英語語法：洪恩語法之動(dòng)詞不定式詳解

7.1 不定式作賓語

1) 動(dòng)詞+ 不定式

afford　 aim　　 appear　　agree　 arrange　　ask　　　be　　　 decide　bother　　care　　choose　　 come　　　 dare　　 demand　desire　　determine　　　　 expect　　　elect　　endeavor　　　　　hope　　　　　　　fail　 happen　 help　　hesitate　learn　 long　　　mean　　 manage　 offer　 ought　　 plan　　prepare　pretend　　 promise　refuse　seem　　 tend　　 wait　　　 wish　　　　 undertake

舉例：

The driver failed to see the other car in time.

司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。

I happen to know the answer to your question.

我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。

2)動(dòng)詞+不定式 ;　動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…

I like to keep everything tidy.　我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。

I like you to keep everything tidy.　我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。

I want to speak to Tom.　 我想和湯姆談話。

I want you to speak to Tom.　 我想讓你和湯姆談話。

3) 動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?/p>

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。

注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

The question is how to put it into practice.

問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。

7.2 不定式作補(bǔ)語

1) 動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式(to do)

advise　　 allow　　 appoint　　 believe　　 cause　　 challenge　command　 compel　　　consider　 declare　　 drive　　　enable　　encourage　 find　　　 forbid　　 force　　　guess　　 hire　　　　imagine　　impel　　　induce　　 inform　　instruct　　invite　　 judge　　　 know　　　 like　　　order　　　 permit　　persuade　 remind　　 report　　request　　 require　　select　send　　　 state　　 suppose　　 tell　　　 think　 train　　　trust　　 understand　urge　　　 warn

例句：

a.　Father will not allow us to play on the street.

父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。

b.　We believe him to be guilty.

我們相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法：

Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。

I found him lying on the ground.

I found it important to learn.

I found that to learn English is important.

典型例題:

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.

A. lying　 B. lie　 C. lay　 D. laying

答案：A.find的賓語后面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補(bǔ)足語作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。

2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞。

Acknowledge,　　believe,　consider,　　think,　declare(聲稱),　discover, fancy(設(shè)想),　feel　　 find,　guess,　 judge,　　imagine,　　　know,　 prove,　　　　　see(理解), show,　　　　suppose,　　　　 take(以為),　　 understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.

我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。

典型例題

Charles Babbage is generally considered　___ the first computer.

A. to invent　B. inventing　 C. to have invented　 D. having invented

答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。

3) to be +形容詞

Seem,　　　　 appear,　　　be said,　　be supposed,　 be believed,　be thought,　be known,　 be reported,　hope, wish,　 desire,　　　want,　　　 plan,　 expect,　　　 mean…

The book is believed to be uninteresting.

人們認(rèn)為這本書沒什么意思。

4)　there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。

注意 ： 有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語做補(bǔ)語，如regard, think believe, take, consider.

We regard Tom as our best teacher.　我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。

Mary took him as her father .　瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。

7.3 不定式主語

1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了

easy,　difficult,　 hard,　 important,　 possible,　 impossible,　comfortable,　 necessary,　 better;

the first,　 the next,　　　the last,　　the best,　too much,　　too little,　　not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.

聽到你的聲音真高興。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.

當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。

2) It's very kind of you to help us.　他幫助我們，他真好。

Kind,　nice,　 stupid,　rude,　 clever,　foolish,　thoughtful,　thoughtless,　brave,　considerate(考慮周到的),　silly,　 selfish(自私的)

例句:

It was silly of us to believe him.　我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.　他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。

注意：1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型

2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí)，不能用It is… to…的句型

(對)To see is to believe.　百聞不如一見。

(錯(cuò))It is to believe to see.

7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.

1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult,　 interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。

2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

It's very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我，你真是太好了。

for 與of 的辨別方法：

用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：

You are nice.　(通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。

He is hard.　(人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)

7.5 不定式作表語

不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語。例如：

My work is to clean the room every day.

His dream is to be a doctor.

7.6 不定式作定語

不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如：

I have a lot of work to do.

