侏羅紀(jì)搏擊俱樂(lè)部 第170期:大氣層變成了披薩爐

Using science as a guide, we attempt to recreate the final moments of the dinosaurs.

我們以科學(xué)為指引，試圖重建恐龍的最后時(shí)刻。

The first effect was the impact itself.

第一個(gè)效果是撞擊本身。

So when a 10-kilometer diameter asteroid enters through the atmosphere and impacts the surface of the earth,

當(dāng)一顆直徑10千米的小行星，進(jìn)入大氣層，并且撞擊到地球表面時(shí)，

you have to realize that 10-kilometer object is comparable to the size, the height scale of the atmosphere itself.

你得知道那個(gè)10千米的物體在尺寸上基本與大氣層本身的高度相當(dāng)。

And so the object almost effectively never even sees the atmosphere.

所以這東西基本就沒(méi)受大氣影響。

At that time, a 10-kilometre impactor is going to vaporize, melt and displace something like well over 10,000 cubic kilometers of the surface of the earth.

那時(shí)，這10千米的撞擊物將要使地球表面上超過(guò)一萬(wàn)立方千米的東西被蒸發(fā)、融化和被撞飛。

You've got 10,000 cubic kilometers of limestone and evaporate and granite being vaporized and excavated and thrown around the planet.

一萬(wàn)立方千米的石灰?guī)r和大理石被蒸發(fā)汽化，或是被從地球上拋出。

It's a hideously violent event the impact of an object of that size.

那個(gè)尺寸的物體的撞擊是一個(gè)極其暴力的事件。

The initial impact would have instantaneously vaporized nearly 73 billion tons of solid rock.

撞擊的一瞬間會(huì)立刻蒸發(fā)掉近七百三十億噸堅(jiān)硬的堅(jiān)硬巖石。

You would be able to hear this blast around the world, probably multiple times going around it.

全世界都能聽(tīng)到這個(gè)轟鳴，可能會(huì)環(huán)繞地球多次。

We know from human history that when Krakatoa, the great eruption occurred in Indonesia, that people heard it in the mainland and other parts of Eurasia,

我們知道在人類歷史上，印度尼西亞的喀拉喀托火山大爆發(fā)時(shí)，印度尼西亞主島和歐亞大陸其它地方的人們都能聽(tīng)到，

and it certainly was detected by barometers all the way around the world.

而且全世界范圍內(nèi)的氣壓表都能探測(cè)得到。

This is something far larger, so you could probably hear this all the way around the world.

而這是比火山爆發(fā)大得多的事情，所以很可能在全球各地都能聽(tīng)到。

There may have even been noticeable earthquakes, spreading out from it around the world.

可能還會(huì)有明顯的地震，從撞擊地點(diǎn)傳到世界各地。

And then things would begin to get really weird.

之后的事情會(huì)變得非常奇怪。

The impact of the asteroid striking the sea would set off another form of destruction - tidal waves.

小行星撞擊到大海會(huì)引發(fā)另一種破壞方式——海嘯。

These tsunamis would have been over 3 miles high!

這些大海嘯高度可達(dá)3英里!

At the time of the impact, the impact site itself was under a shallow sea of a couple hundred feet deep and so very naturally,

在撞擊的同時(shí)，撞擊地點(diǎn)本身就是在幾百英尺深的淺海下面，所以很自然，

one of the immediate effects of the impact itself was to launch an enormous Tsunami.

撞擊的一個(gè)直接效果就是引發(fā)極劇烈的海嘯。

This is unlike any Tsunami any human has ever witnessed.

這種海嘯從沒(méi)有人見(jiàn)過(guò)。

We're talking kilometers height of water moving across the what was then the early Gulf of Mexico.

海浪的高度達(dá)幾千米從那時(shí)早期的墨西哥灣穿過(guò)。

After the initial impact, shockwaves and tsunamis, things began to really heat up.

在最初的沖擊，沖擊波和海嘯之后，便真正開始升溫。

The upper atmosphere would heat to maybe 1,200,1,500 degrees, hotter than the elements in your oven on self-clean.

上層大氣被加熱到1200到1500度，比家里烤箱自潔時(shí)的電熱元件溫度都高。

Another way of looking at it is that 20% of 100 million megatons is 20 million megatons, which amounts to 1 megaton hydrogen bomb at 6 kilometer intervals all around the planet.

