新編大學(xué)英語閱讀(浙大版)06

[00:00.00]A License to Kill [00:01.17]殺人執(zhí)照 [00:02.34]1 Advocates of assisted suicide and euthanasia find a role model in Holland, [00:05.53]荷蘭是唯一允許協(xié)助自然和安樂死的國家， [00:08.71]the only country that permits both practices. [00:10.85]唯一一個提倡以上兩種做法的國家 [00:13.00]They say its policy is a "remarkable triumph of common sense." [00:15.88]他們說荷蘭的政策是“常識的偉大勝利”。 [00:18.76]Yet a closer look reveals the truth about the practice of euthanasia in Holland. [00:22.14]但是，進一步的觀察向我們展示了荷蘭安樂死做法的真實狀況。 [00:25.52]2 The Royal Dutch Medical Association officially endorsed euthanasia in 1984, [00:29.02]荷蘭皇家醫(yī)學(xué)會于1984年正式批準實施安樂死， [00:32.51]and issued strict guidelines on how to perform it: [00:34.54]并且公布了施行安樂死的嚴格準則： [00:36.58]The patient's condition must be one of unbearable suffering that cannot be relieved, [00:39.60]病人必須忍受著某種無法緩解但又難以忍受的病痛， [00:42.62]and the patient must freely request to die.When a patient does ask,the doctor should not proceed without consulting an independent physician. [00:48.28]而且病人必須主動地要求死去。如果病人確實提出這種要求，病人的醫(yī)生如果不經(jīng)過向一位獨立行診的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生咨詢，不得實施安樂死。 [00:53.93]Then each case must be reported as an"unnatural death"to local officials. [00:56.95]然后，每個安樂死的病例必須以“非正常死亡”上報當(dāng)?shù)毓賳T。 [00:59.98]Doctors who don't follow the guidelines can be imprisoned for up to 12 years. [01:03.00]不遵守準則的醫(yī)生可以被判處最長達12年的監(jiān)禁。 [01:06.02]3 Approved by parliament, [01:07.05]議會批準， [01:08.08]the guidelines were meant to protect and empower terminally ill patients. [01:10.60]這些準則原本是為了保護臨終病，使他們有選擇生死的權(quán)力。 [01:13.12]But evidence suggests that they empower doctors instead. [01:15.67]但是有跡象表明，準則實際上把權(quán)力給了醫(yī)生。 [01:18.23]4 Though patients are supposed to decide for themselves,they are sometimes influenced by doctors. [01:21.83]盡管本來由病人自由作出決定，但病人們有時會受到醫(yī)生的影響。 [01:25.43]If doctors judge someone's quality of life to be low,they ask, [01:27.95]如果醫(yī)生們斷定某位病人的生活質(zhì)量低，他們會問： [01:30.47]"Why should we add to the suffering?" [01:31.89]“我們?yōu)槭裁催€要再增加病人的痛苦呢?” [01:33.31]5 A survey commissioned by the Dutch government estimated that only 3,600 people died in 1995 as a result of assisted suicide or euthanasia. [01:39.54]由荷蘭政府授權(quán)的一項調(diào)查表明，在1995年只有3600人死于協(xié)助自殺或安樂死。 [01:45.77]But this only included cases where the patient requested death. [01:48.29]但這個數(shù)字只包括病人本人要求被實施安樂死的病例。 [01:50.81]The survey did not count as euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide the 900 cases [01:54.61]有900個都沒有被當(dāng)作安樂死或醫(yī)生協(xié)助自殺而統(tǒng)計病例病人沒有提要求實施安樂死。 [01:58.40]in which patients' lives were ended without their request and nearly 1,900 deaths in which doctors increased [02:02.62]以及大約1900起是醫(yī)生顯然出于加速病人死亡的目的而增加了 [02:06.83]pain-killing drugs with the explicit intention of has-tening death. [02:09.49]鎮(zhèn)痛劑用藥量而造成的死亡， [02:12.16]6 A 64-year-old woman,told in 1988 that she had advanced ovarian cancer,wished to die at home. [02:16.73]1988年，一位六十四歲的婦女被告知患有晚期卵巢癌，她希望在家里死去。 [02:21.30]When she awoke one morning covered in what looked like red pinpricks,her husband took her to the hospital. [02:25.24]一天早晨，她醒來，發(fā)現(xiàn)全身長滿了針孔大小的紅點，所以她的丈夫送她去醫(yī)院。 [02:29.18]Returning to the hospital the next day to take his wife home, [02:31.45]第二天他去醫(yī)院接妻子回家， [02:33.72]he took a short walk while he waited for the doctor to attend to his wife. [02:36.19]在等醫(yī)生檢查他妻子時，他去散了一會兒步。 [02:38.65]When the husband returned to his wife's room,she was unresponsive. [02:41.06]當(dāng)這位丈夫回到他妻子的房間時，她沒有沒有反應(yīng)了。 [02:43.48]Three hours later she died from lethal drugs the doctor had injected into her body. [02:46.91]三個小時后，她死了——死于醫(yī)生注入她體內(nèi)的致命藥物。 [02:50.35]7 The husband believes a doctor proposed the injection and his wife was swayed. [02:53.18]這位丈夫以為是醫(yī)生建議他的妻子注射這種藥物，并且他的妻子被說動了。 [02:56.00]"She always thought doctors knew best,"the husband said. [02:58.00]“她總是認為醫(yī)生建議知道得最多，”他說。 [03:00.00]"It wasn't euthanasia--it was murder." [03:01.80]“這不是安樂死——這是謀殺?！? [03:03.60]But there was no investigation since he did not want the doctor prosecuted. [03:06.26]但是，即使他不希望這個醫(yī)生被起訴，這件事沒有進一步的調(diào)查。 [03:08.93]8 Because euthanasia is politically correct,prosecutors are often unwilling to press charges. [03:12.78]因為安樂死在政策上是正確的，所以檢察官往往不愿意提出指控。 [03:16.63]Since 1981 only 20 doctors have faced the courts. [03:19.19]自從1981年以來，只有20名醫(yī)生被送上法庭。 [03:21.74]Nine were convicted. [03:23.02]9人被判有罪， [03:24.30]Of those,six received suspended sentences,and three were given no punishment at all. [03:28.35]其中6人緩期執(zhí)行，而另外3人根本就沒有受到懲罰。 [03:32.40]9 Doctors who have studied euthanasia in the Netherlands note that"what was intended as a [03:35.17]研究過荷蘭安樂死實施狀況的醫(yī)生們注意到，原本用來 [03:37.94]solution for exceptional cases has become a routine way of dealing with terminal cases. [03:41.49]處理特殊病例的方法已經(jīng)成了處理不治之癥的常規(guī)方法。 [03:45.04]The Netherlands has moved from euthanasia for the terminally ill to euthanasia for the chronically ill, [03:48.83]荷蘭安樂死的實施對象已從患不治之癥的晚期病人擴展到得慢性病的病人， [03:52.63]from euthanasia for physical illness to euthanasia for psychological distress, [03:55.91]從生理疾病擴展到心理抑郁癥， [03:59.18]and from voluntary to involuntary euthanasia;" [04:01.60]從自愿擴展到非自愿?！? [04:04.01]10 Already,Holland's euthanasia guidelines offer scant protection to the mentally ill and newborn babies. [04:08.11]荷蘭的安樂死施行準則已經(jīng)不能為精神病患者和新生嬰兒提供足夠的保護。 [04:12.22]Researchers from the University of Utrecht found that more than 40 percent of all mentally handicapped patients [04:16.16]烏德勒友大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，精神病超過40%的病人， [04:20.10]who died in 1995 did so after a doctor's decision to withdraw treatment, [04:23.48]在1995年在遵照醫(yī)囑停止接受治療， [04:26.87]increase pain-killing drugs or give lethal injections. [04:29.28]增加止痛藥劑量或被注射致命藥物后死去的。 [04:31.69]In that same year,doctors were charged with killing two handicapped newborns. [04:34.52]同年，有醫(yī)生被指控殺死兩名殘疾的新生嬰兒。 [04:37.34]The courts ruled that the doctors had no option but to kill. [04:39.49]法庭裁決醫(yī)生是不得已而為之，他別無選擇。 [04:41.63]The survey commissioned by the Dutch government reports that doctors now kill about 15 nonviable newborns a year. [04:46.36]荷蘭政府授權(quán)進行的那項調(diào)查表明，目前醫(yī)生每年大約要處死15個不能存活的新生兒。 [04:51.10]11 In some cases,a patient's "right to die"has subtly become a "duty to die". [04:54.64]在某些情況下，病人的“有權(quán)去死”已經(jīng)微妙地變成了“有義務(wù)去死?！? [04:58.19]Some people are pressured toward euthanasia by exhausted and impatient relatives. [05:01.57]有些病人迫于親屬們精疲力盡、失去耐心的壓力，選擇安樂死。 [05:04.96]A story is told of a woman whose relatives gathered in Amsterdam for her planned euthanasia. [05:08.50]有這么一個故事，有一位婦女打算接受安樂死，因此她的親戚們都來到了阿姆斯特丹。 [05:12.05]One relative came from overseas. [05:13.69]其中還有一位從國外趕來。 [05:15.32]When the patient had last-minute doubts,the family said,"You can't have her come all this way for nothing." [05:19.07]當(dāng)病人在最后一刻猶豫不決時，她的家里人說，“你可不能讓她那么大老遠的白跑來一趟啊?！? [05:22.81]Instead of ensuring that the patient's true wishes were observed,the doctor carried out the euthanasia. [05:26.70]于是醫(yī)生沒有尊重病人的真實愿望，就對她實施了安樂死。 [05:30.59]12 the key alternative to euthanasia--palliative care--is largely unavailable in Holland. [05:34.75]安樂死的一個主要替代方案——姑息療法——在荷蘭進展得遠遠不夠。 [05:38.90]Originated in England 30 years ago, [05:40.70]30年前在英國出現(xiàn) [05:42.50]this philosophy of total care for the terminally ill and their families offers spiritual comfort and the control of [05:46.45]這樣做的目的是使病人及其家屬們精神上得到安慰、身體上的痛苦得到控制。 [05:50.39]physical and mental pain without seeking to either hasten or postpone death. [05:53.36]而同時不加速或延緩病人的死亡。 [05:56.33]Today almost all communities in the United Kingdom and many in Europe and North America provide such care, [06:00.49]目前，英國幾乎所有的社區(qū)、歐洲和拉美的很多社區(qū)都提供這種護理。 [06:04.64]often in facilities known as hospices. [06:06.50]這種護理一般都在晚期病人護理所中進行。 [06:08.35]13 Dr.Robert Twycross,a leading British authority on palliative care, [06:11.29]英國姑息療法的主要權(quán)威羅伯特·特瓦克勞斯醫(yī)生， [06:14.22]recalls a cancer patient who drank excessively to escape the pain and mental distress caused by his illness and finally demanded to be put to death. [06:19.62]回憶說，有一位病人曾用酗酒來逃避疾病引起的疼痛和精神抑郁，最后他請求安樂死。 [06:25.02]After pain treatment,the patient changed his mind,saying,"It wasn't me speaking.It was the alcohol." [06:29.02]在進行疼痛治療后，這位病人改變了主意。他說：“以前不是我在說話，是酒精在說話?！? [06:33.01]14 "Depression often overlaps and complicates terminal illness, [06:35.26]“患晚期不治之癥的病人通常伴隨著精神抑郁，并且精神抑郁使病人病情復(fù)雜化，” [06:37.51]Twycross says. [06:38.43]特瓦克勞斯說。 [06:39.35]"As the patient comes out of depression, [06:40.63]“當(dāng)病人擺脫了抑郁情緒之后， [06:41.90]the demand for euthanasia evaporates." [06:43.94]要求安樂死的想法就煙消云散了?！? [06:45.97]15 A 65-year-old widow learned in October 1996 that neither surgery nor chemotherapy was likely to cure her cancer of the throat and stomach. [06:51.57]1996年10月，一位65歲的寡婦得知無論是手術(shù)還是化療都不大可能治愈她的喉癌和胃癌。 [06:57.17]But the two options available-a hospital or a nursing home--did not appeal to her, [07:00.66]而她所面臨的兩種選擇——去醫(yī)院或去小型療養(yǎng)院——她都不喜歡。 [07:04.15]because she feared that her wishes would not be respected in either place. [07:06.56]因為她擔(dān)心在這兩個地方她自己的意愿得不到尊重。 [07:08.98]"I'm not afraid of death,"she said, [07:10.45]“我不怕死，”她說， [07:11.93]"but I don't want someone else to decide how I should die." [07:13.96]“可我不愿意由他人來決定我該怎么死。” [07:16.00]She seriously considered euthanasia. [07:17.74]她認真地考慮了安樂死。 [07:19.49]16 Like most Dutch people,she knew little about options in palliative care.' [07:22.42]與大多數(shù)荷蘭人一樣，她對姑息療法知之甚少。 [07:25.36]Then an acquaintance told her about a hospice in a nearby city. [07:27.71]后來有一位熟人告訴了她在附近的一個城市里的一所晚期病人護理所的情況。 [07:30.07]17 Five weeks later,she was sitting in the sun lounge of the hospice. [07:32.16]五個星期之后，她正坐在護理所的日光室里。 [07:34.25]"When I came here,I could hardly walk or talk,and I hadn't eaten for a month, [07:36.61]“當(dāng)初我剛來這時，我?guī)缀醪荒茏呗坊蛘f話，并且有一個月沒有吃東西了，” [07:38.96]"she recalled." [07:39.77]她回憶說。 [07:40.58]After ten days,I chat,Walk and feel relaxed. [07:42.89]“十天后，我能聊天，散步，并且還感到輕松了。 [07:45.19]I know I'm not leaving here alive,but I feel like a human being." [07:47.75]我知道我不能活著離開這里，可我覺得自己活得像個人。” [07:50.30]18 She died peacefully a few weeks later. [07:51.83]幾個星期之后，她平靜地去世了。 [07:53.36]She had been cared for by a doctor with a special sense of mission --Ben Zylicz. [07:56.50]她得到本·塞力克斯醫(yī)生的照料，他是一位懷有特殊使命感的醫(yī)生。 [07:59.63]19 Five years before,soon after his patient was euthanized by another doctor, [08:02.51]五年前，就在塞力克斯醫(yī)生的一名病人被另一位醫(yī)生施以安樂死死后不久， [08:05.39]Zylicz quit his hospital post to dedicate himself to an alternative. [08:07.87]他辭去了醫(yī)院的職務(wù)，投身于姑息療法。 [08:10.36]"As a doctor,I saw lives taken for reasons that had little to do with healing,"he says, [08:13.85]他說：“作為一名醫(yī)生，我親眼目睹病人死于與治療不相關(guān)的緣由，” [08:17.34]"Now I am able to help patients in a humane and caring way. [08:20.31]“現(xiàn)在，我可以用一種人道和關(guān)懷的方式來幫助病人。” [08:23.28]20 "I hope that others--both doctors and patients-will have that chance." [08:26.36]“我希望別人——無論是醫(yī)生還是病人——都有那樣的機會。” [08:29.44]New Words [08:30.46]單詞 [08:31.49]advocate n & v [08:32.96]1)擁護者，提倡者 2)擁護，提倡 [08:34.44]caring adj [08:35.47]關(guān)懷的 [08:36.49]chemotherapy n [08:38.02]化學(xué)療法 [08:39.55]complicate v [08:40.61]1)使……變得更糟，使……更加惡化 2)使……變得錯綜復(fù)雜，使……難弄 [08:41.68]dedicate v [08:42.95]獻身，致力于，把(時間、精力等)用于 [08:44.23]euthanasia n [08:45.71]無痛苦致死術(shù)，安樂死 [08:47.18]euthanize v [08:48.46]使安樂死 [08:49.74]evaporate v [08:50.86]1)消失，逐漸消散 2)(使液體或固體)蒸發(fā)，揮發(fā) [08:51.97]freely adv [08:53.14]自愿地 [08:54.31]handicapped adj [08:55.59]殘疾的，有智力缺陷的 [08:56.87]hospice n [08:57.98](晚期病人)護理所 [08:59.10]humane adj [09:00.41]人道的，富有同情心的 [09:01.73]imprison v [09:03.01]監(jiān)禁，關(guān)押 [09:04.28]inject v [09:05.40]注射 [09:06.52]investigation n [09:07.88]調(diào)查，調(diào)查研究 [09:09.25]involuntary adj [09:10.57]1)不是出于自愿的 2)無意識的，不自覺的 [09:11.88]license n [09:13.30]1)理由，借口 2)許可證，執(zhí)照 [09:14.72]nonviable adj [09:16.00]不能生長發(fā)育的 [09:17.28]ovarian adj [09:18.45]卵巢的 [09:19.62]overlap v [09:20.99]與……部分重疊 [09:22.36]overseas adv & adj [09:23.78]1)(在、向或來自)海外，(在、向或來自)國外 2)來自海外的，在海外的 [09:25.20]palliative adj [09:26.62]減輕的，緩和的，治標(biāo)的 [09:28.04]parliament n [09:29.52]國會，議會 [09:31.00]pinprick n [09:32.17]小孔，針刺的孔 [09:33.34]prosecutor n [09:34.61]檢察官，公訴人 [09:35.89]scant adj [09:36.95]不足的，欠缺的 [09:38.02]suspended adj [09:39.13]被暫時擱置的 [09:40.25]sway v [09:41.47]1)使動搖，影響 2)(使……)搖擺 [09:42.70]terminally adv [09:43.92]晚期地，致命地 [09:45.14]unavailable adj [09:46.42]不可獲得的 [09:47.70]unresponsive adj [09:48.73]沒有反應(yīng)的 [09:49.75]Required Course:Bedside Manner 101 [09:52.06]必修課101：病床前的態(tài)度 [09:54.36]1 Connie Cronin is the kind of nurse who loves to work the overnight shift on Christmas Eve to usher in the holiday with her patients. [09:58.75]康妮·克羅寧是一位護士，她喜歡在圣誕前夜值夜班，和她的病人一起迎接節(jié)日的到來。 [10:03.14]That's why she was so troubled one morning when she realized on her way home from work [10:06.02]這天早上，在她下班回家的路上她覺得很愧疚; [10:08.90]that she had all but ignored a patient ravaged with infections and confined to isolation. [10:12.22]因為她意識到她幾乎忽視了一位因發(fā)炎而病得很重而被隔離治療的病人。 [10:15.53]Cronin was the only person the patient would see all night, [10:17.33]克羅寧是那天這位病人整個晚上唯一能見到的人。 [10:19.13]but because she was also the only nurse on duty,she avoided his gaze in her rush to finish her tasks. [10:22.78]但是，因為她也是當(dāng)晚唯一值班的護士，她在匆忙完成工作的時候避免著看到他的目光。 [10:26.44]The next evening she headed straight to his room only to learn that he had died. [10:29.23]第二天晚上，她直奔到他的房間，但是發(fā)現(xiàn)他已經(jīng)死了。 [10:32.02]"I abandoned that man during his last hours on Earth,"she says. [10:34.39]“在他生命的最后幾個小時，我沒有給予他需要的關(guān)懷?！彼f。 [10:36.77]2 Virtually every health worker has a story of regret over care not given to a needy patient. [10:40.28]事實上，每個醫(yī)療工作者都有沒有給予病人所渴望的關(guān)懷的遺憾。 [10:43.79]Such events were once the exception, [10:45.08]醫(yī)療工作者們認為，以前，這樣的事件只是偶發(fā)事件， [10:46.38]but today,caregivers say,they are becoming the rule. [10:48.76]而如今已成為司空見慣的事情。 [10:51.13]One CEO of a large health and hospital system in Dallas,Texas, [10:53.80]德克薩斯州達勒斯的一位在健康和醫(yī)院系統(tǒng)的負責(zé)人說， [10:56.46]believes that doctors get pressure from all sides to reduce costs and it takes their focus off the patient. [11:00.17]由于來自各個方面的壓力，醫(yī)生們不得不減少費用，這就使他們的注意力不再集中到病人身上。 [11:03.88]His opinion was echoed by other doctors,nurses and administrators, [11:06.63]他的觀點受到與會的醫(yī)生、護士及行政管理人員的一致贊同。 [11:09.38]who attended the first national conference on"relationship-centered"care in December 1998. [11:13.20]1998年12月，全美第一次“加強醫(yī)護人員對病人的關(guān)懷”會議召開。 [11:17.02]18 As the conference title suggests, [11:18.31]正如這個會議名稱所提示的， [11:19.61]most health professionals agree on the need for doctors and nurses alike to practice better [11:22.79]大多數(shù)的醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)專業(yè)人員們同意：醫(yī)護人員應(yīng)該對病人施予更多的關(guān)愛。 [11:25.98]bedside manners during increasingly short sessions with patients. [11:28.55]在醫(yī)生、護士接觸病人的時間日趨縮短的情況下。 [11:31.13]Studies show that the more comfortable patients feel with a caregiver, [11:33.50]研究表明病人人對他們受到的治療和護理越滿意， [11:35.88]the more likely they are to reveal key medical facts and to follow medical instructions. [11:39.30]則越有可能說出關(guān)鍵的病痛和更好的遵醫(yī)囑行事。 [11:42.72]Yet,6 out of 10 doctors surveyed said that medical school had poorly prepared them to talk with patients. [11:46.66]但是，調(diào)查表明60%的醫(yī)生認為醫(yī)學(xué)院的學(xué)習(xí)并沒有使當(dāng)初作為學(xué)生的他們學(xué)會怎么與病人交談。 [11:50.60]Also 7 out of 10 doctors surveyed said that insufficient time with patients was a serious problem. [11:54.58]同時，70%的醫(yī)生認為，與病人的相處時間不夠長，也是一個嚴重的問題。 [11:58.56]4 Still,health care workers can take a number of steps to improve their talks with patients, [12:01.46]但是，醫(yī)療工作者仍然可以按以下步驟來提高他們與病人的談話的質(zhì)量。 [12:04.36]according to Aaron Lazare,Dean of the University of Massachusetts Medical School. [12:07.25]馬薩諸塞大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的系主任艾倫.拉扎爾認為， [12:10.15]For example,after asking,"What brings you here today?" [12:12.46]比如，在提出問題，“什么不適讓您到醫(yī)院來?”之后， [12:14.76]a doctor should try not to interrupt the patient's reply. [12:16.83]醫(yī)生應(yīng)該傾聽著而不要去打斷病人的回答。 [12:18.90]A recent study showed that a doctor usually breaks in after just 18 seconds, [12:21.80]最近的一項研究表明，醫(yī)生通常在提出問題18秒后就會插話， [12:24.70]but a patient who is allowed to speak freely will finish in two and a half minutes. [12:27.63]而病人如果被允許自由說話的話，需要用2分30秒才能回答完這個問題。 [12:30.56]A second key question,the Dean says,is,"What were you hoping I could do for you?" [12:33.75]系主任說第二個主要問題是“你希望我能為你做什么?” [12:36.94]Doctors and nurses are often amazed by the answer. [12:38.92]而醫(yī)生和護士的經(jīng)常對病人的回答而困惑不已。 [12:40.90]Patients want to be told that they don't have cancer. [12:42.70]病人們希望被告知他們沒有得癌癥。 [12:44.50]Other times they say,"Tell my wife not to leave me"or"Tell my boss I can't work." [12:47.92]有時候，他們會說“告訴我妻子別離開我”或“別告訴老板我不能工作了?！? [12:51.34]5 A doctor's biggest mistake,researchers say, [12:53.05]研究者們認為，一個醫(yī)生的最大錯誤是： [12:54.76]is intimidating patients into silence by tapping a pencil impatiently or keeping one hand on the exam room door handle. [12:59.42]不耐煩地敲著筆或把一只手搭在檢查室的門把上，嚇得病人不敢說下去。 [13:04.08]Dean Lazare says, [13:05.27]拉扎爾主任說： [13:06.46]"No visit should end without a doctor asking,'Is there anything else you'd like to tell me?' [13:09.59]“每一次問診都應(yīng)該以醫(yī)生說‘您還有什么別的不適要告訴我嗎’而結(jié)束?！? [13:12.72]"For their part,patients must speak up. [13:14.57]就病人這一方面而言，他們必須毫無保留地說出自己想說的。 [13:16.43]Many people suffer from what medical professionals call the "good-patient syndrome", [13:19.15]許多病人患有醫(yī)療工作者們所稱作的“好病人綜合癥”， [13:21.86]a reluctance to take up a nurse's time or a fear that a complaint isn't worth mentioning. [13:25.10]即不愿意占用護士的時間或認為某種不適不值得提及。 [13:28.34]One thing that frustrates doctors is that a number of patients wait until they are halfway out the door to bring up their most urgent concern. [13:32.90]還有一位讓醫(yī)生頗感沮喪的事情：許多病人一直等到他們一只腳已踏到診療室的門外，才說出最令他們擔(dān)心的事情。 [13:37.45]6 To prevent these problems, [13:38.32]為了預(yù)防這些問題， [13:39.18]Dean Lazare and others are helping medical and nursing schools create a list of communication"competencies", [13:42.91]拉扎爾主任和其他人員正幫醫(yī)學(xué)院和護士學(xué)校制定一系列的交流“秘訣”， [13:46.63]such as helping a patient discuss worries and delivering bad news gently. [13:49.48]比如說怎么幫助病人說出他們的擔(dān)心以及委婉地向他們傳達不好的消息。 [13:52.32]A few schools now require future health professionals to take a course each year to practice with actors simulating difficult cases. [13:57.25]現(xiàn)在，有一些學(xué)校要求未來的醫(yī)療工作者們每年必修一門課，即由演員扮演成病人，接受學(xué)生們的問診。 [14:02.18]Students are videotaped so that they can see themselves backing away from a prostitute, [14:04.94]學(xué)生們的表現(xiàn)被制成錄像帶，這樣他們就能看到自己厭惡地躲開一個妓女(病人)， [14:07.69]sighing as an elderly man talks on and on,or glaring angrily when challenged. [14:11.15]或是當(dāng)一個老人不停地訴說時自己在嘆氣，又或是當(dāng)受到質(zhì)疑時怒氣沖沖地瞪著病人。 [14:14.60]Soon students may conduct mock physicals and be graded on bedside manner as part of medical licensing exams. [14:18.65]很快地，學(xué)生進行模擬體驗和他們的表現(xiàn)將成為醫(yī)生從業(yè)資格考試的一部分。 [14:22.70]7 No matter what formal training is offered, [14:24.16]不管接受了什么樣的正式培訓(xùn)， [14:25.62]nurses and doctors will always find their own ways of meeting a patient's needs. [14:28.19]醫(yī)生們和護士們總是能找到他們自己的滿足病人需要的方法。 [14:30.77]Connie Cronin set up a network of nurses who were willing to cover for one another when the need arose. [14:34.19]康妮·克羅寧把那些愿意在工作中互相幫助的護士組織起來。 [14:37.61]Thanks to that system, [14:38.58]由于有了這個組織， [14:39.55]she was able to spend 45 minutes with a dying cancer patient while the woman waited for her husband in the middle of the night. [14:43.55]當(dāng)康妮·克羅寧半夜等她丈夫來接她的時候，能夠照顧一位生命垂危的癌癥病人45分鐘。 [14:47.54]He didn't arrive in time,but the patient had Cronin there to hold her hand through her final breath. [14:50.87]那天，她丈夫沒能按時來接她，但是病人有機會由康妮在床前陪她渡過了生命的最后一刻。 [14:54.20]8 Dr.Bernie Siegel,a surgeon at Yale Medical School, [14:56.51]伯尼·西格爾醫(yī)生，是耶魯醫(yī)學(xué)院的外科醫(yī)生。 [14:58.81]has developed his own way for relating to his patients more effectively. [15:01.12]他摸索出自己的一套方法，即通過病人的行為更有效地了解病人。 [15:03.42]He recently wrote a book called Love,Medicine,and Miracles, [15:06.08]最近，他寫了一本書《愛、藥和奇跡》， [15:08.75]which tells of his life and experience in healing. [15:10.60]講述自己的生活和治療病人的經(jīng)歷。 [15:12.46]In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale, [15:14.31]在二十世紀七十年代，他是耶魯大學(xué)的一名外科醫(yī)生， [15:16.16]had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children,but he was terribly unhappy. [15:19.24]有一位很好的妻子以及五個漂亮的孩子，但是他那時過得非常不快活。 [15:22.32]Like most doctors of his generation, [15:23.74]與同一時代的大多數(shù)醫(yī)生一樣， [15:25.16]he had been trained to keep an emotional distance from sick people and their families. [15:27.92]他所受的教育讓他從感情上遠離病人和病人的家庭。 [15:30.67]He treated people's diseases and kept himself apart from their lives, [15:33.30]他為病人治病，但是使自己遠離他們的生活。 [15:35.93]but he was miserable behind the wall he had built between his patients and himself. [15:38.77]他和他的病人們之間有一堵墻，在這堵墻后，他很可憐。 [15:41.62]He considered leaving medicine. [15:43.18]他考慮著不當(dāng)醫(yī)生了。 [15:44.75]9 Then he decided that before he quit he would try a different way of doctoring. [15:47.59]于是他決定，在他辭職之前，要換一種方式當(dāng)醫(yī)生。 [15:50.44]He would allow himself to care about the patients he was treating. [15:52.51]他要讓自己去關(guān)心他所治療的病人。 [15:54.58]Once he did this, [15:55.55]一旦他這樣做了之后， [15:56.52]he began to see that it was very strange to think of medicine as a profession where doctors stand apart from their patients. [16:00.39]就開始明白，如果把行醫(yī)看作是一種需要醫(yī)生與他們的病人遠遠的保持距離的職業(yè)，那是非?？尚Φ?。 [16:04.26]He knew that that he had to deal with cancer but that cancers were growing inside of people. [16:07.39]他清楚他必須進行治療針對癌癥，但是癌癥又是長在病人體內(nèi)的。 [16:10.52]So he shaved his head, [16:11.77]因此，他把頭剃光， [16:13.01]moved his desk against the wall,sat down by his patients, [16:15.17]將桌子靠墻放，在病人身旁坐下， [16:17.33]and asked them to call him by his first name,Bernie. [16:19.40]讓他們直呼自己的名字：伯尼。 [16:21.47]10 As Bernie,he now talks with his patients and tries to help them with their fears. [16:24.46]作為伯尼，他現(xiàn)在和病人聊天并且?guī)椭麄兛朔謶中睦怼? [16:27.44]One thing he tells everyone is that it is important to show appreciation to others. [16:30.16]他告訴每個人這一點：向別人表示你很感激他是重要的。 [16:32.88]He often tells people to give a reminder of their love to their family that day-a note, [16:36.10]他經(jīng)常告訴人們在那一天向家人表達他們的愛——可以是用一張便條、 [16:39.32]flowers,a card,a hug, [16:40.93]一束花、一張卡片、一個擁抱， [16:42.53]or just say it out loud because everyone in the family needs reminders. [16:45.08]或僅僅是把它說出來，因為家里的每個人都需要這種愛的表示。 [16:47.64]He recommends that his patient say"I love you"to someone that day, [16:49.98]他建議在那一天他的病人向某人說“我愛你”， [16:52.32]starting with the one to whom it is the hardest to say, [16:54.21]并且最先向他最難以啟齒的人說， [16:56.10]and who often needs it the most. [16:57.43]而這個人常常是最需要這句話的人。 [16:58.76]He strongly believes that this "prescription"works well and has no side effects. [17:01.70]他堅信這個“處方”效果很好而且沒有副作用。 [17:04.63]It is helpful to the person who is ill as well as to those people who are not. [17:07.44]它對病人和身體健康的人同樣有幫助。 [17:10.25]Bernie is convinced that if people are to heal physically they must also heal emotionally. [17:13.58]伯尼認為醫(yī)生不僅要治愈病人身體上的不適，還得解開病人思想上的疙瘩。 [17:16.91]When his cancer patients are undergoing unpleasant treatments such as chemotherapy, [17:19.72]當(dāng)他的患癌癥的病人正在接受像化療這樣令人不快的治療時， [17:22.52]expressions of love help both them and those who are close to them. [17:24.92]這些對愛的表達不僅幫助了這些病人，而且?guī)椭瞬∪酥車娜藗儭? [17:27.31]His patients believe him because he takes the time to show his love and concern to them. [17:30.21]他的病人們很相信他，因為他花了時間去表明他對病人的愛和關(guān)心。 [17:33.11]Not all doctors can become Bernie Siegel, [17:34.85]不是所有的醫(yī)生都能成為伯尼·西格爾， [17:36.60]but all can learn to become more caring. [17:38.45]但是所有的醫(yī)生都能學(xué)得變得更加有愛心。 [17:40.31]New Words [17:40.90]單詞 [17:41.50]bedside n [17:42.77]床邊 [17:44.05]caregiver n [17:44.97]照顧者 [17:45.89]CEO n [17:46.86]總經(jīng)理 [17:47.83]doctoring n [17:48.89]醫(yī)治，治療 [17:49.96]mock adj [17:50.60]非真實的，模擬的 [17:51.25]prostitute n [17:51.94]娼妓，妓女 [17:52.62]ravage v [17:53.59]毀壞，使遭蹂躪 [17:54.56]Human Cloning,Don't Just Say No! [17:56.69]對克隆人類，不只是說“不” [17:58.81]1 That scientists have cloned a sheep sends academics and the public into a panic at the prospect that humans might be next. [18:04.57]科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)克隆了一只羊，這使專業(yè)學(xué)者和大眾陷入恐慌：他們擔(dān)心下一個被克隆的將是人類。 [18:10.33]That's an understandable reaction. [18:11.66]這是一種可以理解的反應(yīng)。 [18:13.00]Cloning is a radical challenge to the most fundamental laws of biology, [18:16.27]克隆是對最根本的生物學(xué)法則的挑戰(zhàn)， [18:19.55]so it's not unreasonable to be concerned that it might threaten human society and dignity. [18:23.45]因此擔(dān)心它會威脅人類社會和人類的尊嚴，是合情合理的。 [18:27.36]Yet much of the ethical opposition seems also to grow out of an unthinking disgust. [18:31.36]但是，很多人認為克隆不道德并且反對它，不是深思熟慮之后的結(jié)論，而只是因為他們從本能上討厭它。 [18:35.35]And that makes it hard for even trained scientists and ethicists to see the matter clearly. [18:39.40]甚至很多受過訓(xùn)練的科學(xué)家和道德家們也因此而不能很好地看待克隆這一現(xiàn)象。 [18:43.45]While human cloning might not offer great benefits to humanity, [18:46.30]即使克隆人類可能不會帶給人類巨大的好處， [18:49.14]no one has yet made a persuasive case that it would do any real harm,either. [18:52.65]但是沒有人能提供有說服力的例子證明它有任何壞處。 [18:56.16]2 Theologians contend that to clone a human would violate human dignity. [18:59.38]神學(xué)家們認為克隆人類將有損人類的尊嚴。 [19:02.60]That would surely be true if a cloned individual were treated as a lesser being, [19:05.83]如果說被克隆的人被當(dāng)作次等人對待， [19:09.05]with fewer rights or lower stature. [19:10.70]或擁有較少的權(quán)力和低等的社會地位，那么確實有損人的尊嚴。 [19:12.36]But why suppose that cloned persons wouldn't share the same rights and dignity as the rest of us? [19:16.59]但是為什么要假設(shè)被克隆的人類不能和我們分享權(quán)力和尊嚴呢? [19:20.82]A leading ethicist has suggested that cloning would violate the "right to genetic identity". [19:24.64]一位權(quán)威的倫理學(xué)家認為克隆將破壞“擁有基因身份的權(quán)利?！? [19:28.45]Where did he come up with such a right? [19:29.91]他是從哪里想到的這個權(quán)利? [19:31.37]It makes perfect sense to say that adult persons have a right not to be cloned without their voluntary, [19:35.45]如果說一位成年人不知情同意，他就有不被克隆的權(quán)利的話， [19:39.54]informed consent. [19:40.82]這位倫理學(xué)家的說法還有一定的意義。 [19:42.10]But if such consent is given,whose "right"to genetic identity would be violated? [19:45.43]但是，如果他知情同意的話，又是誰的“擁有基因身份的權(quán)利”將被破壞呢? [19:48.76]3 Many of the science-fiction scenarios prompted by the prospect of human cloning turn out, [19:51.69]有許多以人類基因克隆為題材的科幻小說劇本， [19:54.62]upon reflection,to be absurdly improbable. [19:57.02]但是經(jīng)過對這些劇本的仔細推敲，便會發(fā)現(xiàn)其內(nèi)容荒誕不經(jīng)。 [19:59.41]There's the fear,for instance, [20:00.51]比如，有人擔(dān)心， [20:01.61]that parents might clone a child to have"spare parts"in case the original child needs an organ transplant. [20:05.89]父母們會克隆一個小孩，以在必要的時候為其原有小孩的器官移植，提供器官。 [20:10.18]But parents of identical twins don't view one child as an organ farm for the other. [20:13.31]但是，雙胞胎的父母們并不認為其中一個孩子是另一個孩子的“器官生產(chǎn)廠”; [20:16.44]Why should cloned children's parents be any different? [20:18.65]那么，為什么要認為擁有克隆子女的父母會與雙胞胎(或多胞胎)父母對待孩子的方式有不同呢? [20:20.87]4 Another disturbing thought is that cloning will lead to efforts to breed individuals with genetic qualities perceived as exceptional [20:25.24]另一個令人擔(dān)心的問題是：克隆技術(shù)將導(dǎo)致人們努力培育具備特別基因素質(zhì)的個體， [20:29.62](math geniuses,basketball players). [20:31.27]比如數(shù)學(xué)天才、藍球運動員。 [20:32.93]Such ideas are repulsive because of the atrocities committed by the Nazis in the name of eugenics. [20:36.71]這種想法是令人厭惡的，因為(它使我們想起了)納粹曾經(jīng)以優(yōu)秀人種學(xué)說為名義所犯下的暴行。 [20:40.49]But there's a vast difference between "selective breeding"as practiced by totalitarian regimes [20:44.54]但是集權(quán)主義國家所實施的“選擇繁衍” [20:48.59](where the urge to produce certain types of people leads to efforts to eradicate other types) [20:52.10](強烈地希望繁衍某些民族而試圖滅絕其他民族) [20:55.61]and the immeasurably more benign forms already practiced in democratic societies [20:59.32]與已在民主國家中進行的已溫和了很多的選擇繁衍形式， [21:03.02](where,say,lawyers freely choose to marry other lawyers). [21:05.78](比如說，律師自由選擇與律師結(jié)婚) [21:08.53]Banks stocked with the frozen sperm of geniuses already exist. [21:11.43]保持有天才們的精液的冷凍精子庫早就建立起來了。 [21:14.33]They haven't created a master race because only a tiny number of women have wanted to impregnate themselves this way. [21:18.02]但是一個優(yōu)等民族并沒有因此而產(chǎn)生，因為需要借助精子庫內(nèi)的精子懷孕的育齡婦女畢竟是極少數(shù)。 [21:21.71]Why would it be different if human cloning became available? [21:24.28]如果克隆技術(shù)發(fā)展到一定程度，利用克隆技術(shù)與利用精子庫繁衍后代，又有什么不同呢? [21:26.86]5 So who will likely take advantage of cloning? [21:28.60]那么，將有哪些人們將受益于克隆技術(shù)呢? [21:30.35]Perhaps a grieving couple whose child is dying. [21:32.60]也許是一對因孩子生命垂危而悲痛不已的夫婦。 [21:34.85]This might seem psychologically twisted. [21:36.52]這看起來有些心理變態(tài)。 [21:38.20]But a cloned child born to such dubious parents stands no greater or lesser chance of being loved, [21:41.56]但是這些可能會有心理變態(tài)的(不大可靠)的父母，對待他們克隆的子女 [21:44.93]or rejected,or warped than a child normally conceived. [21:47.41]會像對待他們正常生育的小孩一樣，別無二致。 [21:49.90]Infertile couples are also likely to seek out cloning. [21:51.93]沒有生育能力的夫婦也可能受益于克隆技術(shù)。 [21:53.96]That such couples have other options(in vitro fertilization or adoption)is not an argument for denying them the right to clone. [21:58.84]這些夫婦有別的選擇(如體外受精或領(lǐng)養(yǎng))，但是這些別的選擇，并不能作為剝奪他們享有克隆權(quán)利的依據(jù)。 [22:03.72]Or consider an example raised by Judge Richard Posner: [22:06.02]或者我們討論一下由理查德·鮑斯奈法官舉出的一個案例： [22:08.33]a couple in which the husband has some tragic genetic defect. [22:10.76]有一對夫婦，丈夫有某種遺傳基因缺陷。 [22:13.19]Currently,if this couple wants a genetically related child, [22:15.44]目前，如果這對夫婦想要一個有血緣關(guān)系的孩子， [22:17.69]they have four not altogether pleasant options. [22:19.90]他們有四種不那么令人愉快的選擇。 [22:22.12]They can reproduce naturally and risk passing on the disease to the child. [22:25.19]他們可以自然生產(chǎn)，但是要冒把遺傳性疾病傳給子女的危險。 [22:28.27]They can go to a sperm bank and take a chance on unknown genes. [22:30.85]他們可以去精子庫，去選擇不知名者的精子。 [22:33.42]They can try in vitro fertilization and dispose of any afflicted embryo--though that might be objectionable,too. [22:38.17]他們也可以嘗試體外受精并且處理令人痛苦的胚胎——雖然這種選擇也會令人不快。 [22:42.92]Or they can get a male relative of the father to donate sperm,if such a relative exists. [22:46.70]或者如果丈夫有男性親戚，可以請這位親戚捐獻精子。 [22:50.48]This is one case where even people unnerved by cloning might see it as not the worst option. [22:54.12]從這個例子，即使對克隆技術(shù)不感冒的人們也能發(fā)現(xiàn)基因克隆不是最壞的選擇。 [22:57.76]6 Even if human cloning offers no obvious benefits to humanity,why ban it? [23:00.94]即使克隆人類不能為人類帶來明顯的好處，又為什么要禁止它呢? [23:04.13]In a democratic society we don't usually pass laws outlawing something before there is actual or probable evidence of harm. [23:09.38]在一個民主的社會中，我們通常不會在某個事物還沒有確切的或可能的有危害的證據(jù)之前，就通過法律將它視為非法而加以廢止。 [23:14.64]A moratorium on further research into human cloning might make sense, [23:17.21]為了能心平氣和地思考克隆人類所引發(fā)的嚴肅問題， [23:19.79]in order to consider calmly the grave questions it raises. [23:22.18]而對克隆人類的進一步研究工作做一些推遲是很有意義的。 [23:24.58]If the moratorium is then lifted, [23:26.03]如果這種推遲結(jié)束， [23:27.49]human cloning should remain a research activity for an extended period. [23:30.16]克隆人類應(yīng)該仍然是一個長期的研究活動。 [23:32.82]And if is ever attempted, [23:33.65]并且，如果真的要克隆人類， [23:34.48]it should--and no doubt will--take place only with careful scrutiny and layers of legal oversight. [23:38.29]也應(yīng)該——而且毫不疑問將——在仔細詳實的查驗和法律的層層監(jiān)督下，才能發(fā)生。 [23:42.11]Most important, [23:43.08]最重要的是， [23:44.05]human cloning should be governed by the same laws that now protect human rights. [23:46.86]就像人權(quán)有法律保護一樣，人類克隆權(quán)也應(yīng)該有相應(yīng)的法律來加以保護。 [23:49.67]A world not safe for cloned humans would be a world not safe for the rest of us. [23:53.57]一個對克隆人類來說不安全的世界，對于我們這些被正常生育下來的人來說，也是不安全的。 [23:57.48]New Words [23:58.16]單詞 [23:58.85]adoption n [23:59.86]收養(yǎng)，領(lǐng)養(yǎng) [24:00.86]atrocity n [24:02.02]暴行 [24:03.17]breeding n [24:03.94]繁殖 [24:04.72]clone v [24:05.63]無性繁殖，克隆 [24:06.55]cloning n [24:07.47]無性繁殖，克隆 [24:08.39]disgust n & v [24:09.45]1)厭惡 2)使厭惡 [24:10.51]eradicate v [24:11.43]擺脫，消滅 [24:12.35]ethicist n [24:13.68]倫理學(xué)家，道德學(xué)家 [24:15.01]eugenics n [24:16.07]優(yōu)生學(xué) [24:17.14]extended adj [24:18.32]延長的，延續(xù)的 [24:19.51]fertilization n [24:20.66]受精 [24:21.82]immeasurably adv [24:23.15]無法計量地，無限地 [24:24.48]impregnate v [24:25.63]使懷孕 [24:26.78]infertile adj [24:27.97]1)不孕的 2)不肥沃的，貧瘠的 [24:29.16]layer n [24:30.26]1)層次，層面 2)一層 [24:31.36]moratorium n [24:32.42]暫停(活動) [24:33.48]outlaw v [24:34.49]禁止，取締 [24:35.50]oversight n [24:36.32]監(jiān)督，看管 [24:37.15]reproduce v [24:38.12]1)生育，繁殖 2)復(fù)制，重做 [24:39.10]repulsive adj [24:40.28]令人厭惡的 [24:41.47]scenario n [24:42.57]腳本，劇情說明 [24:43.67]scrutiny n [24:44.82]詳盡的查驗 [24:45.97]theologian n [24:46.94]神學(xué)家，神學(xué)研究者 [24:47.92]twisted adj [24:49.10]扭曲的 [24:50.29]unnerve v [24:51.12]使緊張不安，使心慌意亂 [24:51.95]vitro [24:52.78]在體外，在試管內(nèi) [24:53.60]warp v [24:54.76]使(性格等)不正常，使乖戾 [24:55.91]How the Gene Test Can Affect Your Insurance [24:57.94]基因檢查如何影響你的保險 [24:59.98]1 Jamie Stephenson has seen first-hand what modern genetic science can do for a family. [25:03.31]杰米·斯蒂芬森已經(jīng)親身經(jīng)歷了現(xiàn)代基因科學(xué)能給一個家庭帶來什么。 [25:06.64]When her son David was 2 years old, [25:08.06]當(dāng)她的兒子戴維兩歲的時候， [25:09.48]a pediatrician noticed signs of mental retardation and developmental delays. [25:12.56]一位兒科醫(yī)生注意到他有精神呆滯和發(fā)育遲緩的跡象。 [25:15.64]A lab test confirmed the diagnosis, [25:17.24]實驗檢查證實了醫(yī)生的診斷， [25:18.84]and the Stephensons spent several years learning to live with it. [25:20.96]但是斯蒂芬森一家經(jīng)過幾年才接受了這一現(xiàn)實。 [25:23.09]When David was 6,he visited a neurologist, [25:25.21]當(dāng)戴維六歲時，他去看了一位神經(jīng)科醫(yī)生， [25:27.34]who scribbled"hereditary mental retardation"on an insurance-company claim form. [25:30.61]這位醫(yī)生在保險公司索賠表上寫下了“遺傳性精神呆滯”。 [25:33.89]The company responded promptly-by canceling coverage for the entire family of six. [25:37.31]保險公司做出了快速反應(yīng)——取消了這一家六口人的保險險別。 [25:40.73]There is no medical treatment for his mental retardation, [25:42.67]對于這種精神呆滯疾病，醫(yī)學(xué)上還沒有對癥治療的方法。 [25:44.62]and none of David's siblings had been diagnosed with the condition. [25:46.74]而且，戴維的兄弟、姊妹都沒有患這種病。 [25:48.86]The company didn't care," [25:49.78]“保險公司可不管這些，” [25:50.70]Stephenson says. [25:51.38]斯蒂芬森說。 [25:52.07]"They just saw a positive genetic test and said,'You're out'". [25:54.70]“他們只是看到了一個基因檢查的陽性結(jié)果，然后說，‘你們不再享有醫(yī)療保險?！? [25:57.32]2 No one would argue that genetic tests are worthless. [25:59.48]沒有人會同意基因檢查毫無用處。 [26:01.64]Used properly,they can give people unprecedented power over their lives. [26:04.49]基因檢查，如果能被適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂?，將使人們對他們的生命具有前所未有的控制力? [26:07.33]Prospective parents who discover they're silent carriers of the gene for a disease like Tay-Sachs, [26:10.93]未來的父母們，當(dāng)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己是某種基因遺傳疾性，比如 [26:14.53]which causes death by the age of 3, [26:16.28]家族性黑蒙性白癡的隱性攜帶者時， [26:18.02]can make better-informed decisions about whether and how to have kids. [26:20.51]可以在了解更多信息的情況下決定是否或怎樣去生小孩。 [26:22.99]Some genetic maladies can be managed through medication and lifestyle changes once they're identified. [26:26.54]有些基因缺陷性疾病可以在確診之后，通過藥物治療和生活方式的改變而加以控制。 [26:30.08]And while knowing that you're at special risk for cancer may be an emotional burden, [26:32.98]但是知道你有極大的可能患癌癥，會成為一種精神負擔(dān); [26:35.88]It can also alert you to the need for intensive monitoring. [26:38.00]但這也同時也警示你做深入的自我調(diào)整。 [26:40.13]3 The catch is that no one can guarantee the privacy of genetic information. [26:42.95]但是一個潛在的令人棘手的問題：沒有人能夠保證個人基因信息的絕對保密。 [26:45.78]Out-side of large group plans, [26:47.29]除了大的團體計劃外， [26:48.80]insurance companies often scour people's medical records before extending coverage. [26:51.85]保險公司在決定保險范圍前常常會搜索客戶的健康記錄。 [26:54.89]And though employers face some restrictions, [26:56.69]雖然對雇主要看個人健康記錄有一定的限制， [26:58.49]virtually any company with a benefits program can get access to workers' health data. [27:01.42]但是事實上，任何有贏利項目的公司都可以得到工人健康狀況的資料。 [27:04.36]So can schools,adoption agencies and the military. [27:06.93]學(xué)校、領(lǐng)養(yǎng)機構(gòu)和軍隊機構(gòu)也有這樣的權(quán)利。 [27:09.50]4 How often is genetic information used against people? [27:11.75]又有多少時候基因信息會帶給人們不快呢? [27:14.00]No one knows,but there are signs that discrimination is fairly common. [27:16.76]沒有人知道。但是種種跡象表明基因歧視相當(dāng)普遍。 [27:19.51]In one recent study, [27:20.63]在最近的一次調(diào)查中， [27:21.74]more than 200 instances were documented in which people experienced genetic discrimination. [27:25.25]資料顯示不少于200個人曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過基因歧視。 [27:28.76]Many participants told of losing their health and life insurance. [27:31.01]很多被調(diào)查者談到他們已喪失了健康和人壽保險。 [27:33.26]But that wasn't their only problem. [27:34.60]但是，這還不是他們所面臨的唯一麻煩。 [27:35.93]One respondent was denied a job selling insurance after he disclosed that he had a hereditary disease that can be treated for about $ 1,200 a year. [27:41.69]有一位被調(diào)查者說她患有一種遺傳性疾病，每年花1，200美元可以治愈，她因此而失去了賣保險的工作。 [27:47.45]A social worker who had excelled during her first year at a Wisconsin healthcare company [27:50.26]有一位社會工作者在威斯康星醫(yī)療保險公司的第一年，干得非常好， [27:53.06]was quickly forced out after mentioning that her uncle had Huntington's, [27:55.55]但是當(dāng)她提及她有一位叔叔患有抗廷斯頓舞蹈癥， [27:58.03]a brain disease that victims' offspring have a 50 percent of developing. [28:01.07]一種患者后代有百分之五十的機率患病的腦疾， [28:04.12]A woman in the early stages of Huntington's disease was unable to place her child with a private adoption agency. [28:08.31]一位婦女患家族性黑蒙性白癡病，已具有該病的早期癥狀，她找不到一家能收養(yǎng)她孩子的私人育兒院。 [28:12.50]A public agency took the child, [28:13.87]一個公立育兒院收養(yǎng)了這個小孩。 [28:15.24]eventually matching her with a couple who had previously been rejected themselves [28:17.87]這個小孩子最后由一對夫婦收養(yǎng)，這對夫婦本來曾想收養(yǎng)孩子，但被拒絕， [28:20.50]beacause one partner carried the Huntington's gene. [28:22.53]因為夫婦中的一位是抗廷斯頓基因的隱性攜帶者。 [28:24.56]"It's a stark commentary on how society regards people at risk,"they said. [28:27.50]“這便是這個社會如何對待有基因缺陷公司的!”他們說。 [28:30.43]5 Not surprisingly,people from high-risk families have come to fear tests almost as much as the disease. [28:34.34]毫不奇怪，有家族性遺傳病病史的成員，已經(jīng)開始像害怕疾病本身一樣害怕基因檢查。 [28:38.24]It is estimated that only 15 percent of the people with a Huntington's afflicted parent choose to learn their own status. [28:42.47]據(jù)估計，在父親患有抗廷斯頓病的人群中，只有百分之五十的人希望知曉他們自己的健康狀況。 [28:46.70]Discrimination isn't their only concern; [28:48.50]怕遭受基因歧視并不是他們唯一的擔(dān)心， [28:50.30]virtually everyone testing positive for the Huntington's gene develops symptoms during middle age, [28:53.81]事實上每個抗廷斯頓基因檢查曾陽性的個體，都會在中年時期出現(xiàn)抗廷斯頓病的癥狀。 [28:57.32]and doctors can do nothing to help. [28:58.66]而且醫(yī)生對這些癥狀束手無策。 [28:59.99]But people who might benefit from genetic tests are almost as leery. [29:02.42]但是那些可能會從基因檢查中受益的人們對此幾乎持同樣的謹慎態(tài)度。 [29:04.85]When researchers surveyed 279 people from families plagued by lung cancer, [29:08.21]當(dāng)研究人員對二百七十九位有肺癌家庭史的人們進行調(diào)查時， [29:11.58]only 43 percent wanted to have gene tests that might gauge their own susceptibility. [29:14.86]只有百分之四十三的人希望做基因測試以弄清他們患有肺癌的可能性。 [29:18.13]Many said the prospect of discrimination scared them off. [29:20.29]很多人說他們不愿遭受基因歧視，所以拒絕基因檢查。 [29:22.45]6 Besides depriving people of potentially useful information,the fear of discrimination can hamper scientific progress. [29:27.29]對因為有基因缺陷而受到歧視的擔(dān)憂，不僅使人們不能獲得潛在的有用的信息，還將阻礙科學(xué)的進步。 [29:32.14]Barbara Weber,a geneticist, [29:33.65]芭芭拉·韋伯，一位基因?qū)W家， [29:35.16]often asks those who learn they carry the Huntington's gene to take part in confidential follow-up studies. [29:38.98]經(jīng)常請求那些抗廷斯頓基因的隱性攜帶者們參加保密的隨訪研究。 [29:42.79]She wants to know which strategies are most effective for preserving their health. [29:45.78]她想知道什么辦法能最有效地保證他們的健康。 [29:48.77]"We have the tools to answer these questions,"she says. [29:50.71]“我們有辦法回答這些問題，”她說。 [29:52.66]"All they have to do is tell us how they're doing every six months." [29:54.91]“他們所需要做的只是每六個月一次來告訴我們他們正在干什么?！? [29:57.16]Yet 75 percent of the people she approaches say no. [29:59.41]但是，有百分之七十五的人拒絕了她的要求。 [30:01.66]7 The federal government is now taking steps to make genetic information less threatening. [30:04.84]聯(lián)邦政府現(xiàn)在正在采取措施，使基因信息不再那么可怕。 [30:08.03]A recently enacted health insurance act bars insurers from treating genetic mutations as [30:11.54]一項最近實施的健康保險法案規(guī)定：禁止將基因缺陷當(dāng)作 [30:15.05]"pre-existing conditions"unless they are causing illness. [30:17.53]“投保前存在的情況”來處理，除非基因缺陷已使當(dāng)事人患病。 [30:20.02]The act also guarantees coverage to anyone leaving one group plan for another, [30:23.15]法案同時保證，任何人，他有權(quán)利停止一個團體保險計劃，申請另外的保險險種， [30:26.28]whatever his pre-existing conditions. [30:27.74]不管以前健康狀況如何 [30:29.20]That will make switching jobs easier for many people, [30:31.09]這對很多人來說就是更容易更換工作。 [30:32.98]but ethicists say the act is only a first step. [30:35.10]但是倫理學(xué)家們說這個法案只是第一步， [30:37.22]Because it covers only group plans and doesn't deal with disability insurance, [30:39.98]因為這個法案只涉及到團體保險計劃，而沒有針對殘疾人的保險。 [30:42.73]the act won't do much for people like Theresa Morelli, [30:44.77]這個法案幫不了像特里奧·莫雷里這樣的人們。 [30:46.80]who applied for independent coverage several years ago. [30:49.05]幾年前，特里奧·莫雷里申請了獨立的保險險種。 [30:51.30]Morelli was 28 and in perfect health when she met with an insurance agent and paid her first premium. [30:54.99]當(dāng)她碰到一位保險代理商，并付第一筆保險費時，她二十八歲，非常健康。 [30:58.68]A month later,she got her check back, [31:00.19]一個月后，她的支票被退回， [31:01.70]along with a letter saying her application had been denied because her father had Huntington's disease. [31:05.07]并附信一封，說她的申請被拒絕是因為她的父親患有抗廷斯頓病。 [31:08.44]Morelli's father had in fact received that diagnosis [31:10.56]莫雷里的父親確實收到了那樣的診斷書 [31:12.68]--erroneously,it turned out--ant her doctor had made a note of it in her chart. [31:15.44]——這份診斷書最后被證明是誤診——并且莫雷里的醫(yī)生曾就此事在她的健康記錄表上附了一張便條。 [31:18.19]8 The restrictions on employers are also full of holes. [31:20.32]法案對雇主的限制也是漏洞百出、有很多缺陷。 [31:22.44]A disabilities act bars companies from discrimination against people with disabilities [31:25.63]殘疾人法案禁止各公司歧視身體有缺陷的人 [31:28.81]--and it defines that term broadly enough to include genetic mutations that have yet to cause symptoms. [31:32.45]——法案所定義的殘疾人的范圍是如此的廣泛，其中包括了還沒有引起疾病癥狀的有缺陷基因。 [31:36.08]But the act does nothing to prevent employers from gathering medical information. [31:38.84]但是法案對于雇主們收集醫(yī)療健康情況的行為無能為力。 [31:41.59]As long as employers have access to genetic information, [31:43.90]而只要雇主能夠搞到這些基因信息， [31:46.20]they'll have an irresistible incentive to use it. [31:47.86]他們很難抵抗住使用這些信息的誘惑。 [31:49.51]9 Lawmakers are now racing to strengthen the protections. [31:51.64]法律制定者們正努力加強各方面的保護。 [31:53.76]At least 15 states in the U.S.have recently placed restrictions on insurers or employers, [31:57.36]在美國，至少有十五個州最近對承保人或雇主提出要求， [32:00.96]and Congress will consider several bills in the new session. [32:03.12]并且國會將在即將開幕的國會會議期間通過幾個法案。 [32:05.28]The insurance industry argues that it should be free to charge people rates that reflect their risks, [32:08.61]保險行業(yè)人士認為，投保時他們應(yīng)該有權(quán)利根據(jù)投保人的情況，自行決定保險費。 [32:11.94]at least when dealing with individuals and small companies. [32:14.12]至少在處理個人投保和小公司投保時 [32:16.30]But most ethicists contend that where health coverage is concerned, [32:18.73]但是大多數(shù)的倫理學(xué)家提出抗議，就醫(yī)療保險費而言， [32:21.16]people shouldn't be penalized for risks they can't modify. [32:23.73]人們不能因為他們無法改變的風(fēng)險，而受到不公正的對待。 [32:26.30]10 Discrimination isn't the only potential downside to genetic testing. [32:28.93]由于基因缺陷而遭人歧視并不是唯一潛在地阻礙基因檢查的因素。 [32:31.56]Some of the new susceptibility tests can only vaguely predict illness [32:34.31]有些新的敏感性測試只能粗略地預(yù)測疾病 [32:37.07]-and no one forces the companies that offer them to counsel patients about what the results actually mean. [32:40.67]——并且沒有人要求提供某種檢查結(jié)果的公司向病人解釋這些結(jié)果究竟意味著什么， [32:44.27]Even when the tests are sound and the results secure, [32:46.61]即使檢查很順利，檢查結(jié)果表明被檢查者很健康， [32:48.95]the knowledge they create can dash hopes and divide families. [32:51.34]這些結(jié)果所提供的知識也能使希望破滅，使家庭分裂。 [32:53.74]New Words [32:54.89]單詞 [32:56.04]alert v & adj [32:57.14]1)使警覺，使警惕 2)警惕的，警覺的 [32:58.24]carrier n [32:59.06]1)帶有缺陷基因的人 2)運輸工具 [32:59.89]commentary n [33:01.13]1)說明，寫照 2)實況報道 [33:02.38]developmental adj [33:03.74]發(fā)育的，發(fā)展的 [33:05.11]diagnosis n [33:06.35]診斷 [33:07.60]disclose v [33:08.46]透露 [33:09.32]downside n [33:10.24]消極面，負面 [33:11.16]enact v [33:11.99]制定(法律等)，通過(法案等) [33:12.82]gauge v [33:13.64]估計，判定 [33:14.47]geneticist n [33:15.57]遺傳學(xué)家 [33:16.67]healthcare n [33:17.73]保健，保健事業(yè) [33:18.79]hereditary adj [33:19.89]遺傳的 [33:20.99]high-risk adj [33:22.00]高風(fēng)險的 [33:23.00]Huntington n [33:23.98]遺傳性慢性舞蹈病 [33:24.95]insurer n [33:26.01]保險公司，承保方 [33:27.07]lawmaker n [33:28.22]立法者 [33:29.38]leery adj [33:30.11]猜疑的，有戒心的 [33:30.85]lung n [33:31.63]肺 [33:32.40]malady n [33:33.26]病，疾病(通常做比喻) [33:34.13]mutation n [33:35.14]基因突變 [33:36.14]offspring n [33:37.21]子女，后代 [33:38.27]penalize v [33:39.60]對待……不公平，使處于不利地位 [33:40.93]pre-existing adj [33:41.85]先存在的，先發(fā)生的 [33:42.77]retardation n [33:43.96]智力遲鈍，精神發(fā)育遲緩 [33:45.14]scour v [33:46.15]仔細搜索 [33:47.16]stark adj [33:48.13]嚴酷的，赤裸裸的 [33:49.10]Tay-Sachs n [33:50.20]家庭性黑蒙性白癡癥 [33:51.30]unprecedented adj [33:52.22]前所未有的，絕無僅有的 [33:53.14]worthless adj [33:54.00]無價值的，沒用的

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