10月新聞熱詞匯總

這個10月，全是大事。黨的十九大勝利召開，美國宣布退出聯(lián)合國教科文組織，阿里巴巴成立“達(dá)摩院”，我國“天眼”發(fā)現(xiàn)脈沖星，北京科研產(chǎn)出居“2017自然指數(shù)-科研城市”榜首，《戰(zhàn)狼2》參加明年奧斯卡最佳外語片角逐。

黨的十九大 the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC)

習(xí)近平總書記代表十八屆中央委員會向大會作了題為《決勝全面建成小康社會　奪取新時代中國特色社會主義偉大勝利》(Secure a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and strive for the great success of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era)的報告。

大會的主題是：

不忘初心，牢記使命，高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟，決勝全面建成小康社會，奪取新時代中國特色社會主義偉大勝利，為實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國夢不懈奮斗。

Remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind, hold high the banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, secure a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, strive for the great success of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, and work tirelessly to realize the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.

報告新提法：

經(jīng)過長期努力，中國特色社會主義進(jìn)入了新時代，這是我國發(fā)展新的歷史方位。

With decades of hard work, socialism with Chinese characteristics has crossed the threshold into a new era. This is a new historic juncture in China's development.

新時代中國特色社會主義思想明確了以下幾點內(nèi)容：

The Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era makes certain things clear:

新時代中國特色社會主義思想明確堅持和發(fā)展中國特色社會主義，總?cè)蝿?wù)是實現(xiàn)社會主義現(xiàn)代化和中華民族偉大復(fù)興，在全面建成小康社會的基礎(chǔ)上，分兩步走在本世紀(jì)中葉建成富強(qiáng)民主文明和諧美麗的社會主義現(xiàn)代化強(qiáng)國;

It makes clear that the overarching goal of upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics is to realize socialist modernization and national rejuvenation, and, on the basis of finishing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, a two-step approach should be taken to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the century.

明確新時代我國社會主要矛盾是人民日益增長的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的發(fā)展之間的矛盾，必須堅持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，不斷促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展、全體人民共同富裕;

It makes clear that the principal contradiction facing Chinese society in the new era is that between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life. We must therefore continue commitment to our people-centered philosophy of development, and work to promote well-rounded human development and common prosperity for everyone.

明確中國特色社會主義事業(yè)總體布局是“五位一體”、戰(zhàn)略布局是“四個全面”，強(qiáng)調(diào)堅定道路自信、理論自信、制度自信、文化自信;

It makes clear that the overall plan for building socialism with Chinese characteristics is the five-sphere integrated plan, and the overall strategy is the four-pronged comprehensive strategy. It highlights the importance of fostering stronger confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

明確全面深化改革總目標(biāo)是完善和發(fā)展中國特色社會主義制度、推進(jìn)國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化;

It makes clear that the overall goal of deepening reform in every field is to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernize China's system and capacity for governance.

明確全面推進(jìn)依法治國總目標(biāo)是建設(shè)中國特色社會主義法治體系、建設(shè)社會主義法治國家;

It makes clear that the overall goal of comprehensively advancing law-based governance is to establish a system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics and build a country of socialist rule of law.

明確黨在新時代的強(qiáng)軍目標(biāo)是建設(shè)一支聽黨指揮、能打勝仗、作風(fēng)優(yōu)良的人民軍隊，把人民軍隊建設(shè)成為世界一流軍隊;

It makes clear that the Party's goal of building a strong military in the new era is to build the people's forces into world-class forces that obey the Party's command, can fight and win, and maintain excellent conduct.

明確中國特色大國外交要推動構(gòu)建新型國際關(guān)系，推動構(gòu)建人類命運共同體;

It makes clear that major country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics aims to foster a new type of international relations and build a community with a shared future for mankind.

明確中國特色社會主義最本質(zhì)的特征是中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，中國特色社會主義制度的最大優(yōu)勢是中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，黨是最高政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力量，提出新時代黨的建設(shè)總要求，突出政治建設(shè)在黨的建設(shè)中的重要地位。

It makes clear that the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China; the greatest strength of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China; the Party is the highest force for political leadership. The Thought sets forth the general requirements for Party building in the new era and underlines the importance of political work in Party building.

