[初中]全新英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法18-3 否定句

18-3 否定句

對(duì)人或事物加以否定的句子稱(chēng)為否定句。英語(yǔ)的否定句大都用not來(lái)表示否定，不同的句子又有不同的否定形式。

1.含有be的否定句

如果句子中含有連系動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞be，句子的否定形式在be的后面直接加not。如：

He is not a student.他不是個(gè)學(xué)生。

We are not in the school.我們沒(méi)在學(xué)校。

I'm not good at English.我不擅長(zhǎng)英語(yǔ)。

He was not late for school that day.那天他上學(xué)沒(méi)有遲到。

They were not doing their homework at that time.那時(shí)他們不是在做作業(yè)。

注意：

在否定句中，be與not可以縮寫(xiě)。

is not→isn't；are not→aren't；was not→wasn't；were not→weren't

2.含有助動(dòng)詞will，shall，would，have，has，had的否定句

如果句子中含有助動(dòng)詞will，shall，would，have，has，had等，則在這些助動(dòng)詞后面直接加not構(gòu)成否定句。如：

I have not been to the Great Wall.我沒(méi)有去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。

He has not finished his homework yet.他還沒(méi)有完成作業(yè)。

They will not have a meeting next week.下周他們不舉行會(huì)議。

We would not go there with them.我們不愿意和他們一起去那里。

注意：

在否定句中，助動(dòng)詞will，shall，would，have，has，had可與not縮寫(xiě)。

will not→won't；shall not→shan't；would not→wouldn't；have not→haven't；has not→hasn't；had not→hadn't

3.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定句

如果句子中含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can，may，must，need，could等，則在這些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后直接加not構(gòu)成否定句。如：

We cannot speak French.我們不會(huì)說(shuō)法語(yǔ)。

You must not put the bike here.你不能把自行車(chē)放在這里。

They could not play computer games then.那時(shí)他們不會(huì)玩電腦游戲。

You need not clean the room now.現(xiàn)在你不需要打掃房間。

注意：

在否定句中，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與not可以縮寫(xiě)。

cannot→can't；must not→mustn't；need not→needn't；could not→couldn't

4.助動(dòng)詞do，does，did與not構(gòu)成的否定句

在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)當(dāng)中，如果句子的謂語(yǔ)是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，那么其否定句就在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前加do not；does not；did not。do not和does not用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，does not只用于主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)的句子中；did not用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。do not可縮寫(xiě)為don't，does not可以縮寫(xiě)為doesn't，did not可縮寫(xiě)為didn't。如：

They don't do housework at home.他們?cè)诩也蛔黾覄?wù)活。

He doesn't go to school on weekends.他周末不上學(xué)。

We didn't receive his letter.我們沒(méi)有收到他的來(lái)信。

5.沒(méi)有not的否定句

句子中如果有never，no，nothing，nobody，none，hardly，few，little，neither，too ...to ...等否定詞，則該句子被視為否定句。如：

There are no desks or chairs in the room.房間里沒(méi)有課桌和椅子。

Nothing in the world moves faster than light.世上沒(méi)有什么比光傳播得更快。

I have few friends in this city.在這個(gè)城市我?guī)缀鯖](méi)有朋友。

He can hardly say an English word.他幾乎一個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞也說(shuō)不出來(lái)。

注意：

句中含有否定詞構(gòu)成否定句后，在反意疑問(wèn)句中要用肯定式。如：

He has few friends here，does he？他這里幾乎沒(méi)有朋友，是不是？

6.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定句

動(dòng)詞不定式的否定句在動(dòng)詞不定式前直接加not。如：

Mother asked me not to go out on Sunday.母親要求我星期天不要出去。

They decided not to go there.他們決定不去那里了。

注意：

如果動(dòng)詞不定式是不帶to的不定式，在動(dòng)詞原形前加not。如：

He made me not stay at home on weekend.他讓我周末不要呆在家里。

7.had better的否定句

had better是一個(gè)固定句型，意為“最好干某事”，其否定式在had better后直接加not。如：

You'd better not go with me.你最好不要和我一起去。

We'd better not play computer games.我們最好不要玩電腦游戲。

8.祈使句的否定式

祈使句的否定式在祈使句前直接加Don't。如：

Don't go out at night.晚上不要出去。

Don't look out of the window.不要向窗外看。

Don't cross the road when the light is red.紅燈亮?xí)r不要過(guò)馬路。

9.否定轉(zhuǎn)移的2種情況

（1）動(dòng)詞的否定轉(zhuǎn)移

①形式上否定主句的謂語(yǔ)，實(shí)際上是否定從句的謂語(yǔ)

