地形篇 NO.2:
凡兵有走者、有馳者、有陷者、有崩者、有亂者、有北者。
凡此六者,非天地之災(zāi),將之過也。
夫勢均,以一擊十,曰走;
卒強(qiáng)吏弱,曰馳;
吏強(qiáng)卒弱,曰陷;
大吏怒而不服,遇敵懟而自戰(zhàn),將不知其能,曰崩;
將弱不嚴(yán),教道不明,吏卒無常,陳兵縱橫,曰亂;
將不能料敵,以少合眾,以弱擊強(qiáng),兵無選鋒,曰北。
凡此六者,敗之道也,將之至任,不可不察也。
這句啥意思:
軍隊打敗仗有“走”、“馳”、“陷”、“崩”、“亂”、“北”六種情況。
這六種情況的發(fā)生,不是天時地理的災(zāi)害,而是將帥自身的過錯。
地勢均同的情況下,以一擊十而導(dǎo)致失敗的,叫做“走”。
士卒強(qiáng)捍,軍官懦弱而造成失敗的,叫做“馳”。
將帥強(qiáng)悍,士卒儒弱而失敗的,叫做“陷”。
偏將怨仇不服從指揮,遇到敵人擅自出戰(zhàn),主將又不了解他們能力,因而失敗的,叫做“崩”。
將帥懦弱缺乏威嚴(yán),治軍沒有章法,官兵關(guān)系混亂緊張,列兵布陣雜亂無常,因此而致敗的,叫做“亂”。
將帥不能正確判斷敵情,以少擊眾,以弱擊強(qiáng),作戰(zhàn)又沒有精銳先鋒部隊,因而落敗的,叫做“北”。
以上六種情況,均是導(dǎo)致失敗的原因。這是將帥的重大責(zé)任之所在,是不可不認(rèn)真考察研究的。
英文這么說:
Now an army is exposed to six several calamities,not arising from natural causes, but fromfaults for which the general is responsible. These are:(1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3)collapse; (4) ruin;
(5) disorganization; (6) rout.
Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times its size, the resultwill be the flight of the former.
When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the result isinsubordination.
When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is collapse.
When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate,and on meeting the enemy give battleon their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tellwhether or no he is in a position to fight,the result is ruin.
When the general is weak and without authority;when his orders are not clear and distinct;
When there are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men,and the ranks are formed in aslovenly haphazard manner,the result is utter disorganization.
When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's strength, allows an inferior force to engage alarger one,or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one,and neglects to place pickedsoldiers in the front rank,
the result must be rout.
These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the general who hasattained a responsible post.
片段賞析
作者在《地形第十》篇論述用兵作戰(zhàn)怎樣利用地形的問題,著重論述深入敵國作戰(zhàn)的好處。作者分析了九種戰(zhàn)地的特點(diǎn)和士兵處在這些地區(qū)的心理狀態(tài),相應(yīng)地提出了在這些地區(qū)用兵的不同措施,認(rèn)為深入敵國,等于把士兵投置在危地、陷入死地,他們會迫不得巳拚死作戰(zhàn),發(fā)揮更大的戰(zhàn)斗力,而且,深入敵國,還可就地補(bǔ)充軍糧,還可因離家太遠(yuǎn)而不會逃散,服從指揮,一心一意作戰(zhàn),奪得戰(zhàn)爭勝利。作者還討論了地形是用兵的輔助條件,主將必須善于利用,對那些不明戰(zhàn)況,不知戰(zhàn)道的國君,命令可以不聽,而將帥本身是“進(jìn)不求名,退不避罪,而利合于主”。