新時代中國特色社會主義思想，是對馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論、“三個代表”重要思想、科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的繼承和發(fā)展，

The Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era builds on and further enriches Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development.

是馬克思主義中國化最新成果，是黨和人民實踐經(jīng)驗和集體智慧的結(jié)晶，

It represents the latest achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context, and encapsulates the practical experience and collective wisdom of our Party and the people.

是中國特色社會主義理論體系的重要組成部分，是全黨全國人民為實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興而奮斗的行動指南，必須長期堅持并不斷發(fā)展。

It is an important component of the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and a guide to action for all our members and all the Chinese people as we strive to achieve national rejuvenation. This Thought must be adhered to and steadily developed on a long-term basis.

中國特色社會主義進(jìn)入新時代，我國社會主要矛盾已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為人民日益增長的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的發(fā)展之間的矛盾。

As socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, the principal contradiction facing Chinese society has evolved. What we now face is the contradiction between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life.

綜合分析國際國內(nèi)形勢和我國發(fā)展條件，從二〇二〇年到本世紀(jì)中葉可以分兩個階段來安排。

Based on a comprehensive analysis of the international and domestic environments and the conditions for China's development, we have drawn up a two-stage development plan for the period from 2020 to the middle of this century.

第一個階段，從二〇二〇年到二〇三五年，在全面建成小康社會的基礎(chǔ)上，再奮斗十五年，基本實現(xiàn)社會主義現(xiàn)代化。

In the first stage from 2020 to 2035, we will build on the foundation created by the moderately prosperous society with a further 15 years of hard work to see that socialist modernization is basically realized.

第二個階段，從二〇三五年到本世紀(jì)中葉，在基本實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化的基礎(chǔ)上，再奮斗十五年，把我國建成富強(qiáng)民主文明和諧美麗的社會主義現(xiàn)代化強(qiáng)國。

In the second stage from 2035 to the middle of the 21st century, we will, building on having basically achieved modernization, work hard for a further 15 years and develop China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful.

中國共產(chǎn)黨第十九次全國代表大會在選舉產(chǎn)生新一屆中央委員會和中央紀(jì)律檢查委員會，通過關(guān)于十八屆中央委員會報告的決議、關(guān)于十八屆中央紀(jì)律檢查委員會工作報告的決議、關(guān)于《中國共產(chǎn)黨章程(修正案)》的決議后，24日上午在人民大會堂勝利閉幕。習(xí)近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想寫入黨章。

The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) concluded at the Great Hall of the People Tuesday, after a new CPC Central Committee and a new Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) were elected. Delegates to the congress also passed resolutions on a report of the 18th CPC Central Committee, a work report of the CCDI and an amendment to the CPC Constitution. The amendment approved at the congress enshrines Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

隱私面單 privacy waybill

Chinese express delivery companies have taken a new measure to protect the privacy of customers, by using new parcel waybills that show partial information about the sender and the receiver.

國內(nèi)多家快遞公司開始使用新的只顯示發(fā)件人和收件人部分信息的運單，作為保護(hù)客戶隱私的新舉措。

所謂“隱私面單”(privacy waybill)，是指面單上并不完整顯示收件人的信息，而是通過技術(shù)手段將用戶的手機(jī)號、姓名和地址等信息做加密處理(customers' information including names, addresses, and phone numbers are encrypted)，快遞員通過公司自主研發(fā)的APP，直接撥號聯(lián)系到收件用戶。

On the parcel waybills, names, phone numbers and addresses are shown only partially, with signs such as "(^_^)" or "*" being used to take the place of some of the details.

運單上姓名、手機(jī)號和地址信息均只顯示一部分，以笑臉和星號等符號代替部分細(xì)節(jié)。

為了減少個人信息“裸奔”(personal information displayed without any protection)，隱私面單已經(jīng)成為諸多快遞企業(yè)的選擇。順豐上線“豐密運單”，菜鳥網(wǎng)絡(luò)也聯(lián)手EMS、百世快遞等，共同推動使用“隱私面單”。京東則推出了“微笑面單”(smiling waybill)。

自然指數(shù) Nature Index

Beijing tops the list of cities for research output while Shanghai ranks the fifth, according to Nature Index 2017 Science Cities supplement released on Thursday, reports Xinhua.

