國(guó)際關(guān)系英語(yǔ)詞匯大全Unit 58

　　1.Sigmund Freud

　　Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist, now known as the father of psychoanalysis.Freud qualified as a doctor of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1881, and then carried out research into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy at the Vienna General Hospital. He was appointed a university lecturer in neuropathology in 1885 and became an affiliated professor (professor extraordinarius) in 1902.

　　1.西格蒙德·弗洛伊德

　　西格蒙德·弗洛伊德(1856年5月6日-1939年9月23日)，奧地利心理學(xué)家、精神分析學(xué)家，猶太人。生于奧地利弗萊堡(今屬捷克)，后因躲避納粹，遷居英國(guó)倫敦。精神分析學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人，被稱為“維也納第一精神分析學(xué)派”(以別于后來(lái)發(fā)展出的第二及第三學(xué)派)。

　　2.Jürgen Habermas

　　Jürgen Habermas (born 18 June 1929) is a German sociologist and philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. He is perhaps best known for his theories on communicative rationality and the public sphere. Global polls consistently find that Habermas is widely recognized as one of the world's leading intellectuals.

　　2.尤爾根·哈貝馬斯

　　尤爾根·哈貝馬斯(1929年6月18日-)，是德國(guó)當(dāng)代最重要的哲學(xué)家、社會(huì)理論家之一。歷任海德堡大學(xué)教授、法蘭克福大學(xué)教授、法蘭克福大學(xué)社會(huì)研究所所長(zhǎng)以及德國(guó)馬普協(xié)會(huì)生活世界研究所所長(zhǎng)。1994年榮休。他同時(shí)也是西方馬克思主義法蘭克福學(xué)派第二代的中堅(jiān)人物。他繼承和發(fā)展了康德哲學(xué)，致力于重建“啟蒙”傳統(tǒng),視現(xiàn)代性為“尚未完成之工程”，提出了著名的溝通理性的理論，對(duì)后現(xiàn)代主義思潮進(jìn)行了深刻的對(duì)話及有力的批判。

　　3.Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

　　Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher, and a major figure in German Idealism. His historicist and idealist account of reality revolutionized European philosophy and was an important precursor to Continental philosophy and Marxism.Hegel developed a comprehensive philosophical framework, or "system", of absolute idealism to account in an integrated and developmental way for the relation of mind and nature, the subject and object of knowledge, psychology, the state, history, art, religion, and philosophy. In particular, he developed the concept that mind or spirit manifested itself in a set of contradictions and oppositions that it ultimately integrated and united, without eliminating either pole or reducing one to the other. Examples of such contradictions include those between nature and freedom, and between immanence and transcendence.

　　3.格奧爾格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格爾

　　格奧爾格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格爾(1770年8月27日-1831年11月14日)，時(shí)代略晚于康德，是德國(guó)19世紀(jì)唯心論哲學(xué)的代表人物之一。黑格爾出生于今天德國(guó)西南部巴登-符騰堡首府斯圖加特;卒于柏林，柏林大學(xué)(今日的柏林洪堡大學(xué))校長(zhǎng)任內(nèi)。許多人認(rèn)為，黑格爾的思想，象征著了19世紀(jì)德國(guó)唯心主義哲學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)的頂峰，對(duì)后世哲學(xué)流派，如存在主義和馬克思的歷史唯物主義都產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。更有甚者，由于黑格爾的政治思想兼具自由主義與保守主義兩者之要義，因此，對(duì)于那些因看到自由主義在承認(rèn)個(gè)人需求、體現(xiàn)人的基本價(jià)值方面的無(wú)能為力，而覺得自由主義正面臨挑戰(zhàn)的人來(lái)說，他的哲學(xué)無(wú)疑是為自由主義提供了一條新的出路。