異類之不一樣的成功啟示錄 第66期:智商由基因決定

You could have lots of analytical intelligence and very little practical intelligence, or lots of practical intelligence and not much analytical intelligence,

你也許擁有很高的分析推理智商，但實用智商卻可能比較低;或者你擁有高的實用智商，但分析推理智商卻偏低，

or, as in the lucky cases of someone like Oppenheimer, you can have lots of both.

或者——就像羅伯特.奧本海默這樣的幸運兒一樣——你兩個方面的智商都很高。

So where do something like practical intelligence come from?

那么，實用智商的各個方面又從哪來?

We know where analytical intelligence comes from. It's something, at least in part, that's in your genes.

我們知道分析推理智商的來源，在某種程度上，它基本上是由你的基因決定的。

Chris Langan started talking at six months. He taught himself to read at three. He was born smart.

克里斯·蘭根才6個月大就開始說話，3歲的時候自己就學(xué)會了閱讀，他是聰明人。

IQ is a measure, to some degree, of innate ability.

在一定程度上，先天能力可以用IQ來測量。

But social savvy is knowledge.

但是社會悟性是一種，

It's a set of skills that have to be learned.

它是一系列需要學(xué)習(xí)的技巧，

It has to come from somewhere, and the place where we seem to get these kinds of attitudes and skills is from our families.

它應(yīng)該來自于某處，比如我們生活的家庭就是一個影響我們的處世態(tài)度和社會技巧的地方。

Perhaps the best explanation we have of this process comes from the University of Mellon sociologist Annette Lareau,

也許，馬里蘭大學(xué)的社會學(xué)家安妮特·拉里奧(AnnetteLareau)的研究給我們帶來了最好的解釋。

who a few years ago conducted a fascinating study of a group of third graders.

多年以前，拉里奧針對小學(xué)三年級的學(xué)生做了一項令人深思的研究。

She picked both blacks and whites and children from both wealthy homes and poor homes, zeroing in, ultimately, on twelve families.

她分別對黑人家庭、白人家庭的孩子進行對比分類，最終選擇了12個家庭的孩子，其中即有來自富裕家庭的孩子，也有來自貧困家庭的孩子。

Lareau and her team visited each family at least twenty times, for hours at a stetch.

拉里奧和她的同事對每個家庭進行了不少于20次的考察，每次考察的時間都持續(xù)好幾個小時。

She and her assistances told the subjects just treat us like "the family dog,"

拉里奧讓那些孩子把她和她的助手看成是“寵物狗”，

and they followed them to church and to soccer games and doctor's appointments, with a tape recorder in one hand, and a notepad in the other.

她們跟著孩子到教堂、足球場、診所，她們一支手拿著錄音帶，一支手拿著筆記本。

You might expect that if you spent such an extended period in twelve different households, what you would gather is twelve different ideas about how to raise children:

也許您會認為，如果換成您在12個家庭呆較長的一段時間，您應(yīng)該會接觸到12種不同的教育孩子的方法：

there would be the strict parents and the lax parents and the hyperinvolved parents and the mellow parents and on and on.

他們的父母也許很嚴厲，也許比較寬松，也許比較喜歡指指點點，也許比較開明，各種類型不勝枚舉。

What Lareau found, however, is something much different.

然而，拉里奧的發(fā)現(xiàn)卻與您的預(yù)想大相徑庭。

There seemed to be only two parenting "philosophies," and they pided almost perfectly along class lines.

她們發(fā)現(xiàn)可以根據(jù)社會階層明確地分成兩種培養(yǎng)“哲學(xué)體系”。