奧巴馬在西點(diǎn)軍校2014年畢業(yè)典禮上的演講(三)

Now -- (applause) -- that was an enormous achievement made because of America’s armed forces. But as we move to a train and advise mission in Afghanistan, our reduced presence there allows us to more effectively address emerging threats in the Middle East and North Africa. So earlier this year I asked my national security team to develop a plan for a network of partnerships from South Asia to the Sahel.

Today, as part of this effort, I am calling on Congress to support a new counterterrorism partnerships fund of up to $5 billion, which will allow us to train, build capacity and facilitate partner countries on the front lines. And these resources will give us flexibility to fulfill different missions, including training security forces in Yemen who’ve gone on the offensive against al-Qaida, supporting a multinational force to keep the peace in Somalia, working with European allies to train a functioning security force and border patrol in Libya and facilitating French operations in Mali.

A critical focus of this effort will be the ongoing crisis in Syria. As frustrating as it is, there are no easy answers there, no military solution that can eliminate the terrible suffering anytime soon. As president, I made a decision that we should not put American troops into the middle of this increasingly sectarian civil war, and I believe that is the right decision. But that does not mean we shouldn’t help the Syrian people stand up against a dictator who bombs and starves his own people. And in helping those who fight for the right of all Syrians to choose their own future, we are also pushing back against the growing number of extremists who find safe haven in the chaos.

So with the additional resources I’m announcing today, we will step up our efforts to support Syria’s neighbors -- Jordan and Lebanon, Turkey and Iraq -- as they contend with refugees and confront terrorists working across Syria’s borders. I will work with Congress to ramp up support for those in the Syrian opposition who offer the best alternative to terrorists and brutal dictators. And we will continue to coordinate with our friends and allies in Europe and the Arab World to push for a political resolution of this crisis and to make sure that those countries and not just the United States are contributing their fair share of support to the Syrian people.

Let me make one final point about our efforts against terrorism. The partnerships I’ve described do not eliminate the need to take direct action when necessary to protect ourselves. When we have actionable intelligence, that’s what we do, through capture operations, like the one that brought a terrorist involved in the plot to bomb our embassies in 1998 to face justice, or drone strikes, like those we’ve carried out in Yemen and Somalia.

There are times when those actions are necessary and we cannot hesitate to protect our people. But as I said last year, in taking direct action, we must uphold standards that reflect our values. That means taking strikes only when we face a continuing, imminent threat, and only where there is no certainty -- there is near certainty of no civilian casualties, for our actions should meet a simple test: We must not create more enemies than we take off the battlefield.

I also believe we must be more transparent about both the basis of our counterterrorism actions and the manner in which they are carried out. We have to be able to explain them publicly, whether it is drone strikes or training partners. I will increasingly turn to our military to take the lead and provide information to the public about our efforts. Our intelligence community has done outstanding work and we have to continue to protect sources and methods, but when we cannot explain our efforts clearly and publicly, we face terrorist propaganda and international suspicion, we erode legitimacy with our partners and our people, and we reduce accountability in our own government.

And this issue of transparency is directly relevant to a third aspect of American leadership, and that is our effort to strengthen and enforce international order.

After World War II, America had the wisdom to shape institutions to keep the peace and support human progress -- from NATO and the United Nations, to the World Bank and IMF. These institutions are not perfect, but they have been a force multiplier. They reduce the need for unilateral American action and increase restraint among other nations.

Now, just as the world has changed, this architecture must change as well. At the height of the Cold War, President Kennedy spoke about the need for a peace based upon a gradual evolution in human institutions. And evolving these international institutions to meet the demands of today must be a critical part of American leadership.

Now, there are a lot of folks, a lot of skeptics who often downplay the effectiveness of multilateral action. For them, working through international institutions, like the U.N. or respecting international law, is a sign of weakness. I think they’re wrong. Let me offer just two examples why.

In Ukraine, Russia’s recent actions recall the days when Soviet tanks rolled into Eastern Europe. But this isn’t the Cold War. Our ability to shape world opinion helped isolate Russia right away. Because of American leadership, the world immediately condemned Russian actions, Europe and the G-7 joined with us to impose sanctions, NATO reinforced our commitment to Eastern European allies, the IMF is helping to stabilize Ukraine’s economy, OSCE monitors brought the eyes of the world to unstable parts of Ukraine.

And this mobilization of world opinion and international institutions served as a counterweight to Russian propaganda and Russian troops on the border and armed militias in ski masks.

This weekend, Ukrainians voted by the millions. Yesterday, I spoke to their next president. We don’t know how the situation will play out, and there will remain grave challenges ahead, but standing with our allies on behalf of international order, working with international institutions, has given a chance for the Ukrainian people to choose their future -- without us firing a shot.