新華社報道，10月19日發(fā)布的“2017自然指數(shù)-科研城市”中，北京高居榜首，上海位列第五。

Nature Index 2017 Science Cities supplement has tracked counts of research output of 500 cities worldwide in the last year.

“2017自然指數(shù)-科研城市”分析了全球500個城市過去一年的科研產(chǎn)出數(shù)據(jù)。

自然指數(shù)(Nature Index)是依托于全球68本頂級期刊，統(tǒng)計各高校、科研院所(國家)在國際上最具影響力的研究型學(xué)術(shù)期刊上發(fā)表論文數(shù)量的數(shù)據(jù)庫(a database of author affiliation information collated from research articles in the most influential journals around the world)。

“2017自然指數(shù)-科研城市”分析了全球500個城市的科研產(chǎn)出(research output)數(shù)據(jù)，通過加權(quán)分?jǐn)?shù)式計量(weighted fractional count，WFC)，統(tǒng)計出了全球科研產(chǎn)出最高的十大城市，北京以1693的分值奪得冠軍，隨后是巴黎、紐約、劍橋(美國馬薩諸塞州)、上海、東京、倫敦、波士頓、圣迭哥、劍橋(英國)。這十大城市貢獻(xiàn)了全球科研產(chǎn)出的17%。

網(wǎng)聯(lián) China Nets Union Clearing Corporation

More than 20 payment institutions and banks have connected to a unified clearing platform set up by Payment & Clearing Association of China.

已有20余家支付機(jī)構(gòu)和銀行接入由中國支付清算協(xié)會成立的統(tǒng)一清算平臺。

網(wǎng)聯(lián)全稱“網(wǎng)聯(lián)清算有限公司”(China Nets Union Clearing Corporation)，是一個線上支付統(tǒng)一清算平臺(unified clearing platform for online payment)，在央行指導(dǎo)下，由中國支付清算協(xié)會(Payment & Clearing Association of China)組織支付機(jī)構(gòu)成立，用以處理由非銀行支付機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)起的、與銀行交互的支付業(yè)務(wù)，按照“共建、共有、共享”原則(under the principle of joint set-up,ownership and sharing)共同發(fā)起籌建。網(wǎng)聯(lián)平臺的上線運行，為支付機(jī)構(gòu)提供了統(tǒng)一、公共的支付清算服務(wù)。

網(wǎng)聯(lián)清算有限公司注冊資金(registered capital)20億元，股東總數(shù)45家(45 shareholders)，“央行系”為第一大股東，7家有央行或外管局背景的股東合計持股37%，其中38家為第三方支付機(jī)構(gòu)(third-party payment institutions)。

達(dá)摩院 DAMO Academy

The investment of 100 billion yuan over three years in the Alibaba DAMO Academy takes the internet giant one step closer to fulfilling its ambition to serve 2 billion people in two decades, said Alibaba Group's chairman Jack Ma.

阿里巴巴集團(tuán)董事局主席馬云稱，三年內(nèi)將向"阿里巴巴達(dá)摩院"投資1000億元，這使這家互聯(lián)網(wǎng)巨頭向?qū)崿F(xiàn)其20年內(nèi)服務(wù)20億人的理想又邁進(jìn)了一步。

11日，阿里巴巴集團(tuán)宣布成立全球研究院(global research academy)阿里巴巴達(dá)摩院，以吸引頂級科學(xué)家進(jìn)行基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)(basic science)和顛覆式技術(shù)創(chuàng)新(disruptive technological innovation)研究。未來3年，阿里巴巴在技術(shù)研發(fā)(research and development)上的投入將超過1000億人民幣。達(dá)摩院的英文名為DAMO Academy，DAMO是"發(fā)現(xiàn)、冒險、動力和前景(discovery, adventure, momentum and outlook)"英文首字母縮寫。阿里巴巴首席技術(shù)官(Chief Technology Officer, CTO)張建鋒將擔(dān)任達(dá)摩院院長(head of the Academy)。

