13.8 連詞的定義和種類
連詞(conjunction)是連接單詞、短語、從句、分句或句子的一種虛詞,在句中不單獨(dú)作句子成分,一般不重讀。
連詞按其構(gòu)成可分為:
1)簡單連詞(simple conjunction),如and,or,but,if,because等。
2)關(guān)聯(lián)連詞(correlative conjunction),如both….and….,not only….but also….等。
3)分詞連詞(participial conjunction),如supposing,considering,provided等。
4)短語連詞(phrasal conjunction),如as if,as long as,in order that等。
連詞按其性質(zhì)又可分為:
1)等立連詞(coordinative conjunction),這種連詞是用以連接并列的單詞、短語、從句或分句的,如and,or,but,for等。
2)從屬連詞(subordinative conjunction),這種連詞是用以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句和狀語從句的。前者如that,whether等,后者如when,although,because等。
[注[英語里有些連接副詞的性質(zhì)與等立連詞相似。常用的連接副詞有besides,hence,however,meanwhile,moreover,still,then,therefore,thus等。
13.9 連詞的用法
1)等立連詞(包括連接副詞)用法舉例:
(1)Time and tide wait for no man. 歲月不待人。
(2)The fur coat was soft, also warm. 這件皮大衣很輕,也很曖。(亦可用and also)
(3)We have received your telegram as well as your letter of 20th May. 我們不僅接到了你的5月20日的信,也接到了你的電報(bào)。
(4)The car was almost new; besides, it was in excellent condition. 那汽車幾乎是新的,另外,其機(jī)器性能極好。
(5)Both the wheat and the barley will be shipped tomorrow. 小麥和大麥明天都要裝船運(yùn)走。
(6)The car was quite old but in excellent condition. 那部車相當(dāng)舊了,但機(jī)器性能還非常好。
(7)She is very hard-working indeed, but then she always has been, hasn’t she? 她確實(shí)非常刻苦,但話又說回來,她一向如此,不是嗎?
(8)Mr. Jennings, either we manage this case, or you manage it. 詹寧斯先生,要么我們處理這個(gè)案件,要么你處理。
(9)He decided to leave at dawn, for he had many miles to cover. 他決定黎明啟程,因?yàn)樗咴S多英里。
(10)The coach was not on good terms with any of the players, hence team morale was rather low. 教練與運(yùn)動(dòng)員的關(guān)系都不好,所以全隊(duì)的士氣相當(dāng)?shù)汀?/p>
(11)He knew what he wanted; however he didn’t know how to get it. 他知道他需要什么;但是他不知道怎樣去得到它。
(12)He will be back in ten minutes. In the meantime let’s wait outside. 他過10分鐘就回來。此時(shí)我們就在外面等著吧。
(13)He moved steadily, looking neither left nor right. 他從容地走著,既不左顧也不右盼。
(14)The pan had certain weaknesses, nevertheless we decided to adopt it. 這個(gè)計(jì)劃有某些缺點(diǎn),不過我們還是決定采納。
(15)The children were tired and cross, nor were their parents in a much better humour. 孩子們厭煩、乖戾,父母的心緒也不甚好。
(16)It was not only unkind but also untrue. 它不僅不仁慈,而且不實(shí)在。
(17)“On the one hand I don’t like this job, but on the other hand I can’t get a better one,” said the young man. “我一方面不喜歡這個(gè)工作,但另一方面,我又找不到更好的工作,”那青年說道。(on the one hand可省去不用)
(18)She’d like to go only he promised not to. 她想去,只要他保證不去。
(19)Be quick, or it may be too late. 快點(diǎn),不然就會(huì)遲到。
(20)Hurry up, or else you’ll miss the last bus. 快點(diǎn),不然你就趕不上末班車了。
(21)You must work hard; otherwise you will not learn English well. 你必須用功,否則就學(xué)不好英語。
(22)The rain began to fall, so we went home. 開始下起雨來,于是我們回家了。
(23)There seemed no chance of coming to an agreement; therefore it was decided to break off negotiations. 似乎已沒有達(dá)成協(xié)議的可能,因此決定中止談判。
(24)Some people like strong tobacco, whereas others don’t. 有些人喜歡抽烈性煙,而有些人則不喜歡。
(25)They are the same, yet not the same. 它們又一樣,又不一樣。(連詞yet常用以連接兩個(gè)相互矛盾的方面,but則不一定)
2)從屬連詞用法舉例:
(26)The novel became even more popular after it was made into a movie. 這部小說在拍成電影后更加受歡迎了。
(27)He knows English perfectly though he has never been to England. 他通曉英語,雖然他從沒有到過英國。
(28)As he predicted, the wind changed. 正如他預(yù)料的,風(fēng)向變了。(as在此意謂“如同”)
(29)As winter approached, the days became shorter. 冬天到來后白晝變短了。(as在此意謂“當(dāng)‥‥時(shí)“)
(30)As I have not read the book, I cannot tell you anything about it. 因?yàn)槲覜]有讀過這本書,所以關(guān)于它我不能對(duì)你說什么。(as在此意謂“因?yàn)?ldquo;)
(31)I’ll do it as you told me. 我就照你的意思辦。(as在此意謂“按照”)
(32)Sick as he was, he came to work. 雖然他病了,但仍來上班。(as在此意謂“雖然“)
(33)As far as I am concerned, I know nothing about it. 就我來說,對(duì)這件事一無所知。
(34)He stopped there as if he were petrified with terror. 他停在那里,似乎被嚇呆了。
(35)You may take my dictionary as long as you don’t keep it too long. 只要使用時(shí)間不太長,你可以把我的詞典拿去。
(36)As soon as he stops talking, let’s go get some coffee. 等他話音一停,咱們就去弄點(diǎn)咖啡。
(37)I took this road because the policeman told me do. 我走這條路是因?yàn)榫旖形易叩摹?/p>
(38)How can you leave before the film is over? 電影還沒有散場,你怎么能離開呢?