當(dāng)動(dòng)詞think，believe，suppose，imagine，expect，feel等的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為沒(méi)有任何副詞修飾的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，它們的否定式實(shí)際上是對(duì)賓語(yǔ)從句的否定。表示說(shuō)話者提出一種委婉的看法或主張。如：

I don't think that he will help us.我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)幫助我們。

I don't believe that he is right.我認(rèn)為他不對(duì)。

I don't suppose that he likes it.我想他不喜歡它。

②形式上否定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，實(shí)際上否定復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)

當(dāng)動(dòng)詞think，believe，suppose，imagine，expect，feel，find的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為沒(méi)有任何副詞修飾的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，它們前面的否定式實(shí)際上是對(duì)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的否定。表示說(shuō)話者所提出的一種委婉的看法或主張。如：

I don't think math difficult.我認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)不難。

I don't find the story interesting.我認(rèn)為這個(gè)故事沒(méi)有意思。

I don't expect so.我認(rèn)為不會(huì)。

注意：

動(dòng)詞think，believe，suppose，imagine，expect，feel在下列情況下，否定不轉(zhuǎn)移：

①這些動(dòng)詞跟其他另一個(gè)動(dòng)詞一起做并列謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如：

I believe and hope he won't do that.我相信并且也希望他將不會(huì)那樣做。

I feel and admit that we are not foolish.我覺(jué)得并且也承認(rèn)我們并不愚蠢。

②用于疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如：

Do you think it is not going to rain？你認(rèn)為天不會(huì)下雨嗎？

Don't you believe that he has done a good thing？難道你不相信他做了一件好事？

③用作插入語(yǔ)時(shí)，否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如：

Li Lei，I think，won't be angry with you.我想李雷不會(huì)生你的氣。

Tom，I suppose，won't be against it.我猜想湯姆不會(huì)反對(duì)。

Mike，I believe，hasn't seen the film.我認(rèn)為邁克沒(méi)有看這場(chǎng)電影。

④動(dòng)詞前有其他副詞修飾時(shí)，否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如：

I really don't think it's necessary for us to go there now.我的確不認(rèn)為我們有必要去那兒。

I feel strongly that he shouldn't do such a thing.我深刻地感到他不應(yīng)該做那樣的事。

⑤動(dòng)詞為非一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或主語(yǔ)不是第一人稱(chēng)時(shí)，否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如：

I thought that he wouldn't come back soon.我原以為他不會(huì)回來(lái)得這么快。

The girl didn't believe that he became a good boy.那個(gè)女孩不相信他變成了一個(gè)好孩子。

He thinks that he isn't fit for the job.他認(rèn)為他不適合這份工作。

He doesn't believe that what we told him is true.他不相信我們告訴他的事是真的。

⑥當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的否定為not ...at all，not a little，not a few，not enough，can't help等固定搭配時(shí)，否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如：

I think that he doesn't know it at all.我想他對(duì)那件事一點(diǎn)兒也不知道。

I suppose that it is not enough to remember the words if you want to learn the language well.我認(rèn)為如果你想把這門(mén)語(yǔ)言學(xué)好，那么只記單詞是不夠的。

I believe that you can't help singing our national anthem when you win the first place in the Olympic Games.我相信當(dāng)你在奧運(yùn)會(huì)上獲得第一名時(shí)，你會(huì)情不自禁地唱起國(guó)歌來(lái)。

⑦當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中有no，nothing，nobody，nowhere，hardly，seldom，little，few等否定詞或半否定詞時(shí)，否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。如：

I believe that nothing can make me give it up.我想任何事情也不能使我放棄。

I think that no one can escape if the ship sinks in the sea.我認(rèn)為如果這艘船沉入海底的話，那么誰(shuí)也逃不掉。

I suppose that he is a man of few words.我猜他是一個(gè)言語(yǔ)不多的人。

（2）謂語(yǔ)的否定轉(zhuǎn)移

有些句子形式上否定的是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，實(shí)際上是對(duì)句子后面的狀語(yǔ)進(jìn)行否定。如：

Let's not talk about it here.我們別在這里談吧。

Don't read in the sun.不要在陽(yáng)光下看書(shū)。

Don't talk with your mouth full of food.不要口里含著食物說(shuō)話。