托福聽(tīng)力藝術(shù)繪畫(huà)類(lèi)考點(diǎn)知識(shí)解析

　　遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)期我們的祖先會(huì)在巖洞中作畫(huà)，在TPO聽(tīng)力練習(xí)中，TPO3 Lecture3 Chauvet Painting就有文章涉及到巖洞畫(huà)，這篇聽(tīng)力文章整體難度不是很大，文章介紹了巖洞畫(huà)的創(chuàng)作時(shí)間是在stone age(石器時(shí)代)，而石器時(shí)代可以分為Paleolithic和Neolithic兩個(gè)時(shí)期，作畫(huà)的工具通常是charcoal(木炭)，畫(huà)描繪的對(duì)象往往是一些大型的herbivore(食草動(dòng)物)，這里同學(xué)們也可以了解一下同詞根的另外兩個(gè)詞，carnivore(食肉動(dòng)物)和omnivore(雜食動(dòng)物)，遠(yuǎn)古人特別善于利用巖石的形狀來(lái)描繪動(dòng)物，但是他們幾乎不畫(huà)人類(lèi)，而他們?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)選擇畫(huà)特定的動(dòng)物，又為什么要將畫(huà)畫(huà)在漆黑沒(méi)有人居住的巖洞中，文中教授也沒(méi)有給出明確的解釋。

　　除了巖洞藝術(shù)我們的聽(tīng)力練習(xí)中還涉及到油畫(huà)，這是一個(gè)比較重要也相對(duì)較難的點(diǎn)，如果你細(xì)心觀察會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這些文章除了文章背景知識(shí)和詞匯有所重合之外，在考察方向上也有一些相似的點(diǎn)，例如TPO1 lecture1 Rose Frantzen和TPO19 lecture4 Cecilia Beaux 以及TPO21 lecture4 Alice Neel，下面我們就以一些具體的題目分析一下他們?cè)诳键c(diǎn)方面的共性。

　　首先文章中都會(huì)涉及一些常見(jiàn)的藝術(shù)流派，而這些藝術(shù)流派的定義通常會(huì)在文章中進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)⒃诰唧w的作品中體現(xiàn)該藝術(shù)流派的特點(diǎn)，所以我們最好能夠聽(tīng)懂文中對(duì)于藝術(shù)流派的具體描述，因?yàn)楫?huà)家在繪畫(huà)當(dāng)中往往會(huì)受到這些繪畫(huà)風(fēng)格的影響或者將幾種風(fēng)格融合在作品中，例如在TPO21 lecture4 中Alice Neel就融合了Realism和Expressionism，在文中對(duì)于realism的描述是It's like painting something exactly how it is, so an artist would try to make it as accurate, um... and objective as possible.即準(zhǔn)確客觀的描繪。

　　另外文中還提到了Expressionism即The artist is depicting subjective emotions, showing the inner reality as interpreted by the artist rather than the outward form.So the image itself might be distorted or exaggerated in some way. The expression overrides objective representation.這種流派的特點(diǎn)就是畫(huà)家在描繪主觀的情感，通過(guò)作品來(lái)表現(xiàn)出內(nèi)在的實(shí)質(zhì)而不是外在的形式。所以畫(huà)出的形象可能會(huì)在某種程度上變形或者夸張化。表現(xiàn)主義就掩蓋了客觀的呈現(xiàn)。

　　在文中就有第3題考察了. Expressionism表現(xiàn)主義：

　　According to the professor, what two aspects of Neel's work are characteristic of Expressionism? Click on 2 answers.

　　A. The depiction of unusual object

　　B. The way the subjects' faces are portrayed

　　C. The shape of the subjects' bodies

　　D. The use of color in the paintings

　　原文中的描述是First, Neel’s use of bold color. All right? You’ll see she uses color to convey emotion and feeling, like the subjects’ clothing for instance, it appears brighter than it really is. And the subjects, the people being portrayed, Neel paid special attention to faces. The way she paints the eyes and how the faces are portrayed, these are quite realistic, like the realists’ work. But another thing Neel did was use elongated, sort of stretchy figures. Neel擅長(zhǎng)使用非常大膽的顏色去表現(xiàn)感情和感受，例如像被畫(huà)對(duì)象的衣著看起來(lái)比實(shí)際的要更明亮，而她所畫(huà)的人更注重臉部，畫(huà)人比較寫(xiě)實(shí)，這是realism的體現(xiàn)，但是對(duì)于身材的描述又會(huì)畫(huà)的比較修長(zhǎng)，這又體現(xiàn)了表現(xiàn)主義，所以可以看出特點(diǎn)分別是use of color對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)D和elongated, sort of stretchy figures。對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)C

　　除此之外在TPO1lecture1Rose Frantzen中也提到了Realism，而在這篇文章中畫(huà)家是將Impressionism印象派和Realism進(jìn)行了融合，首先文章中對(duì)于印象派的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格進(jìn)行了描述，Impressionism started in the late 19th century. Um…the basic impressionist style was very different from earlier styles. It didn’t depict scenes or models exactly as they looked. Um…Impressionist painters tended to apply paint really thickly, and in big brushstrokes, so the texture of the canvas was rough.從文中的描述我們可以得到一些印象派作畫(huà)技巧方面的特點(diǎn)，如：不是對(duì)對(duì)象進(jìn)行如實(shí)的描繪，作畫(huà)時(shí)著墨很厚，常用大刷子，畫(huà)布的質(zhì)地比較粗糙，而在這段描述中的很多詞匯也是在藝術(shù)類(lèi)文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)且一定需要掌握的，例如：Impressionism印象派，depict描繪，brushstroke畫(huà)筆的一筆，canvas畫(huà)布，除此之外，文中還介紹了Realism現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，對(duì)于現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的描述是 real honest depictions of subject matter, pretty unidealized stuff, and pretty everydaysubject matter, too.也就是會(huì)如實(shí)描繪被畫(huà)的對(duì)象，而常常畫(huà)的通常也是一些日常物品和場(chǎng)景。