(39)By the time he got there, everyone else had arrived. 他到那里時(shí),別人已都到了。
(40)I’ll finish it ever if it takes me all night. 即使熬一個(gè)通宵我也要把這件事干完。
(41)Every time my father comes to Beijing, he goes to visit the Monument to the People’s Heroes with respect. 我父親每次來北京,總要去敬謁人民英雄紀(jì)念碑。
(42)Bill would have come if he’d known you were here. 如果比爾知道你在這里,他就會(huì)來了。
(43)In case you see him, ask him about it. 如果你見著他,問問他這件事。
(44)The invitations were sent out early in order that the delegates might arrive in time for the conference. 邀請(qǐng)書發(fā)出得很早,以便讓代表們及時(shí)到會(huì)。
(45)He packed the instruments very carefully lest they should be broken during transportation. 他把儀器小心包裝好,以免在運(yùn)輸中破損。
(46)That is wrong, no matter who says it. 不管是誰說的,那就是錯(cuò)誤的。
(47)Now you are here, you’d better stay. 既然來了,你就待著吧。
(48)You must return once he has given you the money. 他一給你錢,你就必須回來。
(49)I haven’t run into Mike once since classes began. 開課以后我一次也沒有碰見麥克。
(50)I’ll wash the dress so that you can wear it. 我把這件衣服洗了,你好穿上。
(51)He is cleverer than us all. 他比我們大家都聰明。
(52)I strongly believe that he is innocent. 我堅(jiān)信他是無辜的。
(53)They set off half an hour earlier that they might get there in time. 他們?cè)绯霭l(fā)半小時(shí),以便及時(shí)到達(dá)那里。
(54)The moment the speaker appeared on the platform., we all stood up and clapped warmly. 主講人一出現(xiàn)在講臺(tái),我們就都起立,熱烈鼓掌。
(55)Until Mary leaves, we’d better not discuss it. 在瑪麗離開之前,我們最好不討論這件事。
(56)I refuse to do it unless you help. 你如不協(xié)助,我是不干的。
(57)May I borrow that novel when Donna finishes it? 等唐娜看完這本小說后,我可以借嗎?
(58)Whether we go or whether we stay, the result is the same. 我們是去還是留,結(jié)果都一樣。
(59)He stood quite silent while she appealed to him. 當(dāng)她向他求助時(shí),他站著一聲不吭。
三、感嘆詞
13.10 感嘆詞的定義
感嘆詞(interjection)是用以表示喜怒哀樂等感情或情緒的詞。它沒有一定的實(shí)義,所以也是一種虛詞,不能在句中構(gòu)成任何句子成分。但它與全句有關(guān)連,故亦可當(dāng)作獨(dú)立成分看待。如:
(1)Oh, it’s you. 啊,是你。
感嘆詞后可用逗號(hào),語氣較強(qiáng)時(shí)亦可用驚嘆號(hào)。如:
(2)Heavens! How dull you are! 天哪!你真笨!
13.11 常用感嘆詞的用法
常用感嘆詞有:
ah/α:/表驚奇、高興、同意等,如:
(1)Ah! You are both of you good-natured. 啊!你們倆都是好脾氣。
aha/α:′hα:/表得意、高興等,如:
(2)Aha! Now I understand! 啊哈!現(xiàn)在我明白了!
alas/?′lα:s/表痛苦、焦急等,如:
(3)Alas! The white house was empty and there was a bill in the window. 啊呀!那白房子空了,窗子上有出租廣告。
bravo/′brα: ′v?u/表歡呼鼓勁,如:
(4)Bravo! We’ve won the finals. 好樣的!我們決賽勝了。
o/?u/表驚奇、恐懼、痛苦、高興等,如:
(5)O for a camera! 啊,有一架照相機(jī)該多好!(后一般不用逗號(hào)或感嘆號(hào))
oh/?u/(同上)(后須接逗號(hào)或感嘆號(hào))
(6)Oh, what a lie! 啊,多大的諾言!
bah/bα:/表鄙視,如:
(7)Bah! What a mess! 啐!多糟啊!
fie/fai/表輕蔑,如:
(8)Fie upon you! 去你的!
hurrah/hu′rα:/表歡呼,如:
(9)Hurrah! We’re going to have an extra day’s holiday. 烏拉!我們要多放一天假啰。(亦可拼作hurray,hoorah,hooray)
感嘆詞多置于句前,如上述諸例。但也可置于句中或句末,如:
(10)Help arrived, alas! Too late. 啊!援助來得太晚了。(置于句中)
(11)You’re reading the newspaper, eh? 你在看報(bào)呢,呃!(置于句末,后常用問號(hào))
表示各種感情的常用感嘆詞除上列舉的以外,還有bosh(胡說),ha ha(哈哈),heigh-ho(嗨嗬),hem(哼),hey(嗨),hum(哼),pish(呸),pooh-pooh(呸呸),pshaw(哼),so(就這樣),tush(啐),tut-tut(噴),ugh(咄),wow(哇)等。
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