意大利返還文物藝術(shù)品亮相中國(guó)國(guó)家博物館

4月24日，“歸來——意大利返還中國(guó)流失文物展”在國(guó)家博物館舉行開幕儀式。700余件意大利返還中國(guó)的流失文物藝術(shù)品在國(guó)博首次展出，免費(fèi)向公眾開放到6月底。
 

Hundreds of Chinese cultural relics repatriated from Italy finally are made available for public viewing on Wednesday at the National Museum of China in Beijing. [Photo by Jiang Dong/China Daily]

The exhibition, titled "The Journey Back Home" showcases more than 700 pieces of returned Chinese artifacts, including a painted pottery pot from the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC - 8 AD), a colored camel pottery figurine from the Tang Dynasty (618-907) and a white-glazed bowl from the Song Dynasty (960-1279).

“歸來——意大利返還中國(guó)流失文物展”將展出700余件返還中國(guó)的文物，包括西漢彩繪繭形陶壺、唐代彩繪陶駱駝，以及宋代白釉刻花碗等。

【單詞講解】

Artifact，在英式英語(yǔ)中寫作artefact，一般指“手工制品”，在考古領(lǐng)域則多指挖掘出來的“(工具、武器、飾品等具有考古或歷史價(jià)值的)文物”。而我們常見的cultural relics里面的relic則指“遺跡、遺留物、遺址”等。我們可以說，在表示“歷史遺跡”的時(shí)候，relic涵蓋的范圍要比artifact要廣一些，而且這兩個(gè)詞一般都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

“追索流散文物”可以用retrieve lost cultural relics/historical artifacts表示。Retrieve 表示“找回，重新獲得”，比如追討官員贓款(retrieve officials' illegal gains)，找到遺體(retrieve bodies)等。

專家介紹，這批返還文物主要源自我國(guó)甘肅、陜西、四川、山西、河南和江蘇等地的出土與傳世文物(unearthed and handed-down artifacts)，時(shí)代跨度從新石器時(shí)代(Neolithic period)至民國(guó)時(shí)期，具有較高的歷史、文化和科學(xué)價(jià)值。

意外發(fā)現(xiàn) 十余年追索

這批文物是2007年意大利蒙扎地區(qū)保護(hù)文化遺產(chǎn)憲兵隊(duì)在日常巡查的過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)的。中國(guó)國(guó)家文物局得知相關(guān)信息后，隨后展開了十余年的追索工作。

Hundreds of Chinese cultural relics repatriated from Italy finally are made available for public viewing on Wednesday at the National Museum of China in Beijing. [Photo by Jiang Dong/China Daily]

Most of the artifacts were found to have been unearthed in China and made their way to Italy without legal exit permits.

大部分文物都在中國(guó)出土，并通過非法途徑流散到意大利。

China's National Cultural Heritage Administration filed papers seeking their return and, after a decadelong judicial process, Italy's Milan City Court confirmed the Chinese government's ownership of the cultural artifacts in 2014 and made the final decision to return the 796 artifacts to China in November 2018.

中國(guó)國(guó)家文物局提交材料要求返還文物，經(jīng)過十年的司法程序，意大利米蘭城市法院在2014年確認(rèn)了中國(guó)政府對(duì)這些文物的所有權(quán)，并在2018年11月決定將796件文物返還中國(guó)。

China and Italy exchanged related certificates for returning 796 Chinese cultural relics on March 23. This batch of Chinese artifacts arrived in Beijing on April 10.

今年3月23日，中意雙方代表交換關(guān)于796件中國(guó)流失文物藝術(shù)品返還的證書。這批文物藝術(shù)品于4月10日抵達(dá)北京。

【單詞講解】

這里用常見詞return表示“返還”很好理解，更加正式的表達(dá)可以用repatriate historical artifacts或者名詞形式repatriation of historical artifacts，repatriate表示send something back to its home country(把...送回國(guó))，如果是repatriate someone則表示“遣返、遣送回國(guó)”。

文化和旅游部部長(zhǎng)雒樹剛表示，此次文物返還，是中國(guó)流失文物追索返還工作中歷時(shí)最長(zhǎng)的案例，也是近20年來最大規(guī)模的中國(guó)流失文物回歸(the largest return of lost Chinese cultural relics in nearly 20 years)。

Hundreds of Chinese cultural relics repatriated from Italy finally are made available for public viewing on Wednesday at the National Museum of China in Beijing. [Photo by Jiang Dong/China Daily]

意大利駐華大使謝國(guó)誼(Ettore Sequi)表示：

I'm glad to see this exhibition just before the Belt and Road Forum in Beijing. The new Silk Road of culture is bearing fruit.

我很高興看到這個(gè)展覽在“一帶一路”論壇前夕開展，新文化絲路正在結(jié)出碩果。

Italy and China are the nations with the largest numbers of UNESCO World Heritage sites. Given that the two countries are important cultural powers, I think this repatriation will set an example for the rest of world.

意大利和中國(guó)都是擁有最多聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)的國(guó)家，兩國(guó)都是重要的文化大國(guó)，這次文物返還將會(huì)給其他國(guó)家做出一個(gè)示范。

流散文物追索

2015年6月，故宮發(fā)布《故宮保護(hù)總體規(guī)劃2013-2025》，根據(jù)規(guī)劃，故宮博物院將建立流散文物清單(establish a list of lost historical artifacts)，制定未來10年回歸計(jì)劃(plans to retrieve them)。

More than 5,000 pieces of Chinese cultural relics have been repatriated from countries including Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, the United Kingdom and the United States, as result of efforts made by China such as law enforcement cooperation with other countries, lawsuits and negotiations.

在中國(guó)與其他國(guó)家執(zhí)法合作、訴訟以及談判等多渠道努力下，已有5000多件文物從澳大利亞、加拿大、丹麥、法國(guó)、英國(guó)及美國(guó)返還中國(guó)。

【相關(guān)詞匯】

文化遺產(chǎn) cultural heritage

非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn) intangible cultural heritage

文化多樣性 cultural diversity

傳統(tǒng)文化教育 traditional culture education

國(guó)家級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)繼承人 inheritor of national intangible cultural heritage

世界遺產(chǎn)名錄 World Heritage List

申遺 bid for the World Heritage List

文化資源整合 integration of cultural resources

保護(hù)世界文化和自然遺產(chǎn)公約 Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage