薄冰英語語法 第十六章 句子的類型(10-11)

　　(84)He doesn’t mind inconveniencing others just so he’s comfortable. 他只要自己舒服，別人不方便他就不管了。

　　(85)Given that they’re inexperienced, they’ve done a good job. 考慮到他們?nèi)狈?jīng)驗(yàn)，他們的工作已做得很好。

　　(86)In case it rains, do not expect me. 如若下雨，就不要等我了。

　　(87)You may borrow the book, on condition that you do not lend it to anyone else. 你可以把這本書借走，只要你不把它再借給別人。

　　(88)You may use the room as long as you clean it afterward. 你可以隨意用這個(gè)房間，只要你用完后弄干凈就行。

　　英語中有一種條件狀語從句與主句并無直接關(guān)系，這種從句叫做間接條件從句。如：

　　(89)She’s far too considerate, if I may say so. 如我可直言，她太體諒人了。(=I am telling you, if I may, that she’s too considerate.)

　　英語中還有一種修辭性條件狀語從句。如：

　　(90)If you believe that, you’ll believe anything. 你如果相信此話，你將無話不信。(=You certainly can’t believe that.)

　　if從句可省去其與主句相同的部分。如：

　　(91)I’m happy if you are. 你高興我就高興。(if從句省去happy)

　　if從句?？墒∪ブ髡Z和連系動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞be。如：

　　(92)Send the goods now if ready. 貨物如已備好，請(qǐng)即送來。(if從句省去they are)

　　(93)If necessary, ring me at home. 必要時(shí)可打電話到我家找我。(if從句省去it is)

　　if常和某些不定代詞構(gòu)成省略結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

　　(94)If anyone, he knows. 如有人知，那就是他了。

　　(95)There are few people nowadays, if any, who remember him. 當(dāng)今記得他的人，如有的話，也不多了。

　　(96)He seems to have little, if anything, to do with this. 若要說他和這事有關(guān)的話，那也似乎是很少的。

　　8)讓步狀語從句(adverbial clause of concession)表“雖然”、“盡管”、“即使”等概念，其關(guān)聯(lián)詞有though，although，if，even though (if)，when，while，whereas，granting that，granted that，admitting (that)，for all (that)，in spite of the fact that等。讓步狀語從句可置于主句之前或之后。如：

　　(97)Though it was only nine o’clock, there were few people in the streets. 雖然時(shí)間才九點(diǎn)鐘，可街上已沒什么人了。

　　(98)Although you are a little older than I, you belong essentially to the same generation. 雖然你比我長幾歲，可你基本上還屬于同一輩。

　　(99)If he is little, he is strong. 他人雖小，但很壯。

　　(100)Jaures is an honest man; I say it, even though I have opposed him. 饒勒斯是個(gè)誠實(shí)的人;我這樣說，盡管我曾經(jīng)反對(duì)過他。

　　(101)He refuses help when he has many friends. 他雖有許多朋友，但卻拒絕其援助。

　　(102)While I understand your point of view, I do not share it. 我雖了解你的觀點(diǎn)，但不敢茍同。

　　(103)They want a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat. 他們想要一幢房子，可我們卻寧愿住在公寓。

　　(104)Granted that he has enough money to buy the house, it doesn’t mean he’s going to do so. 盡管他有足夠的錢買房子，但這并不意味著他就打算買。

　　(105)Admitting that he is naturally clever, we do not think he will make much improvement, as he pays no attention to his lessons. 他即使天資聰穎，我們也不認(rèn)為他會(huì)有多大長進(jìn)，因?yàn)樗麑?duì)功課不用心。

　　(106)They are good people, for all that their ways are not the same as ours. 他們是好人，盡管他們的生活習(xí)慣和我們不同。

　　(107)He went out in spite of the fact that he had a bad cold. 盡管他患感冒很厲害，但還是外出了。

　　疑問詞+ever構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞亦可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，具有“不管”或“不論”的含義。如：

　　(108)You can’t come in, whoever you are. 不管你是誰，都不能進(jìn)來。

　　(109)Don’t change your plans whatever happens. 不管發(fā)生什么事，別改變你的計(jì)劃。

　　(110)However busy he is, he will find time to help us. 不管他怎么忙，他也會(huì)抽時(shí)間幫我們。

　　(111)Whenever I’m unhappy, he cheers me up. 每當(dāng)我不高興時(shí)，他總給我鼓勁兒。

　　(112)Whichever book you borrow, you must return it in a week. 不管你借哪本書，都必須在一周內(nèi)歸還。

　　(113)The dog follows me wherever I go. 我不論走到哪里，這狗都跟著我。

　　上述結(jié)構(gòu)在口語中可用“no matter+疑問詞“結(jié)構(gòu)替代。如：

　　(114)Don’t believe him, no matter what he says. 不管他說什么，也別相信他。(=whatever he says)

　　(115)He had to get the car fixed no matter how much it cost. 不管花多少錢，他也得把車子修好。(=however much it cost)

　　從屬連詞whether….or….亦可意謂no matter whether….or….，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。如：

　　(116)I am going whether it is raining or not. 不論下不下雨，我都要去。(常用whether….or not….)

　　(117)Whether or not it rains, I’m giving a party tomorrow. 不管是否下雨，我明天都要舉行晚會(huì)。(也可用whether or not…結(jié)構(gòu))

　　(118)I’ll go, whether you come with me or stay at home. 你不論跟我來還是留在家里，我都要走。(也可不用not，只用whether….or)

　　whether和if(是否)之前亦可用no matter，表示“不論”。如：

　　(119)“I hope I can find a good woman, no matter whether (if) she is handicapped or not,” he said. “我希望能找到一個(gè)好的對(duì)象，不管她是否有殘疾，”他說。

　　在正式文體中，從屬連詞as和thought亦可用于一種不以其為首的讓步狀語從句。這種從句須以形容詞、名詞或動(dòng)詞(原形)等開頭，整個(gè)從句須置于主句之前。如：

　　(120)Old as I am, I can still fight. 我雖老，但仍能戰(zhàn)斗。(以形容詞old開頭)

　　(121)Try as you may, you will never succeed. 你盡管試吧，但決不會(huì)成功。(以動(dòng)詞try開頭)

　　(122)Fool as he looks, he always seems to make the wisest proposals. 他看樣子傻，可似乎總是能提出最聰明的建議。(以名詞fool開頭，注意fool前沒有冠詞)

　　(123)Exhausted though she was, there was no hope of her being able to sleep. 她雖然很累，但卻沒有能入睡的希望。(以已變成形容詞的過去分詞開頭)

　　有時(shí)亦可用as (so)….as…結(jié)構(gòu)表示讓步。如：

　　(124)As (so) bad as he is, he has his good points. 他雖不好，但也有其優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

　　9)方式狀語從句(adverbial clause of manner)表動(dòng)作的方式，其關(guān)聯(lián)詞有as，as if，as though，the way，how等，多置于主句之后。如：

　　(125)You ought to write as he does. 你應(yīng)該像他那樣寫。

　　(126)You answer as if you did not know this rule. 你回答問題好像不知道這條規(guī)則似的。

　　(127)She closed her eyes as though she were tired. 她閉上眼睛，好像她累了。

　　(128)Do it the way you were taught. 要照教你的那樣做。(the way= the way that=the way in which)

　　(129)Do it how you can. 你可按自己之所能去做。(how=in whatever manner)

　　as之前?？捎胘ust或exactly加強(qiáng)語勢(shì)。如：

　　(130)I did just as you told me. 我正是照你說的辦的。

　　方式狀語從句中有的成分亦可省略。如：

　　(131)He did as told. 他遵囑而行。(=as he had been told)

　　(132)He paused as if expecting her to speak. 他停頓了一下，好像是等待她說話似的。(as if后省去he was)

　　(133)When he had finished he waited as though for a reply. 他說完之后，他好像在等待答復(fù)。(as though后省去he was waiting)

　　在非正式英語中，like亦可用作關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句。如：

　　(134)Birds don’t have feelings like we do. 鳥兒不像我們，它們沒有感情。

　　比較狀語從句(adverbial clause of comparison)也是一種方式狀語從句，其關(guān)聯(lián)詞有as (或so)….as，than，according as，in proportion as等。如：

　　(135)He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep. 他醒來得和入睡一樣突然。(第一個(gè)as是副詞)

　　(136)I have never seen so much rain as fell that February. 我從未見過像那個(gè)二月那么多雨。(否定結(jié)構(gòu)常用so….as，as….as也可用)

　　(137)I can walk faster than you can run. 我可以走得比你跑得還要快。

　　(138)You will be praised or blamed according as your work is good or bad. 你受表揚(yáng)或批評(píng)將決定于你干得好或壞。

　　(139)Some people are happy in proportion as they are noticed. 有些人越受到注意就越高興。

　　as…. so結(jié)構(gòu)可表類比。如：

　　(140)As unselfishness is the real test of strong affection, so unselfishness ought to be the real test of the very highest kind of art. 正如無私是鐘愛的真正考驗(yàn)，無私也是最高藝術(shù)的真正考驗(yàn)。(as引導(dǎo)的是比較狀語從句)

　　關(guān)聯(lián)詞while與whereas可表對(duì)比。如：

　　(141)I like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜歡茶，而她喜歡咖啡。

　　(142)Whereas he’s rather lazy, she’s quite energetic. 她精力非常充沛，而他卻相當(dāng)懶惰。

　　除外狀語從句也有比或?qū)φ盏暮x，其關(guān)聯(lián)詞有except (that)，excepting (that)，but (that)等。如：

　　(143)Except that he speaks too fast he is an excellent teacher. 他是一位優(yōu)秀教師，可就是講話太快。

　　(144)He is a good man excepting that he is too fond of drinking. 他是個(gè)好人，可就是太愛喝酒。

　　(145)Nothing would satisfy that child but that I place her on my lap. 那孩子什么都不要，只要我把她抱在懷里。

　　(146)It never rains but it pours. 禍不單行。(此句中不可用but that)

　　[注]關(guān)于從屬連詞as與than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句的省略結(jié)構(gòu)見本書“形容詞和副詞”一章的“形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)”一節(jié)。

　　16.11 句型的轉(zhuǎn)換

　　句型轉(zhuǎn)換就是將一種型式的句子改變?yōu)榱硪环N型式的句子。英語的三種句型即簡單句、并列句與復(fù)合句，均可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換。如：

　　(1)I help him and he helps me. 我?guī)椭麕椭摇?/p>

　　→He and I help each other. (并列句轉(zhuǎn)換為簡單句)

　　(2)The old man wants a small but comfortable room. 老人要一間雖小但舒服的房間。

　　→The old man wants a room that is small but comfortable. (簡單句轉(zhuǎn)換為復(fù)合句)

　　(3)I lent my bicycle to John, who lent it to George. 我把我的自行車借給了約翰，他又把它借給了喬治。

　　→I lent my bicycle to John and he lent it to George.(復(fù)合句轉(zhuǎn)換為并列句)

　　學(xué)會(huì)句型的轉(zhuǎn)換有助于對(duì)英語句型的精確掌握，從而可運(yùn)用不同的句型來表達(dá)基本相同的意思。可轉(zhuǎn)化的句型有下列三種：

　　(4)He succeeded through hard work. 他靠勤奮工作取得了成功。(簡單句)

　　(5)He worked hard and so he succeeded. 他勤奮工作，所以他取得了成功。(并列句)

　　(6)He succeeded because he worked hard. 他成功是因?yàn)樗趭^工作。(復(fù)合句)

　　[注]簡單句有時(shí)亦可引用it和there進(jìn)行內(nèi)部轉(zhuǎn)換。如：

　?、資ou need not put your foot in it. 你不必自找麻煩。

　　→It is necessary for you to put your foot in it.

　?、赪hat have you got in your pocket? 你口袋里是什么?

　　→What’s there in your pocket?

　　③It will rain next week. 下星期要下雨。

　　→There will be rain next week.