Similarly, despite frequent warnings from the United States and Israel and others, the Iranian nuclear program steadily advanced for years. But at the beginning of my presidency, we built a coalition that imposed sanctions on the Iranian economy, while extending the hand of diplomacy to the Iranian government. And now we have an opportunity to resolve our differences peacefully. The odds of success are still long, and we reserve all options to prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon. But for the first time in a decade, we have a very real chance of achieving a breakthrough agreement, one that is more effective and durable than what we could have achieved through the use of force. And throughout these negotiations, it has been our willingness to work through multilateral channels that kept the world on our side.

The point is, this is American leadership. This is American strength.

  現(xiàn)在——(掌聲)——這就是美軍取得的巨大成就。但是當(dāng)我們?cè)诎⒏缓沟氖姑D(zhuǎn)向訓(xùn)練和顧問(wèn)時(shí)，我們減少駐軍以后可以更有效地應(yīng)對(duì)中東和北非新出現(xiàn)的威脅。因此在今年早些時(shí)候，我讓國(guó)家安全事務(wù)部門就南亞和薩赫勒地區(qū)的合作伙伴關(guān)系網(wǎng)制定了一個(gè)計(jì)劃。

今天，作為我們行動(dòng)的一部分，我呼吁國(guó)會(huì)支持 通過(guò)數(shù)額為50億美元的新反恐合作基金，以幫助我們的同盟伙伴訓(xùn)練軍隊(duì)、提升能力、支援他們的前線。這些資金也讓我們又更大的自由度完成各項(xiàng)任務(wù)。這些任 務(wù)包括：為打擊基地組織的也門政府訓(xùn)練安全部隊(duì)以支持多國(guó)部隊(duì)維護(hù)索馬里地區(qū)和平，同歐洲盟友一起在利比亞訓(xùn)練出合格的安全部隊(duì)和邊防軍，以及協(xié)助法國(guó)在 馬里的行動(dòng)。 

我們努力的重中之重是敘利亞危機(jī)。令人沮喪的 是，解決這一危機(jī)沒(méi)有捷徑。軍事行動(dòng)不能立馬消除當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣竦纳钪貫?zāi)難。作為總統(tǒng)，我決定不派遣軍隊(duì)卷入這場(chǎng)愈演愈烈的宗派內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。我相信這是一個(gè)正確的決 定。但是這并不意味著我們不去幫助敘利亞人民奮起反抗，反對(duì)殺害自己人民、讓人民挨餓的獨(dú)裁者。我們協(xié)助那些為了敘利亞人民能選擇自己未來(lái)而奮斗的人，同 時(shí)也積極打擊在越來(lái)越多混亂之中找到避風(fēng)港的極端分子。 

有了今天我所宣布的資金，我們將會(huì)加大力度， 支持約旦、黎巴嫩、土耳其、伊拉克這些敘利亞的鄰國(guó)。因?yàn)樗麄兊锰幚頂⒗麃嗊吘车碾y民、并打擊敘邊境的恐怖活動(dòng)。我將與國(guó)會(huì)一起，加大對(duì)敘利亞反對(duì)派的支 持。他們是替代恐怖分子和殘忍的獨(dú)裁者管理敘利亞最好的選擇。我們會(huì)繼續(xù)與我們的朋友、歐洲盟友和阿拉伯世界一起合作，推進(jìn)敘利亞危機(jī)的政治解決途徑，以 保證在支持?jǐn)⒗麃喨嗣竦呐χ?，并非僅有美國(guó)在做出努力，其他這些國(guó)家也都參與其中。

讓我就我們?cè)诜纯稚系呐ψ詈笳f(shuō)一點(diǎn)。我所描述的伙伴關(guān)系并不排除為了保護(hù)美國(guó)而采取直接行動(dòng)的可能。只要我們有可靠的情報(bào)，我們就會(huì)采取行動(dòng)，比如1998年在我們大使館抓捕策劃安放炸彈的恐怖分子的行動(dòng)，又如我們?cè)谝查T和索馬里采取的無(wú)人機(jī)襲擊。

有時(shí)我們必須馬上采取行動(dòng)，因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)诒Ｗo(hù)國(guó) 民方面決不能有半點(diǎn)猶豫。但就像我去年說(shuō)的，采取直接行動(dòng)時(shí)，我們也要堅(jiān)守我們的價(jià)值觀。這就意味著只有我們面臨持續(xù)的或是眼前的威脅才會(huì)進(jìn)行打擊。在沒(méi) 有把握的時(shí)候，即便我們幾乎能避免平民傷亡，我們的行動(dòng)也必須達(dá)到一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，那就是我們不能為了在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上擊斃敵人而樹(shù)立更多的敵人。

