[高中]全新語法:獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

1.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特征

當(dāng)句子的主語不是作狀語的分詞或不定式等的邏輯主語，而是有獨(dú)立的邏輯主語時(shí)，這就構(gòu)成了獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

The last bus having left，we had to walk home.

最后的班車開走了，我們只好步行回家。（the last bus為邏輯主語）

The homework done，the students left the classroom.

作業(yè)做完了，學(xué)生們離開了教室。（the last bus為邏輯主語）

2.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的形式

（1）邏輯主語+現(xiàn)在分詞

All the students having sat down，the lecture began.所有學(xué)生坐好之后，講座開始了。

His hand waving in the air，the little boy ran away.小男孩揮著手跑開了。

It being Sunday，we went to church.因?yàn)槭切瞧谔欤覀內(nèi)プ隽硕Y拜。

The boy lay on the grass，his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看著天空。

（2）邏輯主語+過去分詞

The test finished，we’ll have our summer vacation.考試結(jié)束，我們將開始暑假了。

The signal given，the train started.信號(hào)發(fā)出后，火車啟動(dòng)。

He lay there，his teeth set，his hand clenched.他躺在那里，牙關(guān)緊咬，雙拳緊握。

Jim was listening to the lecture，his eyes fixed upon the speaker.

吉姆聽著講座，眼睛盯著演講者。

【比較】

①He lay there，his hands trembling.

他躺在那里，雙手顫抖。（hands 和tremble是主謂關(guān)系）

②He lay there，his eyes closed.

他躺在那里，雙眼緊閉。（eyes 和close是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系）

（3）邏輯主語+不定式

No one to wake me up，I might be late for the first class.

如果沒人叫醒我，我第一節(jié)課會(huì)遲到的。

Lots of work to do，I have to work extra hours.

由于有很多的活要做，我只得加班工作。

【比較】

①So much work to do，I will have to work this Sunday.

有這么多的活要做，這個(gè)星期天我不得不加班。（to do表示“將要做”）

②So much work done，I had a nice holiday.

這么多的工作做完了，我過了一個(gè)愉快的假期。（done表示“已經(jīng)做”）

（4）邏輯主語+形容詞

Computers very small，we can use them widely.電腦雖小，我們卻能廣泛地利用它們。

The little girl entered the room，her face red with cold.小女孩走進(jìn)房間，臉凍紅了。

（5）邏輯主語+副詞

The game over，the audience applauded.比賽結(jié)束，觀眾鼓掌。

The lights off，we could not go on with the work.燈熄了，我們不能繼續(xù)工作了。

（6）邏輯主語+名詞

His first shot failure，he fired again.他第一槍沒擊中，又打了一槍。

Two hundred people died in the accident，many of them children.

兩百人死于事故，其中有許多兒童。

（7）邏輯主語+介詞短語

Many people were lined along the streets，flags in hands.

很多人排隊(duì)站在街道旁，手里拿著旗子。

Dark clouds in the sky，it is going to rain soon.天空黑云密布，很快就要下雨。

The guard stood by the door，gun in hand.警衛(wèi)站在門旁，手里拿著槍。

She came in，smile on face.她進(jìn)來了，臉上帶著笑。

【提示】 為使句子簡潔、明快，往往省略獨(dú)立主格中的冠詞或代詞。

3.不能省略being的情形

（1）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語是代詞。

It being Sunday，we went climbing.因?yàn)槭切瞧谔欤覀內(nèi)ヅ郎健?/p>

He being still out on business，we had to put off the activity.

由于他還在外出差，所以我們把活動(dòng)推遲了。

（2）“There being+名詞”句式中不能省略being。

There being no bus，we had to go home on foot.

因?yàn)闆]有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。

There being too many film-goers，they haven’t bought the tickets.

由于看電影的人太多，所以他們還沒買到票。

4.“with短語”獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

（1）with+賓語+形容詞

With the floor wet，I had to stay outside.由于地板上都是水，我不得不待在外面。

With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.

由于兒子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快樂。

（2）with+賓語+副詞

The boy was walking，with his father ahead.父親在前，小男孩在后走著。

With her sister out，she had to stay at home alone.

因?yàn)樗慕憬愠鋈チ耍坏锚?dú)自呆在家里。

（3）with+賓語+介詞短語

He stood at the door，with a computer in his hand.他站在門口，手里拿著一臺(tái)電腦。

The book is much easier to read with pictures in it.附有圖畫，這本書更容易讀。

（4）with+賓語+不定式

With the boy to lead the way，we will find the cave easily tomorrow.

有小男孩帶路，我們明天會(huì)很容易找到山洞。

（5）with+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞

With the boy helping me，I slipped out of the room.在小男孩的幫助下，我溜出了房間。

We redoubled our efforts，each man working like two.我們加倍努力，一人干兩人的活。

（6）with+賓語+過去分詞

The boy was crying with the toy broken.玩具破了，那男孩在哭。

Without a word more spoken，she left the room.她沒再說什么話就離開了房間。