　　1)簡單句與并列句的轉(zhuǎn)換

　　簡單句與并列句可相互轉(zhuǎn)換

　　簡單句轉(zhuǎn)換為并列句，多由短語變?yōu)榉志洹Ｈ纾?/p>

　　(7)He came too late to see the first part of the show. 他來得太晚了，沒趕上節(jié)目的第一一部分。

　　→He came late, so he missed the first part of the show.

　　(8)Sleeping but little and thinking much, I find nights long. 我入不了睡，思緒萬千，故覺得夜很長。

　　→I find nights long, for I sleep but little and think much.

　　并列句轉(zhuǎn)換為簡單句，多將分句變?yōu)槎陶Z。如：

　　(9)Tom wants to buy a bicycle, so he’s saving up. 湯姆要買一輛自行車，為此他正在攢錢。

　　→Tom is saving up for a bicycle.

　　(10)She was young and beautiful, and yet I did not love her. 她年輕貌美，但我卻不愛她。

　　→I did not love her, with all her young and beauty.

　　2)簡單句與復(fù)合句的轉(zhuǎn)換

　　簡單句與復(fù)合句可相互轉(zhuǎn)換

　　簡單句轉(zhuǎn)換為復(fù)合句，多將短語變?yōu)閺木?。如?/p>

　　(11)The meeting over, we all went home. 散會(huì)后，我們就都回家了。

　　→When the meeting was over, we all went home.

　　(12)To my knowledge, they never lost a package from the Unite States. 據(jù)我所知，他們從未丟失過一件從美國寄來的包裹。

　　→As far as I knew, they never lost a package from the Unite States.

　　復(fù)合句轉(zhuǎn)換為簡單句，多將從句變?yōu)槎陶Z。如：

　　(13)He went all the same although it was raining. 盡管下雨他還是走了。

　　→He went all the same in spite of the rain.

　　(14)If you make your own clothes, it will save you money. 自己做衣服，你就會(huì)省錢。

　　→You will save money by making your own clothes.

　　3)并列句與復(fù)合句的轉(zhuǎn)換

　　并列句與復(fù)合句可相互轉(zhuǎn)換

　　并列句轉(zhuǎn)換為復(fù)合句，多將一分句變?yōu)閺木?。如?/p>

　　(15)Try again and you will succeed. 再努力一次，你就會(huì)成功。

　　→If you try again, you will succeed.

　　(16)I’ve been away only for three years, yet I can hardly recognize my hometown. 我僅在外三年，可我?guī)缀醣嬲J(rèn)不出我的故鄉(xiāng)了。

　　→Although I’ve been away only for three years, I can hardly recognize my hometown.

　　復(fù)合句轉(zhuǎn)換為并列句，多將從句變?yōu)橐环志?。如?/p>

　　(17)As Jane was the eldest, she looked after the others. 珍妮是大姐，所以她照顧其他弟妹。

　　→Jane was the eldest, and so she looked after the others.

　　(18)If milk is not kept in a cool place, it will go sour. 牛奶如不存放在陰涼處，很快就會(huì)變壞的。

　　→Milk must be kept in a cool place, or else it will go sour.

　　4)句子的結(jié)合與分離

　　有時(shí)一個(gè)以上的句子可合并為一個(gè)句子，這也是一種轉(zhuǎn)換。如：

　　(19)The bird was a cock. The fox was looking at it hungrily. 那是一只公雞。狐貍正以貪婪的目光看著它。

　　→The bird which the fox was looking at hungrily was a cock.

　　(20)It was a snowy day. A small girl was making her way down the street. She was holding a box of matches in her hand. 一個(gè)下雪天，一個(gè)小女孩在街上走著。她手上拿著一盒火柴。

　　→It was a snowy day and a small girl was making her way down the street, holding a box of matches in her hand.

　　有時(shí)一個(gè)句子可分離一個(gè)以上的句子，這又是一種轉(zhuǎn)換。如：

　　(21)My ruler has a scale marked in centimeters. 我有一把標(biāo)有厘米的尺子。

　　→I’ve got a ruler. It has a scale. The scale is marked in centimeters.

　　(22)Instead of hating him, I like him all the more for it. 我不但不恨他，相反為此更愛他。

　　→I don’t hate him. On the contrary, I like him all the more for it.