看待這個(gè)問(wèn)題的另一種方法是，一億兆噸的百分之二十即兩千萬(wàn)兆噸，這相當(dāng)于在整個(gè)地球上每隔6千米放1百萬(wàn)噸氫彈。

The heat from the upper atmosphere would've ignited fires everywhere that fuel was available.

上層大氣層的熱量會(huì)在所有有燃料地方引發(fā)的火災(zāi)。

And the quantity of energy probably hit several thousand degrees on the surface for several hours, hot enough to melt steel.

其熱量可能達(dá)到讓表面溫度幾小時(shí)內(nèi)都是幾千度，足夠融化鋼鐵。

The vaporized material blown out of the crater, in this big expanding fireball, if you will, that was hundreds of kilometers across, is glowing and is as hot as the sun.

被拋出隕石坑的被蒸發(fā)的物質(zhì)，在這個(gè)不斷擴(kuò)大的直徑幾百千米的火球里，閃耀著像太陽(yáng)般熾熱。

So you've got these little millimeter and dust size little beads of glassy material recondensing, from that vaporized rock,

所以這些幾毫米灰塵大小的玻璃材質(zhì)的小珠子，巖石蒸氣在其表面上再凝結(jié)，

raining back through the atmosphere all across the entire planet, tens and tens of billions of tons of this stuff.

穿過(guò)大氣層雨滴般落下在整個(gè)地球上，這個(gè)東西有數(shù)十億。

The combined effect of all these trillions upon trillions of reentering meteorites heated, shock heated the upper atmosphere to the point

所有這些千萬(wàn)億重新進(jìn)入的隕石結(jié)合在一起的影響是，加熱了，沖擊波加熱了上層大氣層到達(dá)一定溫度，

that we all standing on the surface of the earth looking up it, for all the world would like the, the whole atmosphere had been turned into a pizza oven.

我們站在地球表面抬頭看它，因?yàn)檎麄€(gè)世界就像是，整個(gè)大氣層變成了披薩爐。

For those animals and plants which survived the initial impact, fires and darkness, the asteroid impact had one more deadly gift - a chemical assault.

對(duì)于那些從最初的撞擊、大火和黑暗中幸免的動(dòng)物和植物，小行星撞擊還有一個(gè)更致命的禮物——化學(xué)攻擊。

If you had to choose the worst possible place on earth for an asteroid to strike, it would have been the exact spot where the Baptistina asteroid struck in the Yucatan.

如果必須選擇在地球上小行星撞擊最糟糕的地方，那就是巴蒂斯緹娜小行星在尤卡坦的撞擊地點(diǎn)。

Because lying beneath the seafloor, directly under the spot where the asteroid struck, were layers upon layers of anhydrite and limestone.

因?yàn)樵诤４驳牡紫?，小行星撞擊地點(diǎn)的正下方，是一層一層的硬石膏和石灰石。

Now normally these minerals are perfectly harmless.

這些礦物質(zhì)通常完全無(wú)害。

But something very nasty happens when you add intense heat and pressure and mix that with water.

當(dāng)你對(duì)其施加很大的熱量和壓力并加之以水的話，就會(huì)發(fā)生很危險(xiǎn)的事情。

And trust me, a 100 million megaton explosion cause a heck of a lot of heat and a huge amount of pressure.

相信我，一個(gè)一億兆噸當(dāng)量的爆炸會(huì)產(chǎn)生非常多的熱量和大量的壓力。

The end result was an acid that rained down on the world.

最終結(jié)果就是在世界各地落下酸雨。

Those materials are very bad to impact into, because when you vaporize and distribute the vapor from those particular rocks, you turn the carbonate-containing limestone into greenhouse warming CO2, carbon dioxide.

那些物質(zhì)在撞擊時(shí)非常危險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)槟切┨厥馐^會(huì)被汽化蒸發(fā)并且散播到全世界，這就把含碳的石灰石變成了溫室氣體，二氧化碳。

You turn the sulfate containing evaporate into sulfuric acid aerosols in the atmosphere.

把含硫的蒸汽在空氣中變成硫酸氣溶膠。

But then that sulfate acid aerosol tends to want to rain out of the atmosphere over time, and you've got this sulfuric acid rain, dripping all over the landscape.

之后硫酸氣溶膠隨時(shí)間從大氣中變成液滴落下，所以就會(huì)有硫酸雨落到各種地形地貌上。