè)學(xué)院零散地分布在劍橋市的各個(gè)角落，當(dāng)你了解了中世紀(jì)時(shí)期大學(xué)的形成過程,你就不會(huì)感到奇怪了。
Nearly all the medieval universities were founded without physical campuses. The masters simply rented lecture halls in the host cities. Early on there were few Identifiable campus buildings. Most students took lodging in the university towns. The scholars often congregated in identifiable areas of cities. Thus, the medieval institutions were more integrated into the cities than in the case of the Academy.
幾乎所有的中世紀(jì)大學(xué)都沒有固定的校園。教師們通常只是租用城市的廳堂來進(jìn)行授課。早期屬于學(xué)校的建筑寥寥無幾，大多數(shù)學(xué)生都居住在大學(xué)所在的市鎮(zhèn)里。學(xué)者們常常在城市某個(gè)特定地點(diǎn)集會(huì)。所以在中世紀(jì)時(shí)期，大學(xué)與城市結(jié)合得更加緊密， 而不僅僅是一個(gè)作學(xué)問的高等學(xué)府。
Over the centuries, the relationship between town and gown has remained ambivalent and the University at Cambridge owes much to “town and gown” troubles at Oxford University. In 1209 scholars and masters escaping troubles between the university and townsfolk in Oxford began arriving in Cambridge. By 1226 the scholars had organized them-selves, offered regular courses of study, and named a Chancellor to lead them.
幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，市鎮(zhèn)和大學(xué)的關(guān)系都比較緊張，劍橋大學(xué)的形成就是牛津大學(xué)城市鎮(zhèn)和大學(xué)之間矛盾激化的結(jié)果。1209年，一些牛津的學(xué)者和教師為了躲避糾紛，來到了劍橋。從1226年開始，這些學(xué)者們開始有組織地進(jìn)行授課，還任命了一位校長來進(jìn)行領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。
The first great boost to the formation of a university came from Henry III，who gave the scholars his support as early as 1231. Henry decreed that only students studying under a recognized Master were allowed to remain in Cambridge.
劍橋大學(xué)的第一次大發(fā)展要?dú)w功于亨利三世。早在1231年，他就表示了自己對學(xué)者們的支持。他還頒布法令，只有從師于劍橋正式導(dǎo)師的學(xué)生才可以留在劍橋。
Like Oxford, Cambridge experienced a fair share of trouble between townsfolk and scholars. Both sides were protective of their unique rights and privileges. Later, the tension between the scholars at Cambridge and the towns people forced the King to grant special privileges and protection to Cambridge University, which helped enormously in the survival and future success of the University. For example, The university had the right to enforce laws regulating the quality of bread and ale sold in the town, and to monitor rates charged for food, fuel, and candles.
和牛津一樣，劍橋也經(jīng)歷過一段市民與學(xué)者的紛爭。雙方互不相讓，都努力維護(hù)自己的利益和特權(quán)。之后，劍橋市的學(xué)者和民眾之間的矛盾愈演愈烈，國王不得不親自出面授予大學(xué)一些特權(quán)來保護(hù)它，所以日后才有了劍橋大學(xué)的繁榮和成就。例如，大學(xué)有權(quán)執(zhí)行法令來限定麥芽酒的銷售、規(guī)定面包的質(zhì)量，監(jiān)察食物、燃料和蠟燭的價(jià)格。
In 1381 tension between the town and university exploded into violence, with attacks on university property throughout Cambridge. The result was that even more civil authority was awarded to the University Chancellor. Late until early in the 21th Century, the Blair Government has taken the last privilege of Cambridge.
1381年，市鎮(zhèn)和大學(xué)的矛盾空前激化，發(fā)生了暴動(dòng)，大學(xué)遭到襲擊。結(jié)果，大學(xué)反而被賦予了更多的特權(quán)。直到21世紀(jì)初,布萊爾政府才取消了劍橋大學(xué)最后的特權(quán)。
Eight centries elapsed in a flash, the relationship between town and gown in Cambridge has been closer and more harmonious than ever.
轉(zhuǎn)眼間，8個(gè)世紀(jì)過去了，劍橋的市鎮(zhèn)和大學(xué)之間的聯(lián)系更加緊密，關(guān)系也愈加和諧。