So he made some candles to give light.

7.7 不定式作狀語

1)目的狀語

To… only to (僅僅為了),　in order to,　so as to,　so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.　他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。

I come here only to say good-bye to you.　我來僅僅是向你告別。

2)作結(jié)果狀語，表事先沒有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。

What have I said to make you angry.

He searched the room only to find nothing.

3)　表原因

I'm glad to see you.

典型例題

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.

A. sit　 B. sit on　 C. be seat　 D. be sat on

答案：B.　如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí)，常位于"形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。

7.8 用作介詞的to

to 有兩種用法： 一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形; 一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞：

admit to承認(rèn)，　　　　　　　confess to承認(rèn)，

be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于，　 be used to 習(xí)慣于， stick to 堅(jiān)持，　　　　　　 turn to開始，著手于， devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于，　be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，　　　pay attention to 注意

7.9 省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式

1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：

2) 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make：

3) 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。

注意：在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。

I saw him dance.

=He was seen to dance.

The boss made them work the whole night.

=They were made to work the whole night.

4) would rather，had better：

5) Why… / why not…：

6) help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth：

7) but和except：but前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。

8) 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to 可以省去：

9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：

He is supposed (to be) nice.　他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。

舉例：

He wants to move to France and marry the girl.

He wants to do nothing but go out.

比較：　 He wants to do nothing but go out.

He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.

典型例題

1) ---- I usually go there by train.

---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?

A. to try going　 B.　trying to go　 C.　to try and go　 D.　try going

答案：D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。

2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.

A. learn　 B. to learn　 C. learned　 D. learning

答案：B. make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí)，to 不可省略。

7.10 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window…

She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時(shí)候，她假裝沒看見。

典型例題

1)Tell him ___ the window.

A. to shut not　 B. not to shut　 C. to not shut

D. not shut

答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.

2)　She pretended ___ me when I passed by.

A.　not to see　 B. not seeing　　C. to not see

D.　having not seen

答案：A。 pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。

3)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.

A. never to drive　 B. to never driver

C. never driving　 D. never drive

答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.

4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.

A. not to　　B. not to do　　C. not do it

D. do not to

答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式?？梢灾挥胻o這個(gè)詞，而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等，否則不對，因此B，D不對。

5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.

A. to eat no　 B. eating not　 C. not to eat

D. not eating

答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動(dòng)，否定形式為be warned not to do。

7.11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…

1)too…to　 太…以至于…

He is too excited to speak.

他太激動(dòng)了，說不出話來。

---- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?

---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.　不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。

2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定， too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義，意 為"不太"。

It's never too late to mend.　(諺語)

改過不嫌晚。

3)　當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是：非常… 等于very。

I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。

He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to

1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.

湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.

輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。

2)　so kind as to ---勞駕

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?

勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。

7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not

"Why not +動(dòng)詞原形"表達(dá)向某人提出建議，翻譯為："為什么不……?" "干嗎不……?"

例如：

Why not take a holiday?

干嗎不去度假?

7.14 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)　　　 主動(dòng)　　　　　被動(dòng)

一般式　　　　　 to do　　　　　　to be done

進(jìn)行式　　　　　 to be doing

完成式　　　　　 to have done　　 to have been done

完成進(jìn)行式　　　 to have been doing

1) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。

He seems to know this.

I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.　我希望再見到你。

2) 完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。

I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.

He seems to have caught a cold.

3) 進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。

He seems to be eating something.

4) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.

7.15 動(dòng)名詞與不定式

1) 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：

動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的

不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的

2) 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同。

3) 動(dòng)名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組：

1　stop to do　　　　　stop doing

2 forget to do　　　　 forget doing

3　remember to do　　　remember doing

4 regret to do　　　　 regret doing

5　cease to do　　　　 cease doing

6 try to do　　　　　　try doing

7　go on to do　　　　 go on doing

8 afraid to do　　　　 afraid doing

9　interested to do　　interested doing

10 mean to do　　　　　 mean doing

11 begin/ start to do　 begin/ start doing