達(dá)摩院由全球?qū)嶒炇?、高校?lián)合研究所和全球前沿創(chuàng)新研究計劃三部分組成。達(dá)摩院將首先在中國、美國、俄羅斯、以色列和新加坡建立7家實驗室，重點研究數(shù)據(jù)智能(data intelligence)、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)(Internet of Things)、金融科技(fintech)、量子計算(quantum computing)和人機(jī)交互(human-machine interaction)等領(lǐng)域。達(dá)摩院正在全球招募100名優(yōu)秀研究人員(recruit 100 talented researchers from around the world)。

達(dá)摩院還將成立一個學(xué)術(shù)咨詢委員會(academic advisory board)，對實驗室的研究方向(research direction)、重點研究領(lǐng)域(key research area)、重大任務(wù)和目標(biāo)等提供指導(dǎo)和建議(provide guidance and advice)。首批公布的學(xué)術(shù)咨詢委員會10人中，有三位中國兩院院士(three academicians from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering)、五位美國科學(xué)院院士，包括世界人工智能(artificial intelligence)泰斗邁克爾·I·喬丹(Michael I. Jordan)、分布式計算(distributed computing)大家李凱和人類基因組計劃(Human Genome Project)負(fù)責(zé)人喬治·M·丘奇(George M. Church)等。

聯(lián)合國教科文組織 the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

The US has formally notified UNESCO that it is withdrawing its membership of the organization citing "continuing anti-Israel bias".

美國已正式通知聯(lián)合國教科文組織，因其"針對以色列的持續(xù)偏見"，將退出該組織。

聯(lián)合國教科文組織(the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO)成立于1945年11月，總部設(shè)在巴黎，目前有195個成員國(member state)和10個準(zhǔn)成員國(associate member)。其宗旨是促進(jìn)教育、科學(xué)及文化改革方面的國際合作(promote international collaboration through educational, scientific, and cultural reforms)，以利于各國人民之間的相互了解，維護(hù)世界和平。

美國國務(wù)院在當(dāng)日發(fā)布的一項聲明中稱，美國決定退出聯(lián)合國教科文組織的主要考慮包括不斷增加的欠費(mounting arrears)、該組織需要根本性改革(the need for fundamental reform)及對該組織"針對以色列的持續(xù)偏見(continuing anti-Israel bias)"。

對于美國的退出決定，聯(lián)合國教科文組織總干事伊琳娜·博科娃表示"非常遺憾(profound regret)"。她表示，這不僅僅與世界遺產(chǎn)有關(guān)(this is not just about World Heritage)，美國的退出是"聯(lián)合國大家庭的損失(a loss to the United Nations family)，也是多邊主義(multilateralism)的損失"。聯(lián)合國秘書長古特雷斯對美國的決定也"深表遺憾"，不過他表示，聯(lián)合國將通過一系列組織在一系列問題上與美國進(jìn)行卓有成效的溝通(interact with the US very productively on a range of issues through a range of organizations)。

行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)之父 father of behavioral economics

The 2017 Nobel Prize in economics was awarded to US economist Richard H. Thaler, the father of behavioral economics. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said in its statement that Thaler has incorporated psychologically realistic assumptions into analyses of economic decision-making.

2017年諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎被授予美國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家、行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)之父理查德·H·塞勒。瑞典皇家科學(xué)院在聲明中稱，塞勒將對心理現(xiàn)實的假設(shè)融入了經(jīng)濟(jì)決策分析中。

塞勒通過探索"有限理性(limited rationality)"、"社會偏好(social preferences)"、"自制力缺乏(lack of self-control)"等因素的影響，揭示了這些人性特征(human traits)對個體選擇和市場結(jié)果產(chǎn)生的系統(tǒng)性影響，被稱為"行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)之父(father of behavioral economics)"。諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎委員會稱，塞勒的研究成果成功地將經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和心理學(xué)整合在一起，讓經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)更人性化(make economics more human)。他的理論"幫助人們做出更好的經(jīng)濟(jì)決策(help people make better economic decisions)"。

塞勒提出：人們在進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)活動時，并不像傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論中認(rèn)為的那樣理性(rational)。譬如，人們擁有某件東西時，會比沒有的時候更高估其價值(people value the same item more highly when they own it than when they don't);往往做出最容易的選擇，而不是最明智的選擇(often choose what is easiest over what is wisest);容易聚焦于單個決策的狹隘影響，而不是它們的總體效果(focus on the narrow impact of each individual decision rather than its overall effect)。

脈沖星 pulsar

After one year of trial operation, China's Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST), the world's largest single-dish radio telescope, has identified multiple pulsars, the National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC) said Tuesday.

