國(guó)際關(guān)系英語詞匯大全Unit 23

　　英語單詞講解 unit 23

　　1.Free Trade

　　Free trade is a policy in international markets in which governments do not restrict imports or exports. Free trade is exemplified by the European Union / European Economic Area and the North American Free Trade Agreement, which have established open markets. Most nations are today members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) multilateral trade agreements. However, most governments still impose some protectionist policies that are intended to support local employment, such as applying tariffs to imports or subsidies to exports. Governments may also restrict free trade to limit exports of natural resources. Other barriers that may hinder trade include import quotas, taxes and non-tariff barriers, such as regulatory legislation.

　　1.自由貿(mào)易

　　自由貿(mào)易是指國(guó)與國(guó)之間免關(guān)稅的貨物及服務(wù)流通，與貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義相反;自由貿(mào)易也是全球化的主體。自由貿(mào)易在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)上的概念包括免關(guān)稅及其他貿(mào)易壁壘例如進(jìn)口配額等的國(guó)際貿(mào)易及服務(wù);勞工及資金在國(guó)與國(guó)之間的自由流動(dòng);無保護(hù)本國(guó)當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)，產(chǎn)品及生產(chǎn)因素等的法例、政策、補(bǔ)貼及稅項(xiàng)等;無政府對(duì)產(chǎn)權(quán)的特別保障等，所以有可能引致大型組織壟斷市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。

　　2.Customsunion

　　A customs union is a type of trade bloc which is composed of a free trade area with a common external tariff. The participant countries set up common external trade policy, but in some cases they use different import quotas. Common competition policy is also helpful to avoid competition deficiency.

　　2.關(guān)稅同盟

　　關(guān)稅同盟是指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上國(guó)家締結(jié)協(xié)定，建立統(tǒng)一的關(guān)境，在統(tǒng)一關(guān)境內(nèi)締約國(guó)相互間減讓或取消關(guān)稅，對(duì)從關(guān)境以外的國(guó)家或地區(qū)的商品進(jìn)口則實(shí)行共同的關(guān)稅稅率和外貿(mào)政策[1] 。關(guān)稅同盟從歐洲開始，是經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的組織形式之一。對(duì)內(nèi)實(shí)行減免關(guān)稅和貿(mào)易限制，商品自由流動(dòng);對(duì)外實(shí)行統(tǒng)一的關(guān)稅和對(duì)外貿(mào)易政策。關(guān)稅同盟有兩種經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng)，靜態(tài)效應(yīng)和動(dòng)態(tài)效應(yīng)。

　　3.Duty

　　In economics, a duty is a kind of tax levied by a state. It is often associated with customs, in which context they are also known as tariffs or dues. The term is often used to describe a tax on certain items purchased abroad.[1] Properly, a duty differs from a tax in being levied on specific commodities, financial transactions, estates, etc. rather than on individuals. Duties may be import duties, excise duties, stamp duties, death or succession duties, etc.; but not such direct impositions as personal income taxes.

　　3.關(guān)稅

　　關(guān)稅，是指國(guó)家授權(quán)海關(guān)對(duì)出入關(guān)境的貨物和物品征收的一種稅。關(guān)稅在各國(guó)一般屬于國(guó)家最高行政單位指定稅率的高級(jí)稅種，對(duì)于對(duì)外貿(mào)易發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家而言，關(guān)稅往往是國(guó)家稅收乃至國(guó)家財(cái)政的主要收入。