國(guó)際關(guān)系英語(yǔ)詞匯大全Unit 31

　　英語(yǔ)單詞講解 unit 31

　　1.Market economy

　　A market economy is an economy in which decisions regarding investment, production and distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system utilizing voluntary exchange. The major defining characteristic of a market economy is that decisions on investment and the allocation of producer goods are mainly made through markets.

　　1.市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)

　　市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，又稱自由市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)體系，在這種體系下產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)及銷(xiāo)售完全由自由市場(chǎng)的自由價(jià)格機(jī)制所引導(dǎo)，而不是像計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)一般由國(guó)家所引導(dǎo)。市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)也被用作資本主義的同義詞，但是絕大多數(shù)的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家也實(shí)行了市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。

　　2.Mixed economy

　　A mixed economy is an economic system in which both the private sector and state direct the economy, reflecting characteristics of both market economies and planned economies. Most mixed economies can be described as market economies with strong regulatory oversight and governmental provision of public goods. Some mixed economies also feature a variety of state-run enterprises.

　　2.混合經(jīng)濟(jì)

　　混合經(jīng)濟(jì)體系是指混合了傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體系、計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體系以及市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系，以解決三個(gè)基本的經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題：生產(chǎn)什么、怎樣生產(chǎn)、為誰(shuí)生產(chǎn)。建立于混合經(jīng)濟(jì)上的國(guó)家稱之為混合政治經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家。主張對(duì)市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行適度的政府干預(yù)。

　　3.Urbanization

　　Urbanization is a population shift from rural to urban areas, and the ways in which society adapts to the change. It predominantly results in the physical growth of urban areas, be it horizontal or vertical. Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines, including geography, sociology, economics, urban planning, and public health. The phenomenon has been closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can be seen as a specific condition at a set time (e.g. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns) or as an increase in that condition over time. So urbanization can be quantified either in terms of, say, the level of urban development relative to the overall population, or as the rate at which the urban proportion of the population is increasing.

　　3.城市化

　　城市化，又稱城鎮(zhèn)化、都市化，是指人口向城市聚集、城市規(guī)模擴(kuò)大以及由此引起一系列經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)變化的過(guò)程，其實(shí)質(zhì)是經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)、社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)和空間結(jié)構(gòu)的變遷。從經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)變遷看，城市化過(guò)程是農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)逐步向非農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級(jí)的過(guò)程;從社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)變遷看，城市化是農(nóng)村人口逐步轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌擎?zhèn)人口以及城鎮(zhèn)文化與生活方式和價(jià)值觀念向農(nóng)村擴(kuò)散的過(guò)程;從空間結(jié)構(gòu)變遷看，城市化是各種生產(chǎn)要素和產(chǎn)業(yè)活動(dòng)向城鎮(zhèn)地區(qū)聚集以及聚集后的再分散過(guò)程。在對(duì)城市化質(zhì)量進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)中，要考慮城市發(fā)展質(zhì)量、城鄉(xiāng)協(xié)調(diào)程度、城市化帶來(lái)的文明成果以及為此付出社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)境等方面的代價(jià)。