10月10日，中國科學(xué)院國家天文臺宣布，經(jīng)過一年調(diào)試，500米口徑球面射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡(FAST)已發(fā)現(xiàn)多顆脈沖星。FAST是世界上最大的單口徑射點望遠(yuǎn)鏡。

Two of the pulsars, named J1859-01 and J1931-01, are 16,000 light years and 4,100 light years from Earth with rotation periods of 1.83 seconds and 0.59 seconds, respectively.

新發(fā)現(xiàn)的脈沖星中有兩顆分別為J1859-01和J1931-01，前者距離地球1.6萬光年，自轉(zhuǎn)周期1.83秒，后者距離地球4100光年，自轉(zhuǎn)周期0.59秒。

據(jù)科學(xué)家介紹，脈沖星(pulsar)是一種高速自轉(zhuǎn)的中子星(neutron star)，由恒星演化和超新星爆發(fā)產(chǎn)生。它的密度極高(super density)，每立方厘米重達(dá)上億噸，一塊方糖大小就相當(dāng)于地球上一萬艘萬噸巨輪的重量。脈沖星自轉(zhuǎn)速度很快(fast rotational speed)、自轉(zhuǎn)周期精確(accurate rotation period)，是宇宙中最精準(zhǔn)的時鐘。這一特殊“本領(lǐng)”，讓脈沖星在計時、引力波探測(finding gravitational waves)、航天器導(dǎo)航(navigating spacecraft)等領(lǐng)域具有重要應(yīng)用。

這兩顆脈沖星J1859-01和J1931-01分別由“中國天眼”于今年8月22日、25日在南天銀道面(the southern galactic plane)通過漂移掃描(drift-scanning)發(fā)現(xiàn)。目前“天眼”已探測到數(shù)十個優(yōu)質(zhì)脈沖星候選體(promising pulsar candidates)，其中6顆通過國際認(rèn)證。

對于觀測范圍可達(dá)已知宇宙邊緣的“天眼”來說，發(fā)現(xiàn)脈沖星只是使命之一，未來，它還將在中性氫觀測(neutral hydrogen observation)、譜線觀測(spectrum observation)、尋找可能的星際通訊信號(exploration of interstellar communication signals)等方面大放異彩。

《戰(zhàn)狼2》 Wolf Warrior 2

The mega-hit action film Wolf Warrior 2 has been selected to represent China in the bid for the Best Foreign Language Film at next year's Oscars.

大熱動作影片《戰(zhàn)狼2》被選中代表中國角逐明年奧斯卡的最佳外語片。

With more than 5.6 billion yuan (842 million US dollars) at the box office, "Wolf Warrior 2" is the highest grossing film of all-time in Chinese cinema history. It is expected to end its run in cinemas on October 28.

《戰(zhàn)狼2》票房已經(jīng)超過56億元，是中國電影史上票房最高的影片。該片的放映時間將一直持續(xù)到10月28日。

對于“報送奧斯卡最佳外語片提名”，英文報道中有這么幾種表達(dá)方式：

China has selected Wu Jing's action film "Wolf Warrior 2" as its entry in the best foreign-language film category at next year's Oscars.

Entry在這里的意思是“參賽作品”，是可數(shù)名詞，如果提交了多個參賽作品就可以用entries表示。

The mega-hit action film Wolf Warrior 2 has been selected to represent China in the bid for the Best Foreign Language Film at next year's Oscars.

我們知道bid有“投標(biāo)，競標(biāo)”的意思，這里的in the bid for就表示“參與角逐、競爭”之意。

China has selected mega-blockbuster Wolf Warrior II as its submission for the best foreign-language film category at the 2018 Oscars.

這里的submission跟前面的entry意思接近，也是“提交的作品”的意思，我們平時在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上填寫表格，完成要點“提交”的時候，那個按鈕的英文就是submit，是submission的動詞形式。

另一部“慰安婦”題材的中國電影《二十二》此前已報名參選本屆奧斯卡紀(jì)錄片單元(compete for the best documentary award)。