我也相信我們必須在反恐行動(dòng)的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和具體行 動(dòng)方式方面更為公開(kāi)。不管是無(wú)人機(jī)打擊或是訓(xùn)練盟友的軍隊(duì)，我們必須向公眾解釋我們的行動(dòng)。我將會(huì)要求美軍帶頭，向公眾提供與我們行動(dòng)相關(guān)的信息。我們的 情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)工作出色，我們必須繼續(xù)保護(hù)我們的信息來(lái)源和獲取途徑。但如果我們不能清楚、公開(kāi)地解釋我們的行動(dòng)，我們就會(huì)面對(duì)恐怖分子的大肆宣傳和國(guó)際社會(huì)的 質(zhì)疑，就會(huì)在我們伙伴國(guó)和人民面前失去合法性，就會(huì)失去我們政府的信譽(yù)。

公開(kāi)透明直接與美國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位的第三個(gè)方面相關(guān)，也就是我們強(qiáng)化國(guó)際秩序的努力。 

二戰(zhàn)之后，美國(guó)高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚，設(shè)立了從北約、聯(lián)合國(guó)到世界銀行、國(guó)際貨幣組織一系列機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)維護(hù)人類和平、支持人類進(jìn)步。這些機(jī)構(gòu)并不完美，但是他們將我們的力量放大了數(shù)倍。他們減少美國(guó)進(jìn)行單邊行動(dòng)的需要，同時(shí)也增強(qiáng)了其他國(guó)家之間的制約能力。

現(xiàn)在，世界已經(jīng)歷巨變，這一框架也需改變。冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)，肯尼迪總統(tǒng)曾談到對(duì)于以人類機(jī)構(gòu)逐漸改善為基礎(chǔ)的和平的需要。對(duì)這些機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)以達(dá)到今天的需求，是美國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位的重要一環(huán)。

現(xiàn)在有許多人，也有許多質(zhì)疑者經(jīng)常貶低多邊行動(dòng)的有效性。對(duì)于他們而言，通過(guò)聯(lián)合國(guó)這類的多邊機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行合作或者是尊重多邊規(guī)則，是一種懦弱的表現(xiàn)。我認(rèn)為他們錯(cuò)了。讓我舉兩個(gè)例子來(lái)加以說(shuō)明吧。 

俄羅斯最近在烏克蘭的舉動(dòng)令我想起了蘇聯(lián)大批 坦克開(kāi)進(jìn)東歐的情形。但是現(xiàn)在不是冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期。我們制造的國(guó)際輿論讓俄羅斯在短時(shí)間內(nèi)就被孤立。在美國(guó)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，國(guó)際社會(huì)馬上譴責(zé)俄羅斯的舉動(dòng)，歐洲和七國(guó) 集團(tuán)同我們一樣對(duì)其實(shí)施制裁，北大西洋公約組織恪守我們對(duì)東盟的承諾，國(guó)際貨幣基金組織正在幫助穩(wěn)定烏克蘭的經(jīng)濟(jì)，歐洲安全和合作組織也在關(guān)注烏克蘭不穩(wěn) 定地區(qū)的發(fā)展。

世界觀點(diǎn)和國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)立場(chǎng)的轉(zhuǎn)變，可與俄羅斯的宣傳、其邊境的軍隊(duì)以及全副武裝的士兵相抗衡。

這周末，數(shù)百萬(wàn)的烏克蘭公民會(huì)進(jìn)行民主投票。昨天，我同他們下一屆的總統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了會(huì)談。我們不知道情況會(huì)如何演變，前方也仍存在巨大的挑戰(zhàn)，但是為了維護(hù)國(guó)際秩序，同我們的盟友一起，與國(guó)際組織進(jìn)行合作，這給了烏克蘭人民一個(gè)選擇他們未來(lái)的機(jī)會(huì)一一這并不需要費(fèi)一槍一彈。

類似的是，盡管美國(guó)、以色列及其他國(guó)家不斷地 對(duì)伊朗發(fā)出警告，伊朗核計(jì)劃仍持續(xù)進(jìn)行了好幾年。在我擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)職務(wù)初期，我們聯(lián)合對(duì)伊朗的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)行了制裁，但同時(shí)也幫助伊朗政府進(jìn)行民主建設(shè)?，F(xiàn)在我們有 機(jī)會(huì)和平地解決我們的分歧。成功之路還十分漫長(zhǎng)，我們要保留阻止伊朗獲得核武器的各種手段。十年來(lái)我們第一次真正有機(jī)會(huì)達(dá)成一項(xiàng)突破性的協(xié)定，這比我們用 武力達(dá)成協(xié)定來(lái)得更有效，效果也更持久。通過(guò)這些磋商，我們?cè)敢馔ㄟ^(guò)多邊途徑讓世界各國(guó)站在我們這一邊。

重點(diǎn)是，這是在美國(guó)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的。這是美國(guó)力量所在。